потоки золота, серебра и раскаленных углей. Вы ослеплены, объяты сладкими тропическими снами… вперяете неподвижный взгляд в небо: там наливается то золотом, то кровью, то изумрудной влагой Конопус, яркое светило корабля Арго,

две огромные звезды Центавра. Но вы с любовью успокоиваетесь от нестерпимого блеска на четырех звездах Южного Креста: они сияют скромно и, кажется, смотрят на вас так пристально и умно. Южный Крест… Случалось ли вам (да как не случалось поэту!) вдруг увидеть женщину, о красоте, грации которой долго жужжали вам в уши, и не найти в ней ничего поражающего? «Что же в ней особенного? – говорите вы, с удивлением всматриваясь в женщину, – она проста,

скромна, ничем не отличается…» Всматриваетесь долго, долго и вдруг чувствуете,

что любите уже ее страстно! И про Южный Крест, увидя его в первый, второй и третий раз, вы спросите: что в нем особенного? Долго станете вглядываться и кончите тем, что, с наступлением вечера, взгляд ваш будет искать его первого,

потом, обозрев все появившиеся звезды, вы опять обратитесь к нему и будете почасту и подолгу покоить на нем ваши глаза.

Наступает за знойным днем душно-сладкая долгая ночь, с мерцаньем в небесах, с огненным потоком под ногами, с трепетом неги в воздухе. Боже мой!

Даром пропадают здесь эти ночи: ни серенад, ни вздохов, ни шепота любви, ни пенья соловьев! Только фрегат напряженно движется и изредка простонет, да хлопнет обессиленный парус или под кормой плеснет волна – и опять все торжественно и прекрасно-тихо!

Из книги очерков «Фрегат «Паллада» И.А. Гончарова

2.5Metonymy

Metonymy is a kind of trope, transfer of a name by contiguity, in contrast to transfer of a name by similarity, which is called metaphor. Such denomination of an object can be based on different characteristics: an object and its contents (the kettle is boiling); an object and stuff that it is made of (the discovery excited his blood); an author and his works (I love Dickens), etc. A special type of metonymy is

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synecdoche: using the name of a part instead the whole and vice versa (we needed all hands present).

Possible means of translation:

 full translation;

Some unknown force had wrenched and shattered these cubes so that they lay askew, often piled diminishingly on each other [32].

Какой-то непонятной силой выворотило и раскидало эти кубы так,

что они громоздились косо, наползая друг на друга [18].

 semantic transformation;

A silver of moon rose over the horizon, hardly large enough to make a path of light even when it sat right down the water <…> [32].

Лунный серп всплыл над горизонтом, такой маленький, что, даже вися над самой водой, почти не бросал в нее дорожки [18].

 reconstruction of direct name;

He could see a whiteness in the gloom near him so he grabbed it from Maurice and blew as loudly as he could [32].

Различив в сумерках около себя белый рог, он выхватил его у Мориса и задул громко, как мог [18].

 Also: conversion (structural transformation); using of traditional adequacy; descriptive translation; omission / addition (extension).

Exercises

1. Find in the given text the words used in metaphorical sense and write out of a dictionary all their meanings. Compose your own sentences using every word in direct and figurative meaning.

The mast and sail answered excellently; and we now sailed about in the lagoon with great delight, and examined with much interest the appearance of our island from a

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distance. Also, we gazed into the depths of the water, and watched for hours the gambols of the curious and bright-coloured fish among the corals and sea-weed. Peterkin also made a fishing line, and Jack constructed a number of hooks, some of which were very good, others remarkably bad. Some of these hooks were made of iron-wood, which did pretty well, the wood being extremely hard, and Jack made them very thick and large. Fish there are not particular. Some of the crooked bones in fishheads also answered for this purpose pretty well. But that which formed our best and most serviceable hook was the brass finger-ring belonging to Jack. It gave him not a little trouble to manufacture it. First he cut it with the axe; then twisted it into the form of a hook. The barb took him several hours to cut. He did it by means of constant sawing with the broken pen-knife. As for the point, an hour's rubbing on a piece of sandstone made an excellent one.

It would be a matter of much time and labour to describe the appearance of the multitudes of fish that were day after day drawn into our boat by means of the brass hook. Peterkin always caught them, – for we observed that he derived much pleasure from fishing, – while Jack and I found ample amusement in looking on, also in gazing down at the coral groves, and in baiting the hook. Among the fish that we saw, but did not catch, were porpoises and swordfish, whales and sharks. The porpoises came frequently into our lagoon in shoals, and amused us not a little by their bold leaps into the air, and their playful gambols in the sea. The sword-fish were wonderful creatures; some of them apparently ten feet in length, with an ivory spear, six or eight feet long, projecting from their noses. We often saw them darting after other fish, and no doubt they sometimes killed them with their ivory swords. Jack remembered having heard once of a sword-fish attacking a ship, – which seemed strange indeed; but, as they are often in the habit of attacking whales, perhaps it mistook the ship for one. This swordfish ran against the vessel with such force, that it drove its sword quite through the thick planks; and when the ship arrived in harbour, long afterwards, the sword was found still sticking in it!

Sharks did not often appear; but we took care never again to bathe in deep water without leaving one of our number in the boat to give us warning, if he should see a shark approaching. As for the whales, they never came into our lagoon, but we frequently saw them spouting in the deep water beyond the reef. I shall never forget my surprise the first

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day I saw one of these huge monsters close to me. We had been rambling about on the reef during the morning, and were about to re-embark in our little boat, to return home, when a loud blowing sound caused us to wheel rapidly round. We were just in time to see a shower of spray falling, and the flukes or tail of some monstrous fish disappear in the sea a few hundred yards off. We waited some time to see if he would rise again. As we stood, the sea seemed to open up at our very feet; an immense spout of water was sent with a snort high into the air, and the huge blunt head of a sperm whale arose before us. It was so large that it could easily have taken our little boat, along with ourselves, into its mouth! It plunged slowly back into the sea, like a large ship foundering, and struck the water with its tail so forcibly as to cause a sound like a cannon shot. We also saw a great number of flying fish, although we caught none; and we noticed that they never flew out of the water except when followed by their bitter foe, the dolphin, from whom they thus endeavoured to escape. But of all the fish that we saw, none surprised us so much as those that we used to find in shallow pools after a shower of rain; and this not on account of their appearance, for they were ordinarylooking and very small, but on account of their having descended in a shower of rain! We could account for them in no other way, because the pools in which we found these fish were quite dry before the shower, and at some distance above high-water mark. Jack, however, suggested a cause which seemed to me very probable. We used often to see water-spouts in the sea. A water-spout is a whirling body of water, which rises from the sea like a sharppointed pillar. After rising a good way, it is met by a long tongue, which comes down from the clouds; and when the two have joined, they look something like an hour-glass. The water-spout is then carried by the wind, sometimes gently, sometimes with violence, over the sea, sometimes up into the clouds, and then, bursting asunder, it descends in a deluge. This often happens over the land as well as over the sea; and it sometimes does much damage, but frequently it passes gently away. Now, Jack thought that the little fish might perhaps have been carried up in a waterspout, and so sent down again in a shower of rain. But we could not be certain as to this point; yet we thought it likely.

During these delightful fishing and boating excursions we caught a good many eels, which we found to be very good to eat. We also found turtles among the coral rocks, and

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made excellent soup in our iron kettle. Moreover, we discovered many shrimps and prawns, so that we had no lack of variety in our food; and, indeed, we never passed a week without making some new and interesting discovery of some sort or other, either on the land or in the sea.

From “The Coral Island”, by R.M. Ballantyne

2. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the metonymies. Define their types and function. Explain what means of translation you have used.

1.Something creamy lay among the ferny weeds [32].

2.In colour the shell was deep cream, touched here and there with fading pink [32].

3.Between the point, worn away into a little hole, and the pink lips of the mouth, lay eighteen inches of shell with a slight spiral twist and covered with a delicate, embossed pattern [32].

4.Their heads clustered above the trunks in the green shade; heads brown, fair, black, chestnut, sandy, mouse-coloured; heads muttering, whispering, heads full of eyes that watched Ralph and speculated [32].

5.They raised wet lips at Ralph, for they seemed provided with not quite enough skin, so that their mouths pulled open [32].

6.Within the diamond haze of the beach something dark was fumbling along [32].

7.Ralph saw it first, and watched till the intentness of his gaze drew all eyes that

way [32].

8.Then dog-like, uncomfortably on all fours yet unheeding his discomfort, he stole forward five yards and stopped [32].

9.Freckles and sandy eyebrows appeared [32].

10.In a moment the platform was full of arguing, gesticulating shadows [32].

11.A shadow fronted him tempestuously [32].

12.Somewhere over the darkened curve of the world the sun and moon were pulling; and the film of water on the earth planet was held, bulging slightly on one side while the solid core turned [32].

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