Biomedical Engineering. Биомедицинская инженерия. Учебное пособие
.pdfI saw him crossing the street. – saw him cross the street.
IЯ видел, как он переходил улицу. – Я видел, как он перешёл улицу.
Past Participle in constructions Причастие прошедшего времени
with Complex Object |
в конструкциях со сложным до- |
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полнением |
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Constructions after "see, hear, |
Конструкции после "see, hear, |
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want, consider" |
want, consider" |
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The past participle is used in con- |
Причастие прошедшего |
времени |
structions with complex object to |
употребляется в конструкциях со |
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show that the person or thing indi- |
сложным дополнением, чтобы по- |
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cated by the object undergoes the |
казать, что лицо или предмет, ука- |
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action indicated by the participle. |
занный дополнением, подвергается |
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действию причастия. |
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He saw his bags put into the trunk |
Он видел, как его вещи положили |
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of a large car. |
в багажник большого автомобиля. |
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She saw several participants regis- |
Она видела, как нескольких участ- |
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tered during the conference. |
ников зарегистрировали |
во время |
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конференции. |
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We heard her name mentioned dur- |
Мы слышали, как её имя упоминали |
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ing the discussion. |
во время дискуссии. |
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He wants it done as soon as pos- |
Он хочет, чтобы это было сделано |
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sible. |
как можно скорее. |
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I consider this matter closed. |
Я считаю этот вопрос закрытым. |
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Construction "have something |
Конструкция "have something |
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done" |
done" |
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In such constructions the past parti- |
Втаких конструкциях прошедшего |
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ciple is used after the verb "have" to |
времени употребляется после гла- |
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show that the action is performed |
гола "have", чтобы показать, что |
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for you by someone, usually at your |
действие выполняется для вас кем- |
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request. |
то, обычно по вашей просьбе |
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She got her TV repaired. |
Ей починили телевизор. |
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In some cases the action expressed |
в некоторых случаях, действие, вы- |
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by the participle after the verb |
раженное причастием после глаго- |
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"have" is performed not at your re- |
ла "have" в таких конструкциях, |
quest, the action may be unpleasant. |
совершается не по вашей просьбе, |
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действие может быть неприятным. |
She had her purse stolen yesterday. |
У неё вчера украли кошелёк. |
2.9. Define the function of Participle I in the following sentences and translate them.
1.The scientist working at this design is well known.
2.Carrying out the experiment he made use of some new instruments.
3.These new devices are replacing their older equivalents.
4.Speaking about the new method of work the engineer told us many interesting details.
5.Bioengineering occupies one of the leading places among the greatest achievements of modern engineering.
6.Developing the new method they achieved good results
7.The electric current passing through a wire will heat it.
8.The scientist carrying on important research works in our university.
9.The method being used by him is new.
10.Working together we can achieve much.
2.10. Translate the following sentences.
1.Having improved this medical device they could use it for many pur-
poses.
2.When making the experiment he made notes.
3.Tissue engineering is gaining a growing importance.
4.This varying current is carried along a wire to a receiver.
5.Biomedical engineering has developed into hundreds of research institutes and laboratories employing tens of thousands of people.
6.Having been discovered many years ago this material found a wide application in regenerative medicine only last year.
7.While being checked the motor showed good performance.
8.The man introducing this famous scientist is the dean of our faculty.
9.Is this substance being used twice during this experiment?
10.Getting the result, he was very excited.
2.11. Change the complex sentences given below according to the examples and translate them into Russian.
32
Example:
While she was preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
While preparing for her physics exam she looked through all the notes of the lectures.
1.When he was translating the article he used a dictionary.
2.While the student was working at the problem he made many experiments.
3.When the worker was applying the new method of work he got better results.
4.While he was experimenting with this substance he was very careful.
5.When the engineer was improving the design he made many calcula-
tions.
6.While the man was describing this phenomenon he illustrated it with numerous examples.
7.When these scientists were working in our laboratory they obtained good results.
Example:
The scientists who are carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
The scientists carrying out research into nuclear physics deal with most difficult problems.
1.The scientist who is working at the method is well known.
2.These postgraduate students who are watching the experiment work in our laboratory.
3.The worker who is repairing the machine is very skilled.
4.The engineer who is carrying out these investigations is a well-known inventor.
5.The students who are doing the laboratory work are from various fac-
ulties.
2.12.Write 10 sentences using various forms of Participles.
2.13.Write the summary of the text "Biosensors".
2.14.Speak about biosensors and their types.
33
Unit 3. Biomedical Optics and Ultrasound
3.1. Read and translate the text.
Biomedical Optics and Ultrasound
Biomedical optics and imaging research focuses on the development of lasers and other light sources for medical imaging, diagnostics, and treatment. Areas of active research include coherent imaging, including opticalcoherence tomography and laser-speckle imaging; fluorescence imaging; and the study of light transport in biological tissue.
Clinical and Therapeutic Applications. A number of important clinical and therapeutic applications make use of high intensity, focused ultrasound beams. In many of these applications, the therapeutic effect is achieved due the heat generation associated with dissipation of the high intensity acoustic beam. In some applications, such as lithotripsy the therapeutic effect is obtained from acoustic non-linearity, causing wave deformation and shock wave formation.
Ultrasound is sometimes used to clean teeth in dental hygenist. Focused ultrasound may be used to generate highly localized heating to treat cysts and tumors (benign or malignant). This is known as Focused Ultrasound Surgery (FUS) or High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU). These procedures generally use lower frequencies than medical diagnostic ultrasound (from 250 kHz to 2000 kHz), but significantly higher energies. Focused ultrasound may be used to break up kidney stones by lithotripsy. Ultrasound may be used for cataract treatment by Phacoemulsification. Additional physiological effects of low-intensity ultrasound have recently been discovered, such as the ability to stimulate bone-growth and the potential to disrupt the blood-brain barrier for drug delivery.
3.2. Answer the questions.
1.What does biomedical optics and imaging research focus on?
2.What do areas of active research include?
3.How is the therapeutic effect achieved in case of focused ultrasound beams?
4.What are the main therapeutic applications of ultrasound?
34
3.3. Translate the terms.
medical imaging, diagnostics, and treatment
coherent imaging optical-coherence tomography laser-speckle imaging
high intensity, focused ultrasound beams
lithotripsy
shock wave formation acoustic non-linearity
to treat cysts and tumors (benign or malignant)
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound cataract treatment
to break up kidney stones low-intensity ultrasound
to disrupt blood-brain barrier to stimulate bone-growth
3.4.Make up sentences with the terms from the table above.
3.5.Form verbs with an opposite meaning adding the prefix dis- and translate them.
Example: to agree – соглашаться, to disagree – не соглашаться
to cover, to appear, to place, to continue, to approve, to charge, to connect, to close, to arrange, to assemble, to mount, to join
3.6. Study the grammar rule:
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The Gerund |
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Passive |
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Active |
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Non-perfect |
writing |
being written |
Perfect |
having written |
having been written |
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The Gerund is a non-finite |
Герундий – это неличная форма глагола. |
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form of the verb. The other |
Другие неличные формы глагола – ин- |
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non-finite verb forms are the |
финитив и причастие. |
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Infinitive and the Participle. |
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Forms of Gerund |
Формы герундия |
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Gerunds can be formed from |
Герундий можно образовать от боль- |
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most verbs |
(except |
modal |
шинства глаголов (кроме модальных |
verbs). |
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глаголов). |
The simple active form and the |
Простая активная форма и пассивная |
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passive form |
usually |
express |
форма обычно выражают действие, од- |
an action that is simultaneous |
новременное с действием, выраженным |
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with the action expressed by |
основным глаголом. Перфектная форма |
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the main verb. The perfect |
и перфектная пассивная форма выража- |
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form and the perfect passive |
ют действие, предшествующее дей- |
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form express an action that |
ствию, выраженному основным глаго- |
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precedes the |
action expressed |
лом. |
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by the main verb. |
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The simple form of the Gerund |
Простая форма герундия наиболее упо- |
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is the most common. The |
требительна. Сложные формы герундия |
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compound forms of the Ger- |
употребляются реже, в основном в |
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und are used more rarely, |
письменной речи. |
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mostly in writing. |
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Forms of Gerund |
Формы герундия |
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Asking questions is his hobby. |
Задавать вопросы – его хобби. (asking – |
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(asking – simple form) |
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простая форма) |
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I completely |
forgot |
having |
Я совсем забыл, что попросил его подо- |
asked him to wait for me there. |
ждать меня там. (having asked – пер- |
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(having asked – perfect form) |
фектная форма) |
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She doesn't like being asked |
Она не любит, когда ей задают такие |
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such questions. (being asked – |
вопросы. (being asked – пассивная фор- |
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passive form) |
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ма) |
He could not remember ever |
Он не помнил, чтобы его когда-либо |
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having been asked to do such a |
просили сделать такое. (having been |
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thing. (having been asked – |
asked – перфектная пассивная форма) |
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Perfect Passive Form) |
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36
Perfect forms |
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Перфектные формы |
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The simple active form of the |
Простая активная форма герундия часто |
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Gerund is often used instead of |
употребляется вместо перфектной фор- |
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the perfect form in those cases |
мы в тех случаях, где не нужно подчёр- |
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where it is not necessary to |
кивать, что действие, выраженное ге- |
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stress that the action expressed |
рундием, |
предшествует |
действию, |
by the Gerund precedes the |
выраженному основным глаголом (при |
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action expressed by the main |
условии, что контекст ясен). Например: |
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verb (provided that the context |
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is clear). For example: |
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I remember asking her about |
Я помню, что я спрашивал её об этом. Я |
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it. I don't remember being |
не помню, чтобы меня спрашивали об |
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asked about it. |
этом. |
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Passive forms |
Пассивные формы |
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After the verbs "need, require, |
После глаголов "need, require, want" в |
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want" in the meaning "need |
значении «нуждаться в чистке, ремонте, |
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cleaning, |
repairing, |
improv- |
улучшении» и после прилагательного |
ing" and after the adjective |
"worth" (стоящий чего-то), употребляет- |
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"worth", the active form of the |
ся активная форма герундия, а не пас- |
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Gerund is used, not the passive |
сивная. |
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form. |
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The house needs painting. This |
Дом нужно покрасить. Этот замок |
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lock needs repairing. His car |
нужно починить. Его машину нужно |
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requires painting. Your coat |
покрасить. Твоё пальто нужно почи- |
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wants cleaning. This book is |
стить. Эту книгу стоит прочитать. |
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worth reading. |
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Negative forms |
Отрицательные формы |
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Depending |
on the |
meaning, |
В зависимости от значения, отрицатель- |
the negative particle "not" is |
ная частица "not" ставится между вспо- |
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placed between the |
auxiliary |
могательным и основным глаголом (для |
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verb and the main verb (to ne- |
отрицания действия основного глагола) |
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gate the action of the main |
или перед герундием (для отрицания |
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verb) or before the Gerund (to |
действия герундия). |
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negate the action of the Ge- |
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rund). |
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37
"Not" between the auxiliary "Not" между вспомогательным и основverb and the main verb: He did ным глаголом: Он не извинился за то, not apologize for losing my что потерял мою книгу. Ей не нравится, book. She doesn't like having что приходится работать по субботам. to work on Saturdays.
"Not" before the Gerund: He "Not" перед герундием: Он был оштраwas fined for not paying his фован за неуплату долга. Он извинился debt. He apologized for not за то, что не написал свой доклад воhaving written his report on время. Я удивлён, что меня не спрашиtime. I'm surprised at not beвают об этом. Она разочарована тем, ing asked about it. She is disчто её не пригласили.
appointed at not having been invited.
Note: Gerunds and Present Примечание: Герундий и причастие
Participles |
настоящего времени |
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The Gerund and the Present |
Герундий и причастие настоящего вре- |
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Participle have the same forms |
мени имеют одинаковые формы, но упо- |
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but are used differently. The |
требляются |
по-разному. |
Герундий |
Gerund functions as a noun. |
функционирует как существительное. |
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For example: Growing crystals |
Например: Выращивание кристаллов – |
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is a difficult task. |
трудная задача. |
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The present participle is used |
Причастие настоящего времени исполь- |
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in the formation of the contin- |
зуется в |
образовании продолженных |
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uous tenses and is also used as |
времён, а также употребляется как при- |
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an adjective. For example: She |
лагательное. Например: Она читает |
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is reading books. Reading |
книги. На чтение книг нужно много |
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books needs a lot of time. |
времени. |
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Properties and functions of |
Свойства и функции герундия |
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Gerunds |
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The Gerund names an action |
Герундий называет действие или состо- |
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or state and functions as a |
яние и функционирует как существи- |
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noun. |
тельное. |
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The Gerund has some proper- |
Герундий |
имеет |
некоторые свойства |
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ties of the verb. Like verbs, |
глагола. Как и глаголы, герундий имеет |
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Gerunds have active, passive, |
активные, |
пассивные и |
перфектные |
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and perfect forms (sending, |
формы (sending, |
being sent, |
having sent, |
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38
being sent, having sent, having |
having been sent), может принимать пря- |
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been sent), can take a direct |
мое дополнение (Он любит смотреть |
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object |
(He |
likes |
watching |
фильмы) и может определяться наречи- |
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films), and can be modified by |
ем (Он привык работать допоздна). |
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an adverb (He is used to work- |
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ing late). |
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The Gerund has some proper- |
Герундий имеет некоторые свойства су- |
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ties of the noun and can func- |
ществительного и может функциониро- |
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tion as the subject (Swimming |
вать как подлежащее (Плавание полезно |
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is good for health), as a pre- |
для здоровья), как предикативное суще- |
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dicative noun (His hobby is |
ствительное (Его хобби – путешествия), |
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travelling), as an object (He |
как дополнение (Ему нравится чтение), |
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enjoys reading), as an attribute |
как определение (Риск потерять деньги |
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(The risk of losing money |
пугает его), как обстоятельство (Он по- |
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scares him), and as an adverbi- |
звонил ей перед уходом). |
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al modifier (He called her be- |
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fore leaving). |
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Gerunds and Nouns |
Герундий и существительные |
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Like |
Nouns, |
Gerunds often |
Как и существительные, герундий часто |
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stand after prepositions: Thank |
стоит после предлогов: спасибо вам за |
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you for telling me about it. Her |
то, что сказали мне об этом. Её страх |
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fear of being late is getting on |
опоздать действует мне на нервы. Они |
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my nerves. They left after |
ушли после того, как подписали дого- |
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signing the agreement. |
вор. |
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Like nouns, Gerunds can stand |
Как и существительные, герундий может |
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after |
possessive |
forms of |
стоять после притяжательных форм су- |
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nouns |
and pronouns: Mike's |
ществительных и местоимений: Приход |
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coming home so late worries |
Майка домой так поздно беспокоит нас. |
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us. |
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If it is clear who performs the |
Если ясно, кто выполняет действие, вы- |
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action expressed by the Ger- |
раженное герундием, |
притяжательные |
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und, the possessive forms are |
формы не нужны. |
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not necessary. |
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In many cases, it is preferable |
Во многих случаях, предпочтительно |
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to use a suitable noun instead |
употребить |
подходящее существитель- |
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of a Gerund. For example: "the |
ное вместо |
герундия. |
Например: "the |
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39
time of his arrival; his depar- |
time of his arrival; his departure; during the |
ture; during the flight", not |
flight", а не "the time of his arriving; his |
"the time of his arriving; his |
departing; during flying". |
departing; during flying". |
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Substitutes |
Заменители |
Examples of the use of Ger- |
Примеры употребления герундия в раз- |
unds in different functions in |
личных функциях в предложениях даны |
sentences are given in this ma- |
в данном материале. Но это не значит, |
terial. But it does not mean |
что только герундий употребляется в |
that only the Gerund is used in |
таких ситуациях. Во многих случаях |
such situations. In many cases, |
можно употребить существительное, |
you can use nouns, Infinitives, |
инфинитив, глагол и более простые кон- |
verbs, and simpler construc- |
струкции вместо герундия. Например: |
tions instead of Gerunds. For |
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example: |
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Your not wanting to go there |
Ваше нежелание идти туда удивляет |
surprises me. – I'm surprised |
меня. – Я удивлён, что вы не хотите |
that you don't want to go |
идти туда. |
there. |
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They suspect him of having |
Они подозревают его в краже несколь- |
stolen several cars. – They |
ких автомобилей. – Они подозревают, |
suspect that he has stolen sev- |
что он украл несколько автомобилей. |
eral cars. |
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He has difficulty understand- |
У него трудности в понимании этих |
ing these rules. – It's difficult |
правил. – Ему трудно понять эти пра- |
for him to understand these |
вила. |
rules. |
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On coming home, he called his |
Придя домой, он позвонил сестре. – Ко- |
sister. – When he came home / |
гда он пришёл домой /После того, как он |
After he came home, he called |
пришёл домой, он позвонил сестре. |
his sister. |
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Depending on the context and |
В зависимости от контекста и значения, |
meaning, Gerunds are translat- |
герундий переводится на русский язык |
ed into Russian as nouns, |
как существительное, глагол, инфини- |
verbs, Infinitives, or adverbial |
тив, или деепричастие. |
Participles. |
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40
