Loose or detached apposition usually forms a separate intonation group and it is pronounced with the melody of the preceding intonation group but on a lower pitch level.

e.g. My 'brother-in- "law, | Henry "Sandford, | is a ̖doctor. I have a "nephew, | "Andy, | and a niece,̖ | May̖ .

Tasks:

1. State the type of the apposition in the following sentences; divide them into intonation groups and mark stresses and tunes.

a) l. I'm from Cardiff, the capital of Wales. 2. Once upon a time, there was Sudi, a little Indian boy. 3. A very small man, almost a dwarf, entered the shop. 4. After the lesson Mr.Reid, our teacher, made a sign for me to stay. 5. When he was out delivering the milk he used to meet his friend Blackie, who was a little black dog. 6. Mr. Jones, the joiner, and Grimble, his cat, and his blue parrot, Annie, all lived together in a little house. 7. She sang one more song, my favourite Scottish song. 8. I wanted a job here in this laboratory, under professor Flemming. 9. Two honest men, Tom and Alan, were already dead. 10. I'm looking for a bicycle, green bicycle. 11. Mister Sprott is a murderer. 12. Selina, a single woman, made me pay for her services. 13. Penelope, my daughter, stopped me. 14. George Gray, my nephew, can pretend a lord. 15. Captain Bligh was standing on the deck. 16. One of my friends, an extremely underfed-looking painter, wrote me a letter. 17. Michael, always the perfect gentleman, slightly raised his eyebrows. 18. Sara, the girl of fifteen, wants to be a dancer. 19. Miss Smith is a close friend of mine. 20. There is some furniture on the right, two armchairs and a sofa.

b) Our visitor this evening is the film director, Tim Fitzwilliam, this year’s winner of the “Silver Wings” film prize. His prize-winning film, Dinner at the Ritz, is set in India. Tim lived in India till he was sixteen, and still visits India frequently. He is an Irish citizen, the fifth son of an Irish father and an Indian mother, but lives in England.

INTONATION OF DIRECT ADDRESS

Direct address at the Beginning of the Sentence

Direct address at the beginning of the sentence is stressed and it forms a separate intonation group. It is pronounced with the low-falling nuclear tone in formal serious speech and with the falling-rising tone to attract the listener's attention or in a friendly conversation.

e.g. ̖Children, | ̖listen to me.

̖Ma"ry , | 'come ̖here.

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Direct Address in the Middle or at the End of the Sentence

Direct address in the middle or at the end of the sentence is ordinarily pronounced as the unstressed or half-stressed tail of the preceding intonation group After the low-falling nucleus it can be also pronounced with the lowrising tone.

e.g. I ̖say,Mike, | I've 'just had a 'letter from Mary. 'That's all " right, darling.

Good ̖morning,Mr. "Wood.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

Questions:

1.What is the function of direct address in a sentence?

2.How does the position of direct address influence the use of nuclear tones?

3.Do you think there is any similarity in the intonation of direct address and parenthetical phrases at the end of sentences? Prove your answer by examples.

Tasks:

1. Read the following sentences according to the Patterns:

Pattern 1: Children,̖ sit still!

1). Val, stand up straight! 2). Kitty, you are late again. 3). Children, stop talking! 4). Peter, please fetch some chalk! 5). Children, stop making noise! 6). Harry, stand aside, so that we all can see the board. 7). John, listen to me! 8).Harry, look at the map. 9). Mary, who's on duty? 10). Alice, what's there in your room? 11). Jim, take this and be ready for any trouble. 12). Paul, don't interrupt me. 13). Eddy, why didn't you phone me?

Pattern 2: Mo̖ "ther, can I go and play football now?

1). Mother, can I have an ice-cream? 2). Mary, will you help me? 3). Peter, give me another glass of water, please. 4). Madam, which is the next station? 5). Eddy, why didn't you phone me? 6). Edward, something has gone wrong with my CD-player. 7). Darling, is there anything to your taste on the menu? 8). Kitty, why aren't you eating anything?

2. Read the following sentences observing the intonation of direct address in the middle or at the end of the sentences.

1). I'll go and get him, Dad. 2). Good afternoon, Mrs. White, how are you? 3). Do you want me to do anything this evening, Nora? 4). How do you like your tea, Mrs. White, strong or weak? 5). Do you want to come, Jack? 6). Have you had your holiday, Jane? 7). Have you made up your mind, Mum? 8).

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