Реферирование научной литературы по специальности. Английский язык. Учебное пособие

за, резюме, аннотации, и т.п.), а также для оформления перехода от одной части текста к другой, следует использовать следующие наиболее рекуррентные стандартизированные коннекторы:

accordingly, according to, after all, although, as , as a result, as far as, as long as, at the same time, consequently, conversely, despite, due to, even if, even though, firstly, for example, for instance, furthermore, hence, however, in accordance, in addition, in contrast, in fact, in order to, in spite of, in this case, meanwhile, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary , on the other hand, on the whole, otherwise, rather than, regarding, similarly, since, that is (i.e.), thus, thus far, unless, whatever, whereas, while, whether, within, yet, etc.

Examples:

•Despite a number of publications regarding this topic, there is a paucity of comparative studies to review as a basis for clinical decision-making…

•However, a recent Cochrane review supports the conclusion that early surgical intervention is warranted…

•In spite of shared contemporary technology, the fundamental difference between…

•In contrast, other studies report marked reductions in all the major early check points.

•Whether information is transmitted digitally or analogically, the constant presence of the device as an unclosed electric window can…

51

•Firstly, titles and abstracts of articles from the electronic searches were scrutinized and full manuscripts of all citations that were likely to meet the selection criteria were obtained.

•Nevertheless, they reached a similar conclusion that …

•Taking this into account and limiting our systematic review to include the 2 Level I studies…

•With regard to the effect of immediate surgical treatment for…

Text generating lexicon

Лексико-тематическую организацию текста формируют такие ее элементы, выражающие понятия и явления, а также смысловые связи и отношения между ними, как:

advance, applicable, apparently, approach,(an) assumption, attempt, basic, capable, conclusive, complete, completely, concept, concerning, consequence, convincing, data, details, entirely, evidence, final, flexible, former, idea, information, impact, implication, importance, interference, inevitable, latter, list, manifestation, meaningful, notion, obedience, occasion, observation, outcome, pattern, partially, peculiarity, phenomenon, premise, precisely, potency, reasonable, relevant, result(s),significance, significantly, strategic, safe, supposition, verification, view, viewpoint, unequivocal, etc. Examples:

•This approach has been shown to be associated with a high rate of recurrence, particularly among younger patients…

52

•There is a lack of data on patient activity following the different treatment protocols;

•We could not control for patient age which obviously has a tremendous impact upon the rate of recurrence…

•It limits the relevance of the results in terms of a specific technic…

•Results in these categories should therefore be

interpreted with these limitations in mind.

При структурировании вторичного текста в зависимости от его общей коммуникативной доминанты – описательной или аргументативной – следует использовать следующие глаголы:

accept, accomplish, account for, achieve, adjust, affect, apply, arrange, assess, assume, avoid, clarify, coincide, compare, complete, concern, conclude, confirm, consult, consider, correspond, debate, deduce, define, derive from, determine, emphasize, ensure, establish, estimate, evaluate, fail, imply, include, increase, indicate, investigate, involve, lead to, maintain, neglect, note, observe, obtain, occur, omit, perform, precede, proceed, produce, provide, reduce, refer to ,refute, regard, rely on, require, revel, satisfy, suppose, tend to be, turn up in, underestimate etc. Examples:

• investigate:

A recent prospective study by Sachs et al. investigated factors that might predict recurrent instability…

• debate:

The role of nonoperative versus operative treatment and the optimal surgical approach for this condition is debated.

53

• confirm:

Long-term studies of the Latarjet procedure have confirmed its efficacy and lasting benefits.

•Clinical studies, however, have failed to show a significant difference between …

•focus on:

the review by Freedman et al. focused on arthroscopic repairs using …

• address:

the article addresses a topic of importance to the thematic discussion on …

• discuss:

by discussing key components for strategies and tools for addressing forms of … that have a significant impact on the environment …

• report:

A review by Lenters et al. reported a significantly higher rate of recurrent instability after ….

• review:

The purpose of the meetings will be to review comments.

• note:

Allain et al. noted an excellent result in 88% of the shoulders and no recurrent dislocations.

• include:

These studies include a variety of evidence, including lower level published reports and unpublished abstracts.

54

• assess:

We assessed the accuracy of this costly modality in prac-

tice.

General remarks

Следующие рекуррентные выражения, наиболее часто используемые в начале аннотаций, резюме и других типах вторичных текстов, характерны для научной речи в англий-

ском языке (as a brief description of the study and used methods). Examples:

•the problem of … is discussed in this paper / article / review

•we report on ...

•our aim was to assess the sensitivity of the preoperative MRA in…

•the aim of this study is/ was to provide ...

•the objective of this systematic review was to identify

•the purpose of this systematic review was to address the treatment of…

•our review attempted to compare published studies in English that used similar techniques…

•using the described approach, this study explores ...

•the analysis of significant differences allowed the classification of…

55

•this essay analyzes Drexel University’s Global program as implemented across a variety of courses…

•six strategic goals articulate our model…

•we retrospectively reviewed MRA reports of 90 consecutive patients with…

•given this goal, the use of an emergency department database was appropriate.

Concluding remarks

Вкачестве лексических средств для подведения итога

вразделе «Выводы» (Conclusions: summarizing results of the research/paper) чаще всего используются такие выражения, как:

briefly, in brief, concluding ,in conclusion, in summary, finally, to summarize, therefore, etc.

Examples:

• In conclusion, given inherent suboptimal accuracy of any testing, we agree with Mastenbroek et al. that the time has come to re-assess conventional thinking on….

• Finally, databases are limited by their initial formatting.

• Concluding, this study confirms a link between….

• To conclude, the findings of this systematic review demonstrate a significant relationship between levels of damage…

• Future evaluation of prevention strategies and treatment options focused on patients with these risk factors are likely to have the largest impact on the burden that ….

56

•We were unable to draw any conclusions regarding return to activity, because only one of the studies we reviewed included these data. Future investigations should include this parameter as one of the outcome variables of interest.

•In summary, … events constitute the majority of instability events in young athletes, and they involve a spectrum of injury.

57

ТЕСТЫ

Тест 1

1.Укажите, в чем заключается отличие собственно перевода от других видов языкового посредничества.

2.Перечислите виды адаптивного транскодирования.

3.На что указывает термин «адаптивный»?

Тест 2

1.В чем заключается упрощенный перевод?

2.Что такое адекватный перевод?

3.В чем заключается двуязычная коммуникация?

Тест 3

1.Дайте определение термина «буквальный перевод».

2.Назовите синоним термина «окказиональное соответствие».

3.Объединение предложений при переводе – это способ, метод или переводческий прием?

Тест 4

1.Назовите терминологические разновидности перевода.

2.Дайте определение термина «аннотация».

58

3.В чем заключаются структурные особенности реферата?

Тест 5

1.В чем заключаются языковые особенности реферата?

2.Назовите специальные методы сокращения реферируемого материала.

3.В чем заключается «синтаксическое уподобление»?

Тест 6

1.Назовите синоним термина «экстралингвистический контекст».

2.Дайте определение термина «коммуникативная равноценность».

3.Перечислите переводческие трансформации.

Тест 7

1.Назовите синоним термина «ситуативный контекст».

2.Каковы правила оформления презентаций, докладов

исообщений?

3.Дайте определение термина «транскрипция».

Тест 8

1.Назовите методы и приемы реферирования.

2.В чем заключается метод компрессии?

59

3.Назовите алгоритм действий в процессе реферирования.

Тест 9

1.Назовите синоним термина «переводчик».

2.Дайте определение термина «транслитерация».

3.Каковы лингвистические и экстралингвистические детерминанты опосредованной коммуникации?

Тест 10

1.В чем заключается опосредованная коммуникация?

2.Дайте полное название терминов ИЯ и ПЯ.

3.Назовите синонимы терминов «макроконтекст», «микроконтекст».

60