Petroleum engineering. Нефтегазовая инженерия. Учебное пособие

GRAMMAR

THE PASSIVE VOICE

An active sentence like I conducted this experiment has the subject first (the person or thing that does the verb), followed by the verb, and finally the object (the person or thing that the action happens to).

So, in this example, the subject is 'I', the verb is 'conducted' and the object is 'this experiment'.

But, we don't always need to make sentences this way. We might want to put the object first, or perhaps we don't want to say who did something. This can happen for lots of reasons. In this case, we can use a passive, which puts the object first:

This experiment was conducted by me (we can add 'by me' if we want, but it isn't necessary).

How to make the Passive in English

We make the passive by putting the verb 'to be' into whatever tense we need and then adding the past participle. For regular verbs, we make the past participle by adding 'ed' to the infinitive. So play becomes played.

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Verbs with two objects

Some verbs that have two objects can make two different active sentences, and so two different passive sentences too:

Give

Active: He gave me the book / He gave the book to me.

You can choose either of the two objects to be the subject of the passive sentence.

Passive: I was given the book (by him) / The book was given to me (by him).

Other verbs like this are: ask, offer, teach, tell, lend, promise, sell, throw.

The passive in subordinate clauses

You can make the passive in a subordinate clause that has a subject and a normal conjugated verb. This is really the same as a normal passive.

Active: I thought that Mary had asked John.

Passive: I thought that John had been asked by Mary.

Active: He knew that people had built the University in 1915.

Passive: He knew that the University had been built in 1915.

You can also make the passive using a passive gerund or a passive infinitive in the same place as a normal gerund or infinitive.

He loves being read to.

She would like to be promoted.

When should we use the Passive?

1.  When we want to change the focus of the sentence:

oThe Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo Da Vinci. (We are more interested in the painting than the artist in this sentence)

2.  When who or what causes the action is unknown or unimportant or obvious or 'people in general':

o He was arrested (obvious agent, the police). o My bike has been stolen (unknown agent).

o The road is being repaired (unimportant agent).

o The form can be obtained from the post office (people in general).

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3.  In factual or scientific writing:

oThe chemical is placed in a test tube and the data entered into the computer.

4.  In formal writing instead of using someone/ people/ they (these can be used in speaking or informal writing):

o The brochure will be finished next month.

5.  In order to put the new information at the end of the sentence to improve style:

oThree books are used regularly in the class. The books were written by Prof. Hill.

6.  When the subject is very long:

oI was surprised by how well the students did in the test. (More natural than: 'how well the students did in the test surprised me')

11.Read the following sentences and say which of them are in the Active and which are in the Passive Voice. Translate them into Russian.

1.The earliest oil wells were drilled in China long ago.

2.Petroleum reservoir engineering is a technology requiring coordinated application of many disciplines: physics, chemistry, mathematics, geology, and chemical engineering.

3.Oil industry is divided into three sectors: upstream (crude production from wells and separation of water from oil), midstream (pipeline and tanker transport of crude) and downstream (refining and marketing of refined products).

4.Compressed air will be pumped down the bore hole.

5.Well testing broadly refers to the diagnostic tests run on wells in petroleum reservoirs to determine well and reservoir properties.

6.The amount of oil in a reservoir can be estimated in two ways.

7.BP has been operating in the market since early 1900’s.

8.Three models have been constructed to simulate the reservoir behavior.

9.In general, oil recovery efficiency is not dependent upon the rate of production.

10.There is usually little need for alkenes to be synthesized in the labor-

atory.

12.Read the following sentences and translate them into Russian.

1. While the experiment was being carried out nobody left the laboratory.

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2.A new type of computing equipment is being produced at our plant.

3.At present scientific work is being done mostly by large groups of researchers.

4.The apparatus will be working when you come.

5.The scientists who are carrying out research into technologies deal with the most difficult problems.

6.For twenty minutes the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators.

7.The solar battery is converting the energy of sun rays directly into electric energy.

8.This experiment was being carried out under low pressure.

9.For a long time electronic devices were being used for control.

10.An interesting research in the field of electronics is being done at our Institute.

11.Prospects of the usage of solar energy are already understood by everybody.

12.Now solar energy is being studied by a lot of research groups.

13.We were looking for a more simple method of solution but could not

find it.

14.The engineers will discuss the advantages of this new system.

15.Our laboratory is housed in an old building.

13. Translate the following word groups. State the tense and the forms of the predicates.

1.the lecture started

2.the scientists are obtaining

3.the colleagues realized

4.the satellite was on its orbit

5.the properties depended

6.the stream is being broadcast

7.the chemist was searching

8.a new technology was demonstrated

9.the elements constituted

10.the student was being examined

11.new results were being obtained

12.the discovery established

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TRANSLATION

14.Translate the phrases into Russian.

1.disciplines and professions

2.methods and techniques

3.production engineer

4.probability analysis

5.reservoir engineer

6.artificial lift

7.drilling engineer

8.well completion

9.horizontal drilling

10.production engineering

15.Translate the sentences from English into Russian.

1.Efforts to develop oil sands go back to more than one hundred years.

2.How do you measure the volume of gas?

3.Marketplace is a deciding factor in determining oil prices.

4.Well engineering is related to designing, building, and maintaining different types of wells.

5.The use of solar energy in households has become commonplace in Western Europe.

6.Oil production in this region has been drastically reduced.

7.Geostatistics is a powerful technology toolbox for reservoir characterization.

8.These systems have been redesigned in recent years to improve safety.

9.The equipment could be used for a variety of purposes.

10.Petroleum production engineers design and select equipment to extract and treat oil and gas well fluids.

11.The research has many practical applications.

12.A petroleum engineer must be very competent in his work.

13.A gas injection well is a wellbore that is drilled to maintain pressure in an oil reservoir.

14.For both onshore and offshore sites, the subsurface aspects of the drilling procedure are very similar.

15.What is the procedure for applying for this job?

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16.The oil and gas sector includes the oil and gas extraction industry as well as petroleum refining.

17.Hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water.

18.A gas separator is a vessel used to separate gas and liquid components from the fluids extracted from an oil well.

19.Commercial production is the process of bringing hydrocarbons to the surface and making them ready for processing. The first thing that has to be done before the commercial production starts is to drill a well in the earth’s surface with the help of rigs.

20.A wellhead (устье скважины) is the component at the surface of an oil or gas well that provides the interface for the drilling and production equipment.

16. Translate the text from English into Russian.

Оil Industry Sectors

The entire oil industry is often divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream.

Downstream (oil industry)

The downstream oil sector is a term commonly used to refer to the refining of crude oil, and the selling and distribution of natural gas and products derived from crude oil. The downstream sector includes oil refineries, petrochemical plants, petroleum product distribution, retail outlets and natural gas distribution companies. The downstream industry touches consumers through thousands of products such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, heating oil, asphalt, lubricants, synthetic rubber, plastics, fertilizers, antifreeze, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, natural gas and propane.

Upstream (oil industry)

The upstream oil sector is a term commonly used to refer to the searching for and the drilling and production of crude oil and petroleum natural gas.The upstream oil sector is also known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector. The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater oil and gas fields, drilling of exploratory

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wells, and subsequently operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface.

Midstream (oil industry)

However, midstream operations are usually simply included in the downstream category. The midstream sector processes, stores, markets and transports commodities such as crude oil, natural gas and natural gas liquids (NLG) such as ethane, propane and butane.

The process of oil production, transportation, refinery and sale is managed by oil companies (producers), but there are also service companies that work as contractors to the oil companies. They are deeply involved in the oil business providing services that help oil companies to carry out their operations.

17.State whether the sentences are true or false. If true, add the information. If false, correct the sentence.

1.Oil industry is divided into three sectors.

2.Downstream begins from refinery to product distribution.

3.Upstream sector includes only drilling and exploration.

4.Midstream is a part of the upstream sector.

5.Midstream transports such products as crude oil, natural gas and NGL.

6.Service companies help oil companies in different operations.

18.Translate the text from Russian into English.

Нефть

Слово petroleum, обозначающее нефть в английском и некоторых других языках, образовано сложением двух слов: греч. πέτρα – камень и лат. oleum – масло, т.е. буквально «каменное масло». Происхождение русского названия нефтьточно неустановлено, и существуетнесколько версий. По одной из них, слово заимствовали из персидского, (naft посредством турецкого, в котором изменилось на тур. neft). Асфальт и битум применяли при строительстве стен Вавилона. В средние века интерес к нефти, в основном, основывался на её способности гореть. Доначала18 веканефтьпреимущественноиспользоваливнатуральном,

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то есть в непереработанном и неочищенном виде. Большое внимание на нефть в качестве полезного ископаемого обратили только после того, каквАмерикехимикомБ. Силлиманом(1855) былодоказано, чтоизнеё можно выделить керосин. Керосин уже в то время вырабатывали из некоторых видов каменных углей и сланцев и он получил широкое распространение. В промышленных масштабах переработанную нефть начали использовать только во второй половине XIX века, чему способствовал возникший в это время новый способ добычи нефти с помощью буровых скважин вместо колодцев.

WRITING

HOW TO WRITE A SUMMARY

A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece of writing. A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?

1.Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main

point.

In the text (article) “…” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.

The text “…” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).

2.Write in the present tense.

At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes... (comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).

Attention is drawn to the fact that ... . It should be noted that ... .

3.Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts.

Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....

4.Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.

Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analysis of ... (the description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .

In conclusion ... . At the end of the text / article the author describes ..., emphasizes that ..., points out that …, summarizes that ... .

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5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary.

Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.

19.Write the summary of the text "Petroleum Engineering". SPEAKING

20.Speak about petroleum engineering, the history of the profession and the engineering specialties it involves.

21.Write the outline of the text "Petroleum Engineering". Retell it to your groupmates.

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UNIT 2. PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

BEFORE YOU READ

1.What do you know about petroleum industry in Russia?

2.What can you say about Russia's reserves of natural gas?

Vocabulary

READING

1.  Read the text

PETROLEUM INDUSTRY IN RUSSIA

The petroleum industry in Russia is one of the largest in the world. Russia has the largest reserves and is the largest exporter of natural gas. It has the second largest coal reserves, the sixth largest oil reserves, and is one of the largest producers of oil. It is the fourth largest energy user.

Russia produced an average of 10.83 million barrels (1,722,000 m3) of oil per day in December 2015.It produces 12% of the world's oil and has a similar share of global oil exports. In June 2006, Russian crude oil and condensate production reached the post-Soviet maximum of 9.7 million barrels (1,540,000 m3) per day. Exceeding production in 2000 by 3.2 Mbbl/d (510,000 m3/d). Russian exports consist of more than 5 Mbbl/d (790,000 m3/d) of oil and nearly 2 Mbbl/d (320,000 m3/d) of refined products, which go mainly to the European market. The domestic demand in 2005 was 2.6 Mbbl/d (410,000 m3/d) on average. It is also the main transit country for oil from Kazakhstan.

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