Biomedical Engineering. Биомедицинская инженерия. Учебное пособие

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He is too young to be a manager. Он слишком молод, чтобы быть ме-

неджером.

She is old enough to understand it. Она достаточно взрослая, чтобы понять это.

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Generally, style manuals say that В целом, справочники по стилю гоthe particle "to" should not be sepворят, что частица "to" не должна arated from the infinitive without быть отделена от инфинитива без necessity, especially in writing. необходимости, особенно в пись-

менной речи.

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always tried really to understand; станет громоздкой или неправильной: to understand really young chilalways really tried to understand; always dren; to understand young chiltried really to understand; to understand dren and their hopes and fears really young children; to understand really. young children and their hopes and fears

really.

4.7. Translate from English into Russian, paying attention to the Infinitive.

1.To solve this complicated problem is an actual task in our investigation.

2.He expected to discover more accurate figures in the course of the experiment.

3.He was one of the first scientists to appreciate the importance of complex numbers.

4.It is a peculiar thing to do.

5.He was able to create an ingenious method.

6.To complete the survey, you have to collect more data.

7.You might prefer to experiment with these substances.

8.This approach gives you great power to reveal hidden relations between these methods.

9.Nowadays scientists tend to take these benefits for granted.

10.It is hard to believe that they achieved such great progress.

4.8. Translate from Russian into English, using different forms of the Infinitive.

1.Это позволяет нам производить оборудование нового поколения.

2.Он, должно быть, обдумывает результаты своей работы.

3.Мы довольны тем, что получили подобные данные.

4.Было бы отлично выполнить проект до наступления крайнего срока.

5.Нам надо закончит множество экспериментов.

6.Установку следует демонтировать.

7.Ему надо попросит техника починить прибор.

8.Руководитель заставил его повторить эксперимент.

9.Оказывается, они талантливые ученые.

10.Натрий и хлор соединяются, образуя хлорид натрия.

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4.9. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one, using enough.

Example: She is clever. She can answer the question. – She is clever enough to answer the question.

1.The data were sufficient. We could conduct a survey.

2.The arguments are strong. He can prove his viewpoint.

3.The equipment is new. The mechanics can make the moulds.

4.The experiments are numerous. They can come to a definite conclu-

sion.

5.They are prepared. They can answer the opponents̒questions.

4.10. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the Complex Subject.

1. The plane was reported to have landed safely.

2. He is considered to be a good specialist. 3. He is said to be working on this report.

4. That project was declared to have taken the first place.

5. The conference was supposed to be making great progress.

4.11. Translate the sentences using the Passive Infinitive.

1.Мы хотим, чтобы предложение было принято.

2.Я бы хотел, чтобы эксперимент был проведен прямо сейчас.

3.Мы не хотим, чтобы станок демонтировали.

4.Руководитель хочет, чтобы проблема была решена немедленно.

5.Мы ожидаем, что факты будут доказаны.

4.12.Write the summary of the text " Cardiovascular Engineering".

4.13.Speak about cardiovascular engineering and its applications.

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1.4. Answer the questions:

1)What is the etymology of the word “biomechanics”?

2)What is biomechanics?

3)What does it work with?

4)What fields of biomechanics do you know?

1.5. Read the text and check your answers. Translate the text: What is Biomechanics

Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics. Biomechanics is a branch of biophysics.

In the 19th century Étienne-Jules Marey used cinematography to scientifically investigate locomotion. He opened the field of modern 'motion analysis' by being the first to correlate ground reaction forces with movement. In Germany, the brothers Ernst Heinrich Weber and Wilhelm Eduard Weber hypothesized a great deal about human gait, but it was Christian Wilhelm Braune who significantly advanced the science using recent advances in engineering mechanics. During the same period, the engineering mechanics of materials began to flourish in France and Germany under the demands of the industrial revolution. This led to the rebirth of bone biomechanics when the railroad engineer Karl Culmann and the anatomist Hermann von Meyer compared the stress patterns in a human femur with those in a similarly shaped crane. Inspired by this finding Julius Wolff proposed the famous Wolff's law of bone remodeling.

Applications of Biomechanics

The study of biomechanics ranges from the inner workings of a cell to the movement and development of limbs, to the mechanical properties of soft tissue, and bones. Some simple examples of biomechanics research include the investigation of the forces that act on limbs, the aerodynamics of bird and insect flight, the hydrodynamics of swimming in fish, and locomotion in general across all forms of life, from individual cells to whole organisms. With growing understanding of the physiological behavior of living tissues, researchers are able to advance the field of tissue engineering, as well as develop improved treatments for a wide array of pathologies including cancer.

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Biomechanics is also applied to studying human musculoskeletal systems. Such research utilizes force platforms to study human ground reaction forces and infrared videography to capture the trajectories of markers attached to the human body to study human 3D motion. Research also applies electromyography to study muscle activation, investigating muscle responses to external forces and perturbations.

Biomechanics is widely used in orthopedic industry to design orthopedic implants for human joints, dental parts, external fixations and other medical purposes. Biotribology is a very important part of it. It is a study of the performance and function of biomaterials used for orthopedic implants. It plays a vital role to improve the design and produce successful biomaterials for medical and clinical purposes. One such example is in tissue engineered cartilage. The dynamic loading of joints considered as impact is discussed in detail by Emanuel Willert.

It is also tied to the field of engineering, because it often uses traditional engineering sciences to analyze biological systems. Some simple applications of Newtonian mechanics and materials sciences can supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many biological systems. Applied mechanics, most mechanical engineering disciplines such as continuum mechanics, mechanism analysis, structural analysis, kinematics and dynamics play prominent roles in the study of biomechanics.

Usually biological systems are much more complex than man-built systems. Numerical methods are applied in almost every biomechanical study. Research is done in an iterative process of hypothesis and verification, including several steps of modeling, computer simulation and experimental measurements.

1.6.Write a summary of the text.

1.7.Read and translate the text. Match the branches of biomechanics with their parts of the text:

biotribology, computational biomechanics, biofluid mechanics, plant biomechanics, sports biomechanics, continuum biomechanics, comparative biomechanics

Subfields of Biomechanics

a) _________ is the study of both gas and liquid fluid flows in or around biological organisms. An often studied liquid biofluid problem is that of blood flow in the human cardiovascular system. In vivo whole blood is

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