English for Public Administration (Central, Regional and Municipal Administration) (Английский язык для студентов, обучающихся по направлению «Государ

A.Why is management theory important?

B.Is a good manager always a good leader?

TEXT B

INTERPERSONAL ROLE

Interpersonal roles require managers to direct and supervise employees and the organization.

The figure head is typically a top of middle manager. This manager may communicate future organizational goals or ethical guidelines to employees. The head chef of a well-known restaurant greeting customers at the door and the president of a bank congratulating a new group of trainees are all examples of the figurehead role. While the figurehead role is routine, its importance should not be overlooked. At the interpersonal level, it provides members and non-members alike with a sense of what the organization is about and the type of people the organization recruits.

A leader acts as an example for other employees to follow, gives commands and directions to subordinates, makes decisions and mobilizes employee support. This role involves leadership directly: the manager is responsible for hiring and training his own staff, motivating. These duties may require direct contact with subordinates. However, establishing expectations regarding work quality, decision-making responsibility, or time commitments to the job are all outcomes of the leader role. The role encompasses relationships with subordinates, including motivation,

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communication, and influence. Managers must be leaders at all levels of the organization. Lower-level managers often look to top management for this leadership example.

In the role of liaison, a manager must coordinate the work of others in different work units, establish alliances between others. This role is particularly critical for middle managers, who must often compete with other managers for important resources, yet must maintain successful working relationships with them for long time periods. The manager makes contacts inside and outside the organization with a wide range of people: subordinates, clients, business associates, government, trade organization officials, and so on. The liaison role is enacted when managers make contact with other individuals, who may or may not reside in the organization, in order to complete the work performed by their departments or work units. Examples of these activities are social functions, attending a welcoming or farewell reception, greeting customers at the door, or congratulating a graduating class of trainees. An auto assembly plant supervisor may call a tire supplier to determine the amount of inventory available for next week. Quite often, managers are required to obtain information or resources outside their authority. Ultimately, the liaison role enables a manager to develop a network for obtaining external information which can be useful for completing current and future work activities.

Recruits, gives commands, hiring, training, work, quality, commitments, encompasses, influence, work units, successful working relationships, trade organization officials, make contact, work activities.

VOCABULARLY

1.interpersonal role – *

2.organizational goals –

3.to maintain – ,

4.alliance – , /, ,

5.to share resources –

6.to give commands – *

7.hire – *

8.train –

9.work quality –

10.commitment –

11.encompass –

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12.influence –

13.work units –

14. successful working relationships –

15.trade organization officials –

16.make contact –

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Answer the questions:

A. What is the role of a leader?

B. What is the role of a figure head ? C. What is the role of a liaison?

D. Is the role of a liaison particularly critical for top managers?

2. Mark the sentences True or False. Correct the false ones:

A.A liaison has social and legal responsibilities, he is expected to be a source of inspiration, people look up to him as a person with authority.

B.A leader provides guidance for the department or perhaps the entire organization, manages the performance and responsibilities of everyone in the group.

C.The figure head must communicate with internal and external contacts, need to be able to network effectively on behalf of the organization.

4. Translate into Russian:

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corrective action to improve that performance. Monitors also watch for changes in the environment and within the company that may affect individual and organizational performance. Monitoring occurs at all levels of management, although managers at higher levels of the company are more likely to monitor external threats to the environment than are middle or first-line managers.

The role of disseminator requires that managers inform employees of changes that affect them and the organization. They also communicate the company’s vision and purpose.

Managers at each level disseminate information to those below them, and much information of this nature trickles from the top down.

Finally, a spokesperson communicates with the external environment, from advertising the company’s goods and services, to informing the community about the direction of the organization.

The spokesperson for major announcements, such as a change in strategic direction, is likely to be a top manager. But, other, more routine information may be provided by a manager at any level of a company. For example, a middle manager may give a press release to a local newspaper, or a supervisor manager may give a presentation at a community meeting.

VOCABULARLY

1.to evaluate –

2.to disseminate –

3.strategic direction –

4.the environment – )

5.performance – ,

6.to inform employee – *

7.advertising – *

8.from the top down –

9.presentation –

10.the direction of the organization – *

11.local newspaper – *

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ADD TO YOUR ACTIVE VOCABULARLY

1.announcement – /

2.to gain access –

3.duty –

4.enterprise –

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Answer the questions:

A.What is the informational role of a manager?

B.What does the monitor do?

C.What is the role of a spokesperson?

D.What is the role of a disseminator?

E.Who may give a press release to a local newspaper?

2. Mark the sentences True or False. Correct the false ones:

A.Monitoring happens at some levels of administration although managers at superior levels are more likely to detect external threats to the environment than are top or first-line managers.

B.Disseminator notifies employees of alterations of any kind that influence them.

C.The duty of a spokesperson is communicating with the external environment, from advertising issues to informing the company’s personnel about the course of the organization.

3. Fill in the blanks:

to transmit, strategic direction, a press release, a spokesperson, vision, to give a presentation

A.The spokesperson for major announcements, such as a change in

________, is a top manager.

B.For example, a middle manager may give a press release to a local newspaper, or a supervisor manager may ___ ____________at a community meeting.

C.Finally, __________ communicates with the external environment.

D.Informational role: managers at all levels of the company obtain and

________ the necessary information.

E.Informing the employees about the company’s ___________and purpose is the duty of disseminator.

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4. Translate into Russian:

disseminate information; advertising; strategic direction; presentation; announcements; unanticipated problems; utilize resources; overtime hours; mergers and acquisitions of other companies; the negotiator; different levels; they can be grouped; require managers; to plan strategy and utilize resources; corrects unanticipated problems; the direction of the organization; a researcher; utilize resources; require; an unanticipated problem; negotiate; attempt; preferred price; overtime hours; mergers and acquisitions of other companies; a researcher; performance; inform employees; evaluates; the environment.

5. Translate into English:

*; * *;

*; ; /; ) ; ;

; ; ; ; * ; /; ; ;

*; ; ; ; * * ;

; ) *;

.

6. Match the following terms with their definition:

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7. Find the word that doesn’t match the synonyms:

A.duty, task, data

B.management, direction, supervision, vision

C.division, taking apart, disconnection, connect

D.reply, answer, comeback, come

E.planned, projected, anticipated, performed

8.Read and translate the texts into Russian:

(1)There is a well-known definition that “Leaders do the right thing and managers do things right”. A more standard definition is usually something like “managers work toward the organization’s goals using its resources in an effective and efficient manner”.

(2)Note that there are different types of managers. A project manager is in charge of developing a certain project, e.g., development of a new building. A functional manager is in charge of a major function, such as a department in the organization, e.g., marketing, sales, engineering, finance, etc. A product manager is in charge of a product or service. Similarly, a product line manager is in charge of a group of closely related products. General managers are in charge of numerous functions within a company or department.

Notes:

a)a project manager –

b)a functional manager –

c)a product line manager – ) *-

9. Try to:

a)describe the interpersonal roles of a manager;

b)describe the informational roles of a manager;

c)describe the decisional roles of a manager.

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GRAMMAR STUDY

PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice") in which the subject of a sentence or clause denotes the recipient of the action (the patient) rather than the performer (the agent). The passive voice in English is formed periphrastically, with an auxiliary verb (usually be or get) plus a participle (usually the past participle) of a verb, usually a transitive verb.

For example, Caesar was stabbed by Brutus uses the passive voice. The subject denotes the person (Caesar) affected by the action of the verb. The counterpart to this in active voice is Brutus stabbed Caesar, in which the subject denotes the doer, or agent, Brutus. A sentence featuring the passive voice is sometimes called a passive sentence, and a verb phrase in passive voice is sometimes called a passive verb.

English allows a number of passive constructions which are not possible in many of the other languages with similar passive formation. These include promotion of an indirect object to subject (as in Tom was given a bag) and promotion of the complement of a preposition (as in Sue was operated on, leaving a stranded preposition).

Use of the English passive varies with writing style and field. Some publications' style sheets discourage use of the passive voice, while others encourage it. Although some purveyors of usage advice, including George Orwell and William Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White discourage the English passive, its usefulness is recognized in cases where the patient is more important than the agent.

Identifying the English passive

The passive voice is a specific grammatical construction; not every expression that serves to take focus away from the performer of an action is classified as an instance of passive voice. The essential components of the English passive voice are a form of the auxiliary verb be (or sometimes get), and the past participle of the main verb denoting the action. For example:

... that all men are created equal… We have been cruelly deceived. The captain was struck by a missile.

I got kicked in the face during the fight.

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(For exceptions see Passives without a past participle below.) The agent (the doer of the action) may be specified, using a prepositional phrase with the preposition by, as in the third example, but it is equally possible to omit this (agentless passive). For example, Caesar was stabbed is a grammatical full sentence, in a way that stabbed Caesar and Brutus stabbed are not. Agentless passives are common in scientific writing, where the agent may be irrelevant (e.g. The mixture was heated to 300°C).

A distinction is also made between the above type of clause, and those of similar form in which the past participle is used as an ordinary adjective, and the verb be or similar is simply a copula linking the subject of the sentence to that adjective. For example:

I am excited (right now).

This would not normally be classed as a passive sentence, since the participle excited is used adjectivally to denote a state, not to denote an action of excitation (as it would in the passive the electron was excited with a laser pulse).

Sentences which do not follow the pattern described above are not considered to be in the passive voice, even if they have a similar function of avoiding or marginalizing reference to the agent. An example is the sentence. A stabbing occurred, where mention of the stabber is avoided, but the sentence is nonetheless cast in the active voice, with the verbal noun stabbing forming the subject of the simple past tense of the verb occur. (Similarly There was a stabbing.) Occasionally, however, writers misapply the term “passive voice” to sentences of this type. An example of this loose usage can be found in the following extract from an article from “The New Yorker” about Bernard Madoff (bolding and italics added; bold text indicates the verbs misidentified as passive voice):

Two sentences later, Madoff said, “When I began the Ponzi scheme, I believed it would end shortly, and I would be able to extricate myself, and my clients, from the scheme.” As he read this, he betrayed no sense of how absurd it was to use the passive voice in regard to his scheme, as if it were a spell of bad weather that had descended on him . . . In most of the rest of the statement, one not only heard the aggrieved passive voice, but felt the hand of a lawyer: “To the best of my recollection, my fraud began in the early nineteen-nineties.”

The intransitive verbs would end and began are in fact in the active voice. Although the speaker uses the words in a manner that subtly diverts responsibility from him, this is not accomplished by use of passive voice.

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Examples of misuse of the term are also found in Strunk and White’s influential “The Elements of Style”. Professor Geoffrey Pullum notes that three out of four “passive voice” examples given in that book do not in fact contain passives: “There were a great number of dead leaves lying on the ground” (no sign of any passive); “It was not long before she was very sorry that she had said what she had” (again, no sign of the passive); “The reason that he left college was that his health became impaired” (here became impaired is an example of the adjectival, not passive, use of the past participle).

Usage and style.

Many language critics and language-usage manuals discourage use of the passive voice. This advice is not usually found in older guides, emerging only in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1916, the British writer Arthur Quiller-Couch, criticized this grammatical voice:

Generally, use transitive verbs, that strike their object; and use them in the active voice, eschewing the stationary passive, with its little auxiliary its’s and was’s, and its participles getting into the light of your adjectives, which should be few. For, as a rough law, by his use of the straight verb and by his economy of adjectives you can tell a man’s style, if it be masculine or neuter, writing or 'composition'.

Two years later, in 1918, in “The Elements of Style” Cornell University Professor of English William Strunk, Jr. warned against excessive use of the passive voice:

The active voice is usually more direct and vigorous than the passive . . . This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary . . . The need to make a particular word the subject of the sentence will often . . . determine which voice is to be used. The habitual use of the active voice, however, makes for forcible writing. This is true not only in narrative concerned principally with action, but in writing of any kind. Many a tame sentence of description or exposition can be made lively and emphatic by substituting a transitive in the active voice for some such perfunctory expression as there is or could be heard.

In 1926, in the authoritative “A Dictionary of Modern English Usage” (1926), Henry W. Fowler recommended against transforming active voice forms into passive voice forms, because doing so "...sometimes leads to bad grammar, false idiom, or clumsiness."

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