Английский язык для аспирантов. Вводно-адаптивный курс. Учебное пособие

8.… (By the time/Already/Just) the building closed, the team had already stopped working.

9.Have you … (just/ever/yet) been abroad, Kelly?

10.… (When/How much/How long) has he known her?

Есть еще одна группа времен –the Perfect Continuous Tenses. Чаще других вы будете сталкиваться с настоящим временем этой группыthe Present Perfect Continuous Tense, формула образования которого

һаve/has + been + -ing.

Следует запомнить, что употребляется оно, когда речь идет о действии, начавшемся давно и все ещё продолжающемся. В этом случае имеется подтекст: «уже долго», и, употребляя данную временную форму, вытемсамымпридаёте высказываниюэмоциональнуюокраску.

Обычно это время используется с двумя предлогами – since, указывающим на начало действия, и for, указывающим на его продолжитель-

24. Translate the sentences into Russian

1.We have been working on this problem for two years.

2.My colleagues have been discussing this report since morning.

3.Have you been studying the phenomenon for a long time?

4.The technicians have been installing the equipment for a week.

5.They have been focusing on the design of the experiment since last

year.

6.How long have they been collecting those data?

Досихпормыговорилиовременах, имеяввидутолькодействительный залог (Аactive Voice), но ведь существует еще и страдательный (Passive Voice). На начальном этапе обучения, как правило, возникают трудностисэтойобластьюграмматики. Насамомделевсеоченьпросто. Формула образования страдательного залога – вспомогательный глагол tо be + третья форма глагола. Если вам нужно употребить любой глагол в определённом времени в страдательном залоге, надо поставить в заданноевремяглаголtоbe, сопровождаяеготретьейформойсмыслового глагола.

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Например:

Письмо было только что подписано.

Сказуемое должно стоятьв Present Perfect. Ставим глагол to be в это время и добавляем третью форму глагола to sign («подписывать»).

Получаем: The letter has just been signed.

Значение временных форм глагола в страдательном залоге и способы их перевода

Временное значение глагольных форм в страдательном залоге соответствуетвременномузначениюглаголоввтакихжевременныхформах действительного залога:

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Английские глаголы в страдательном залоге переводят на русский язык одним из следующих способов:

1)страдательным оборотом, в котором сказуемое (аналогично сказуемому страдательного залога в английском языке) образовано сочетанием глагола быть (был, будет) с краткой формой страдательного причастия:

Не was invited to the meeting. Он был приглашен на собрание.

2)глаголами, оканчивающимися на -ся:

Computers are being sold in this shop. Компьютеры продаются в этом магазине.

3) неопределенно-личным предложением (подлежащее в переводе отсутствует; сказуемоестоитв3-млицемножественногочисладействи- тельного залога):

The book is much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорят.

Примечание. Этот способ перевода возможен только при отсутствии дополнения с предлогом bу.

4) когда нельзя применить какой-либо изуказанных выше способов, страдательный оборот при переводе заменяют равнозначным ему оборотом в действительном залоге (дополнение с bу при переводе становится подлежащим):

They were invited by my friend. Их пригласил мой друг.

Определение залога глагола в тексте

a) Если смысловому глаголу в третьей форме‒ III (ed) предшествует одна из форм вспомогательного глагола to be (am, is, are; was, were; will be; has been и т. д.) глагол-сказуемое употреблен в страдательном

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б) Отсутствиехотябыодногоизусловий, указанныхвпункте(а), говоритотом, чтоглаголупотребленвдействительномзалоге. Сравните:

в) Наличие после глагола прямого дополнения указывает на то, что глагол употреблен, как правило, в форме действительного залога:

They will have fulfilled their plans by the 25th. Они выполнят свои планы к 25-му.

г) Наличие после глагола предложного дополнения с предлогом by указывает на то, что глагол употреблен в страдательном залоге:

Many valuable buildings were destroyed by the fire. Много ценных зда-

ний было уничтожено пожаром.

25. Open the brackets using the Present Indefinite, the Future Indefinite или the Past Indefinite Tense of the Passive Voice. Translate into Russian.

1.Microscopic theory of superconductivity (to propose) in 1957 by John Bardeen.

2.In 1962 the first commercial superconductive wire (to develop) by researchers of Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

3.New equipment (to install) in the laboratory yesterday.

4.The books (to print) next year.

5.Printing (to know) about a thousand years ago.

6.The results of the experiments (to see) through figures in some days.

7.The Library of Congress (to create) in 1800.

8.Different estimation procedures (to require) in our prospective research.

9.These methods (to appreciate) by our opponents during the next conference.

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Home Assignment

26. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verb.

1.The contacts of our scientists with their colleges in other countries …. a) are b) are steadily growing c) are growing

2.Our research group … the problem of environmental protection for five years now.

a) has been investigating b) has been c) investigating

3.I … his paper particularly interesting.

a) didn’t b) didn’t find c) find

4.We … much scientific literature lately. a) have b) read c) have read

5.The Celsius scale … in most scientific experiments. a) is b) is used c) used

6.The builders … a twelve-story house for the workers by the end of the

year.

a) will b) will have constructed c) have constructed

7.Tsiolkovsky’s works and his ideas … the basis of the modern theory of jet-propulsion.

a) works b) have become c) have

8.When heated to the boiling point water … .

a) heated b) evaporates c) boiling

9.Steam … generated in a boiler by a fire. a) is b) is usually generated c) is generated

10.His lectures … by heated discussions.

a)are always followed b) heated c) are being followed

11.The model …in many practical solutions now. a) is being used b) is used c) is now being used

12.The heads of the laboratories … questions formulated by a group of sociologists.

a) were asked b) formulated c) were formulated

27.Define the tense of the predicate.

1.Chemistry occupies a central position among the basic sciences. a) Present Simple b) Present Perfect c) Present Continuous

2.I didn’t find his paper particularly interesting.

a) Present Simple b) Future Simple c) Past Simple

3. We had only a few laboratories at our University some years ago. a) Present Simple b) Past Perfect c) Past Simple

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4. He was a famous scientist of that time.

a) Past Simple b) Present Simple c) Past Continuous

5.The paper will contain a discussion of recent developments in this area of physics.

a) Future Indefinite b) Future Perfect c) Future Continuous

6.At present chemical science is solving many complex problems.

a) Past Continuous b) Present Continuous c) Present Perfect

7.Dr. White knew the names of the speakers. a) Present Simple b) Past Perfect c) Past Simple

8.Newton discovered the three most important laws of nature. a) Past Simple b) Past Continuous c) Past Perfect

9.By the first of August 1975, he will have been working at the research Institute for 15 years.

a) Future Perfect b) Future Perfect Continuous c) Future Continuous

10.The idea of space flights has attracted the attention of people since remotest times.

a) Present Simple b) Past Perfect c) Present Perfect

28. Choose the right translation of the predicate.

1.The early chemists studied two types of matter: inorganic and organic. a) изучают b) будут изучать c) изучали

2.We are installing new equipment.

a) устанавливаем b) устанавливается c) устанавливали

3.We have read much scientific literature lately. a) читаем сейчас b) будем читать c) прочитали

4.For many centuries scientist of the world have been working to uncover secrets of nature.

a) работают b) будут работать c) работали

5.When the student entered the hall, the professor had already been speaking for 10 minutes.

a) говорил b) будет говорить c) говорит

6.By the first of December she will have been working as a teacher for fifteen years.

a) работает b) будет работать c) проработала

7.His hypothesis forms the foundation of theory.

a) составляет b) составит c) составила

8. These journals didn’t interest him.

a) не интересуют b) интересовали c) не интересовали

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9. The population of the world is rising very fast.

a)увеличивалось b) увеличивается c) будет увеличиваться

10.What will you have done before I come?

a)сделал b) сделаешь c) будешь делать

29. Translate the sentences. Define the tense of the predicate.

1.The temperature rises quickly.

2.They discovered a very interesting phenomenon.

3.The scientific co-operation between these countries extends to many areas of human activities.

4.He knew the names of the speakers.

5.Einstein’s ideas had a profound influence on the further development of physics.

6.His theory led to some discoveries in astronomy.

7.He was a famous scientist of that time.

8.He went to Oxford to study law.

9.Newton discovered the three most important laws of nature. 3. Solids have a definite shape and volume due to strong intermolecular forces.

10.Obviously the electronic computer has become an important device in our society.

11.The new principles of public education have produced new social phenomena in our society.

12.The use of plastics in road and railway transport is becoming a common part of the design.

13.The purpose of my study is to investigate.

14.A diamond like common graphite is almost pure carbon.

15.Chemistry is the science that deals with the structure of the matter and its changes.

16.If you know something about ordinary gasoline engines, such as those in automobiles, you will notice that diesel engines, in many respects, work in the same way.

17.According to Newton’s first law, the resultant force on a body is zero, both when the body is at rest and when it is moving in straight line with constant speed.

18.By the first of December she will have been working as a doctor for fifteen years.

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30. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1.For many centuries scientists of the world have been (to work) to uncover secrets of nature.

2.Electronic computers are now (to bring about) a real revolution in sci-

ence.

3.After the engineer had (to make) all necessary calculations he began to work at the new project.

4.Tsiolkovsky (to devote) his life to the development of Russian science.

5.By the first of August 1975, he will have been (to work) at this Institute for fifteen years.

6.All that he did, he (to do) for his people and for his country.

31. Choose the right answer.

1.Modern academic education represents: a) 4 stages c) 5 stages

b) 3 stages

2.An academic degree is a title awarded for: a) reading lectures

b) practical work in industry

c) successfully completed a course of study or for a particular attainment

3.The best known academic degree is:

a)Bachelor’s degree c) Doctor’s degree

b)Master’s degree

4.The earned Master’s degree represents: a) one year of work c) four years of work b) three years of work

5.The first academic degree was conferred by:

a)the University of Bologna c) the University of St. Petersburg

b)the University of Cambridge

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Reading

1. Read the text and translate it

RESEARCH

Everyday use of the term 'research'

When listening to the radio, watching the television or reading a daily newspaper it is difficult to avoid the term 'research'.

The results of 'research' are all around us. A debate about the findings of a recent poll of people's opinions inevitably includes a discussion of 'research', normally referring to the way in which the data were collected. Politicians often justify their policy decisions on the basis of 'research'. Documentary programs tell us about 'research findings', and advertisers may highlight the 'results of research' to encourage you to buy a particular product or brand. However, we believe that what these examples really emphasize is the wide range of meanings given to the term 'research' in everyday speech.

Incorrect use of the term 'research'

Many of these everyday uses of the term 'research' are not research in the true meaning of the word. The ways in which the term is used wrongly are:

−just collecting facts or information with no clear purpose;

−reordering facts or information without interpretation;

−as a term to get your product or idea noticed and respected.

The first of these highlights the fact that, although research often involves the collection of information, it is more than just reading a few books or articles, talking to a few people or asking people questions. While collecting data may be part of the research process, if it is not undertaken in a systematic way, on its own and in particular with a clear purpose, it will not be seen as

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