Petroleum engineering. Нефтегазовая инженерия. Учебное пособие

Generally, the Gerund is not

used as the predicate. But Обычно, герундий не употребляется как Gerunds are used as prediсказуемое. Но герундий употребляется как cates in questions beginning сказуемое в вопросах, начинающихся с with "what about" and "how "what about" и "how about" и выражающих about" and expressing sug- предложение-побуждение, обычно в разгоgestion, usually in everyday ворной речи. Например:

speech. For example:

How about seeing them toКак насчёт того, чтобы увидеться с ними morrow? завтра?

15. Define the functions of the Gerund in the following sentences and translate them.

1.Go on making the experiment.

2.The ribs help in achieving more exposure, which leads to increase the production from a single well.

3.Another main advantage is ensuring the right placement of the fracture, assure fracture opening and increase the efficiency of fluid transportation from the reservoir to the wellbore, unlike multi and hydraulic fracture methods.

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4.Some serious production issues can occur such as cross flowing between different zones, early water/ gas breakthrough and high-unwanted water/gas production.

5.Measuring temperature is necessary in many experiments.

6.There can be no progress in science without experimenting.

7.Solving such problems helps us greatly.

8.Their wish is mastering the fundamentals of petrochemistry.

9.The melting point of aluminum is 657°C.

10.I remember visiting this laboratory.

11.They succeeded in obtaining these data.

12.Developing energy from tight-rock formations using horizontal drilling takes four to eight weeks.

13.Fracking is drilling and injecting fluid into the ground at a high pressure in order to fracture shale rocks to release natural gas inside.

14.They remember seeing about 400 tanker trucks to carry water and supplies to the site.

15.The rest of the toxic fluid looks like leaving in the ground and is not biodegradable.

16.There is little hope of treating contaminated well water which is used for nearby cities and towns as drinking water.

17.In fracking up to 600 chemicals are used, including known carcinogens and toxins such as radium, lead, hydrochloric acid, mercury etc…

18.It is worth mentioning that methane concentrations are 17 times higher in drinking-water wells near fracturing sites than in normal wells.

19.Seismic prospecting lowers the risk involved in exploring by allowing scientists to locate and identify oil and gas reservoirs and the best locations to drill.

20.By reducing the weight on the bit, the bending characteristics of the drill string are changed and the hole will tend to be straighter.

SPEAKING

16. Make a presentation and be ready to speak on:

a)different types of drill bits and their peculiarities;

b)hydraulic fracturing.

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YOUR PRESENTATION SHOULD HAVE THE FOLLOWING STRUCTURE:

1. AN INTRODUCTION

This is the most important part of your presentation because the audience will make judgements about you. They will decide in the first few minutes what you are like. They will also decide whether you deserve their attention. Therefore, it is very important that you plan carefully what you want to say in the introduction.

Try to do these things in your introduction

Get the audience’s attention. Introduce yourself.

Explain why you are there. Explain what you hope to achieve.

Build a good relationship with the audience.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Introduction and welcome

Good morning, ladies and gentleman. My name's John Jones. I'm head of sales at Acme Services.

I would like to thank you for inviting me here today to talk about...

I would like to thank you all for attending this presentation. I plan to be brief.

I will only take about fifteen minutes of your time. If you have any questions, I'd be very happy to answer them at the end.

Feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions during my presentation. (Not recommended unless your English level is good.)

Explaining the purpose of your presentation.

I'd like to give you a brief presentation about...

The subject of my talk is...

I'm going to talk about...

My topic today is...

My talk is concerned with...

The purpose of my talk is to...

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Giving an overview of the presentation.

I'm going to divide this talk into four parts.

There are a number of points I'd like to make.

Basically, I have three things to say.

This talk is designed to be a springboard for discussion on the topic of...

I'd like to begin by...

Let's begin by...

First of all, I'll discuss...

and then I'll go on to talk about

Then... / Next,... Secondly,... / Thirdly,... Finally,... / Lastly,...

2. THE MAIN BODY

You should use this part of the presentation to explain key information. Explain your points clearly one at a time so your audience can follow what you are saying. Remember to keep your points simple and short. Try not to give too much information, otherwise the audience will not remember your message.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Starting a new section.

Moving on now to

Turning now to...

Let's turn now to

So that brings me now to the topic of...

The next area I'd like to focus on next is

Now, we'll move on to...

I'd now like to discuss...

Let's now look at...

Finishing a section.

That's all I have to say about...

So, in this section, we've looked at...

Well, I think I've said enough about.

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Analysing a point in your presentation.

Where does that lead us?

Let's consider this in more detail...

I'd like to elaborate on what I said earlier about

What does this mean for...?

Translated into real terms, this means that...

Why is this important?

The significance of this is...

On the one hand,...

...on the other hand,...

Giving examples.

For example,...

A good example of this is...

As an illustration, I'd like to mention...

To give you an example,...

To illustrate this point,...

Paraphrasing and clarifying.

Simply put,...

In other words,...

So what I'm saying is..

To put it more simply...

To put it another way,...

3. THE CONCLUSION

It is important to create a lasting impression in your conclusion. Use the last couple of minutes to repeat important points and key information. Leave some time for discussion, questions and answers at the end of the presentation. Don’t forget to thank your audience for attending and listening.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Summarising the content of your presentation.

To sum up,...

To summarise,...

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In short,...

Right then, let's sum up, shall we?

Let's summarise briefly what we've looked at...

If I can just sum up the main points,...

Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered.

So, to remind you of what I've covered in this talk,...

Unfortunately, I seem to have run out of time, so I'll conclude very briefly

by saying that...

I'd now like to recap on the points I've mentioned.

Closing the presentation.

To conclude...

In conclusion,...

Well, that covers all I wanted to say today. Before I finish let me say just one last thing.

That brings me to the end of my presentation.It just remains for me to say, thank you very much for coming and I hope you have

found this presentation useful.

Invitation to ask questions.

Does anyone have any questions or comments? Please feel free to ask questions.

If you would like me to elaborate on any point I've made today, please ask. Would you like to ask any questions?

Any questions?

Checking comprehension.

Does that answer your question? Is that clear?

May we go on then to the next question? I hope I've made that clear.

So what you're saying is,...

...is that right?

It seems I don't have time to answer any more of your questions now. But please feel free to come and talk to me later on today.

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4. THE VISUAL AIDS

These are things (resources) you could use to present your message. It is important to use visual aids because they can: help the audience focus on what you are saying, make the presentation more interesting, help to explain the points you make more clearly, provide variety.

Preparing your visual aids

When preparing your visual aids make sure you do these things:

1.Check that the size of the print is large enough for the audience to see.

2.Don’t type all your text in capital letters as this makes it more difficult to read.

3.Don’t use long sentences – use bullet points and numbers to organize your key рoints.

4.Use a type of text that is easy to read (e.g. Arial).

5.Add pictures, illustrations, diagrams to make it more interesting and use colour.

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Referring to photos, graphs or tables.

If you'd like to look at this graph, you'll see...

Take a look at this table. Here, we can see quite clearly that...

This chart illustrates...

Let me show you a pie-chart that will make everything much clearer.

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SUPPLEMENTARY TEXTS AND EXERCISES

Text 1. Read the text and fill in the glossary. Translate the text. Write the summary of the text.

Resources and reserves

Resource is defined as all hydrocarbon accumulations that are known or are supposed to exist. Reserves are that portion of the resource that has been discovered, and the word potential describes that part of the resource that is supposed to exist but is not yet discovered.

The terms potential and undiscovered resources are synonyms and may be used interchangeably. It should be noted that the term reserve also has been used elsewhere to refer to initial marketable hydrocarbon volume, so discovered in place volume is used rather than reserve to avoid confusion.

The terms pool, prospect, play, and field have the following designated meanings: A prospect is defined as an untested exploration target within a single stratigraphic interval that may or may not contain hydrocarbons. A play is a family of pools and/or prospects that share a common history of hydrocarbon generation, migration, reservoir development, and trap configuration.

The term field designates an area that produces hydrocarbons without stratigraphic interval limitations. A pool is defined as a discovered hydrocarbon accumulation, typically within a single stratigraphic interval, that is hydrodynamically separate from another accumulation.

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Fill in the blanks choosing the proper word.

1.to assess both casing in charge of dehydration enhanced facilities involves performance plans surface sustaining target

The reservoir engineer, using the initial studies of the petrophysicist and geological engineers together with the early … of the wells drilled into the reservoir, attempts … the producing rates (barrels of oil or millions of cubic feet of gas per day) that individual wells and the entire reservoir are capable of … . One of the major assignments of the reservoir engineer is to estimate the ultimate production that can be anticipated from … primary and … recovery from the reservoir.

The drilling engineer has the responsibility for the efficient penetration of the earth by a well bore and for cementing of the steel casing from the … to a depth usually just above the … reservoir. He is … the fluid that is continuously circulated through the drill pipe and back up to surface in the annulus between the drill pipe and the bore hole.

The production engineer upon consultation with the petrophysical and reservoir engineers … the completion procedure for the well. This … a choice of setting a liner across the formation or perforating a … that has been extended and cemented across the reservoir, selecting appropriate pumping techniques, and choosing the surface collection, … , and storage … .

2.fractured impermeable matter seal similar source subjected migrate migration permeable porous(2) pressure primarily range reservoir

Oil and gas originated from organic … in sedimentary rocks. The origin of coal on land is a process … to the origin of petroleum in the sea. The generation of hydrocarbons from the source material depends … on the maximum temperature to which the organic material is …. Hydrocarbon generation reaches a maximum within the … of 225° F to 350° F. After generation the hydrocarbons under high … in the fine-grained … rock start to … to a reservoir. … is a continuing process. Once the hydrocarbons have been generated and expelled from the source rock, on its way through … and

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… rocks hydrocarbon flow can be stopped by an … layer known as a … . Thus oil and gas are entrapped in a … and … reservoir rock.

Text 2. Read the text and fill in the glossary. Translate the text. Write the summary of the text.

Science and technology enables companies to access more resources from challenging geologic conditions and from previously unreachable places with greater safety and efficiency, and with significantly less impact on the environment.

With ultra-modern computer imaging, 3D seismic allows to “see” the subsurface in three dimensions. As a result, exploration drilling is more carefully and more accurately targeted and fewer unsuccessful wells are drilled.

Precision drilling has dramatically reduced the surface footprint. These advancements include horizontal and directional drilling to reach resources way beyond the drill site, sometimes up to four miles from the drilling location. Flexible rig technology allows companies to drill multiple wells from a single rig on the surface. In western Colorado “flex rigs” drill as many as 22 directional wells from a single pad, finding natural gas accumulations contained in the complex weave of river channels laid down hundreds of millions of years ago.

With the advancements in computerization, sophisticated sensing and measuring tools provide real-time information from the wellbore back up to the operators during drilling operations. These “bottom hole assemblies” are attached at the end of the drill pipe and they are linked directly to the motors that power and provide rotation to the drill bit. Based on this real-time information, operators make decisions on the direction of the drilling.

Photovoltaic solar panels installed on the pipe and valve assemblies of completed producing wells provide electric power to equipment that monitors well conditions, and transmits data real time from hundreds of wells to a central field office, or to reservoir engineers in a company office hundreds of miles away.

Skilled and experienced personnel operate up-to-date drilling equipment and systems under strict regulatory oversight. In addition they are trained to comply with rigorous company policies and procedures that address safety, the ability to respond to emergency situations, and the measures that are most effective in preventing emergencies from occurring.

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