English for Public Administration (Central, Regional and Municipal Administration) (Английский язык для студентов, обучающихся по направлению «Государ

ensuring that these needs are met in the most effective way. It also means making the best use of people, and so improving personnel management as well as financial management. The dramatic changes in public-funded services took place in a changing international environment, marked by the spread of capitalism, globalization and technological revolution.

VOCABULARLY

1.twin cudgels –

2.to cut public expenditure – )-

( )

3.borrowing requirement – *

4.the political and economic boundaries –

0 *

5.to identify –

6.the spread of capitalism – *

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Answer the questions:

A.Who is Margaret Thatcher?

B.What were the aims of M. Thatcher’s policy?

C.Why did M. Thatcher change the public administration?

D.Were the objectives of performance management both before and after 1979 the same in terms of accountability for public spending, and improving the quality of public services?

E.Is the management revolution in the civil service concerned with cost cutting and increased efficiency?

2. Mark the sentences True or False. Correct the false ones:

A.M. Thatcher’s nickname was the “Iron Lady”.

B.The Thatcher government wanted to decline public expenditure.

C.The reduction of public expenditure was not applied in education.

91

C. Translate into Russian:

92

4. Fill in the table and translate the words into Russian:

5. Find the synonyms of the following words from the previous exercise:

1.administer, direct, supervise, deal with;

2.provide, supply, spend, put in;

3.need, entail, oblige;

4.decrease, lessen, cut.

6.Translate into Russian:

seek to expose; twin cudgels; cut public expenditure; borrowing requirement; the political and economic boundaries of Britain; the spread of capitalism in Russia; technological revolution.

7. Translate into English:

* 0 *

- ; 0 * *; *

; ; )-

; * ;

* $ .

93

8. Find synonyms to the words in italics:

a)a wish to attack inflation

b)reduce public expenditure

c)the drop of public expenditure

d)the goals of performance management

e)imperative for adjustment

TEXT D

THE PROBLEMS OF MANAGERIAL PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES

Managerial public administration involves a change of management strategy, but this strategy must be put to work in a reformed administrative structure. The general idea is decentralization, delegation of authority. But it is necessary to be more specific, defining clearly the sectors the state operates, the types of ownership, and the kinds of administration that are more suited. Any modern state counts four sectors: the strategic core, exclusive activities, nonexclusive services, and the production of goods and services for the market. The strategic core is where law and policies are defined, and their enforcement is in the last instance assured. It is formed by the parliament, the courts, the presidency, or the prime minister, its ministers, the top civil servants, major local authorities, and the governors and their secretaries when the political system is federal.

In the United States, all universities are public non-state organizations. They may be called “private” or “state-controlled” but, as a matter of fact, the “private” are not profit-oriented and the “statecontrolled” do not have civil servants. They are partially financed or subsidized by the state – the “private” less than the “state-controlled” – but they are all independent bodies controlled by boards that represent civil society and – in minority form – the government.

In the United Kingdom, universities and hospitals used to be statecontrolled. They are no longer; they are now “quasi-nongovernmental organizations” (QUANGOS). They were not privatized. They were changed from state control to public control.

There are three possibilities in terms of nonexclusive services. They may remain state-controlled, they can be privatized, or they may be financed or subsidized by the state but controlled by society and

94

transformed into public non-state organizations. In managerial public administration the state is not viewed as a producer or as just a regulator that guarantees contracts and property rights but as a “financier” (or “subsidizer”) of the nonexclusive services. The subsidy may be given directly to the public non-state organization, it may be given directly to the citizen in the form of vouchers.

VOCABULARY

1.delegation of authority – *

2.decentralization –

3.to assure –

4.the Prime Minister – * *

5.board –

6.in minority – *

7.property rights –

8.voucher –

ASSIGNMENTS

1. Answer the questions:

A.What are the sectors any modern state counts?

B.What establishments are changed from state control to public control in the US?

C.What establishments used to be state-controlled in the United Kingdom?

2. Mark the sentences True or False. Correct the false ones:

A.The problems of managerial public administration in Canada are connected with the decentralization and many other questions.

B.All US universities are governed by boards comprised of civil society.

C.Managerial public administration in foreign countries is closely connected with the delegation of authority.

95

3. Match the key word with the synonyms:

5. Translate into English:

*, , *

*, , *, ,

.

6. Find the topical sentence of each passage of Text D and make a short summary of the text using the topical sentences you have found.

GRAMMAR STUDY

Some passive constructions.

Canonical passives.

In the most commonly considered type of passive clause, a form of the verb be (or sometimes get) is used as an auxiliary together with the past participle of a transitive verb; that verb is missing its direct object, and the patient of the action (that which would be denoted by the direct object of the verb in an active clause) is denoted instead by the subject of the clause. For example, the active clause:

•John threw the ball.

contains threw as a transitive verb with John as its subject and the ball as its direct object. If we recast the verb in the passive voice (was thrown), then the ball becomes the subject (it is "promoted" to the subject position) and John disappears:

•The ball was thrown.

The original subject (the agent) can optionally be re-inserted using the preposition by.

•The ball was thrown by John.

The above example uses the verb be (in the past tense form was) to make the passive. It is often possible to use the verb get as an alternative

97

(possibly with slightly different meaning); for example, the active sentence "The ball hit Bob" may be recast in either of the following forms:

•Bob was hit by the ball.

•Bob got hit by the ball.

The auxiliary verb of the passive voice (be or get) may appear in any combination of tense, aspect and mood, and can also appear in nonfinite form (infinitive, participle or gerund). See the article on English verb forms for more information. Notice that this includes use of the verb be in progressive aspect, which does not normally occur when be is used as a simple copula. Some examples:

•The food is being served. (present progressive passive)

•The stadium will have been built by next January. (future

perfect passive)

•I would have got injured if I had stayed in my place. (conditional perfect passive with get)

•It isn't nice to be insulted. (passive infinitive)

•Having been humiliated, he left the stage. (passive present participle, perfect aspect)

Prepositional passive.

It is also possible, in some cases, to promote the object of a preposition. This may be called the prepositional passive, or sometimes the pseudo-passive (although the latter term can also have other meanings, particularly in descriptions of other languages).

•They talked about the problem. → The problem was talked

about.

In the passive form here, the preposition is "stranded"; that is, it is not followed by an object.

The prepositional passive is common especially in informal English. However some potential uses appear grammatically unacceptable; compare the following examples given by Pullum:

•Someone has slept in this bunk. → This bunk has been slept in. (fully acceptable)

•Someone has slept above this bunk. → ??This bunk has been slept above. (barely acceptable)

The second sentence appears unacceptable because sleeping above a bunk does not change its state; the verb phrase been slept above does not express a "relevantly important property" of the bunk.

98

It is not possible to promote a prepositional object if the verb also has a direct object. For example:

•Someone has put a child in this bunk. → *This bunk has been put a child in. (unacceptable)

Stative and adjectival uses a type of clause that is similar or identical in form to the passive clauses described above has the past participle used to denote not an action, but a state being the result of an action. For example, the sentence The window was broken may have two different meanings:

•The window was broken, i.e Someone or something broke the window. (action, event)

•The window was broken, i.e. The window was not intact.

(resultant state)

The first sentence is an example of the canonical English passive as described above. However the second case is distinct; such sentences are not always considered to be true passives, since the participle is being used adjectivally; they are sometimes called false passives. If they are considered to be passives, they may be called stative (or static, or resultative) passives, since they represent a state or result. By contrast the canonical passives, representing an action or event, may then be called dynamic or eventive passives.

The ambiguity in such sentences arises because the verb be is used in English both as the passive auxiliary and as the ordinary copular verb for linking to predicate adjectives. When get is used to form the passive, there is no ambiguity: The window got broken cannot have a stative meaning. (For ways in which some other languages make this distinction, see Passive voice: Stative and dynamic passive.) If a distinct adjective exists for the purpose of expressing the state, then the past participle is less likely to be used for that purpose; this is the case with the verb open, for which there exists an adjective open, so the sentence The door was opened more likely refers to the action rather than the state, since in the stative case one could simply say The door was open.

Past participles of transitive verbs can also be used as adjectives (as in a broken doll), and the participles used in the above-mentioned "stative" constructions are often considered to be adjectival (in predicative use).

Such constructions may then also be called adjectival passives (although they are not normally considered true passives). For example:

•She was relieved to find her car.

99

Here, relieved is an ordinary adjective, though it derives from the past participle of relieve. In other sentences that same participle may be used to form the true (dynamic) passive: He was relieved of duty.

When the verb being put into the passive voice is a stative verb anyway, the distinctions between uses of the past participle become less clear, since the canonical passive already has a stative meaning. (For example: People know his identity → His identity is known.) However it is sometimes possible to impart a dynamic meaning using get as the auxiliary, as in get known with the meaning "become known".

Passive constructions without an exactly corresponding active Some passive constructions are not derived exactly from a

corresponding active construction in the ways described above. This is particularly the case with sentences containing content clauses (usually that-clauses). Given a sentence in which the role of direct object is played by such a clause, for example

•They say (that) he cheats.

it is possible to convert this to a passive by promoting the content clause to subject; in this case, however, the clause typically does not change its position in the sentence, and an expletive it takes the normal subject position:

•It is said that he cheats.

Another way of forming passives in such cases involves promoting the subject of the content clause to the subject of the main clause, and converting the content clause into a non-finite clause with the to-infinitive. This infinitive is marked for grammatical aspect to correspond to the aspect (or past tense) expressed in the content clause. For example:

•They say that he cheats. → He is said to cheat.

•They think that I am dying. → I am thought to be dying.

•They report that she came back / has come back. → She is reported to have come back.

•They say that she will resign. → e.g. She is said to be going

to resign.

Some verbs are used almost exclusively in the passive voice. This is the case with rumor, for example. The following passive sentences are possible:

•He was rumored to be a war veteran. / It was rumored that he was a war veteran.

100