Английский язык для аспирантов. Вводно-адаптивный курс. Учебное пособие

Translation

10. Read the text. Make the glossary. Translate the text. Glossary

Degrees

Bachelor’s degree

The bachelor’s degree, usually representing completion of a four-year course of study on a collegiate level, is the oldest and best-known academic degree, particularly under the designation of Bachelor of Arts. Some varieties

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of bachelor’s, or baccalaureate degree is currently offered by about 750 institutions, most of which offer a Bachelor of Arts degree. Next in frequency and availability is the Bachelor of Science, of which the most frequent variety is the Bachelor of Science in Education.

Other baccalaureate degrees offered by a large number of institutions are Bachelor of Education, Bachelor of Music, Bachelor of Business Administration, Bachelor of Divinity, and Bachelor of Home Economics. Most institutions offer more than one variety of baccalaureates, but about one tenth report use of the Bachelor of Arts only, regardless of the particular curriculum completed.

Currently about 900,000 baccalaureate degrees are awarded annually, about 46 percent to women. It is estimated that more than 12 million degrees have been conferred to date.

Master’s Degree

The earned master’s degree in general represents one year of work beyond the baccalaureate, but in a few institutions or in a few fields it requires two years of graduate work. The most frequently awarded master’s degrees are Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Education, Master of Business Administration, Master of Music, and Master of Fine Arts. The Master of Philosophy degree is conferred on those who have completed all requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree except the doctoral dissertation. About 45 varieties of Master of Arts and 40 varieties of Master of Science degrees are reported. Currently 317,000 individuals receive the master’s degree annually, about 47 percent of them women. Nearly 3 million master’s degrees were awarded from 1880 to 1972.

Doctor’s Degree

The doctor’s degree represents the most advanced earned degree conferred by U.S. institutions, or indeed by those of any country. In the academic sense, a doctor is an individual in any faculty or branch of learning who has attained to the highest degree conferred by a university. Doctor’s degrees in the United States are of two distinct types: professional or practitioner’s degrees, and research degrees.

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The former represent advanced training for the practice of various professions, chiefly in medicine and law. The principal ones are Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dental Science of Dental Surgery, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, Doctor of Pharmacy, and Doctor of Jurisprudence. These degrees carry on implication of advanced research.

Quite different in character are the research doctorates representing prolonged periods of advanced study, usually at least three years beyond the baccalaureate, accompanied by a dissertation designed to be a substantial contribution to the advancement of knowledge. The most important of these is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), which no longer implies knowledge of philosophy, but which represents advanced research in any major field of knowledge. In the early 1970’s 240 graduate schools offered it. It was first awarded by Yale University in 1861 to three young men. It was modeled on the doctorate conferred by German universities. For more than half a century prior to 1861, young men desiring the most advanced training in scholarship attended the principal German and occasionally other European universities to secure their Ph.D’s.

Second in importance and much more recent as a research degree is the Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) currently offered by 108 institutions. It was first awarded by Harvard in 1920, but was preceded by the equivalent Doctor of Pedagogy first conferred by New York University in 1891. The only other earned doctorates of the research type currently conferred by 10 or more institutions are the Doctor of the Science of Law and the Doctor of Business Administration.

At present doctorates of the research type are earned by about 28,000 individuals annually, of which about 14 percent are women. Microfilm copies of about two thirds of the dissertations written for these degrees are available at a modest price.

Abstracts of them are published in the monthly issues of Dissertation Abstracts.

11. Answer the following questions

1.What do the Bachelor’s, Master’s and Doctor’s degree represent?

2.What is the best-known academic degree?

3.How Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees are awarded in frequency?

4.What are the two types of Doctor’s degrees in the United states?

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WRITING

How to Write a Summary

A summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a piece of writing. A summary is not a rewrite of the original text and does not have to be long. Your purpose in writing the summary is to give the basic ideas of the original reading. What was it about and what did the author want to communicate?

1.Identify the type of work (text, article), title, author, and main

point.

In the text (article) “…” the author presents (shows, describes ...) his opinion on the hot topic of living in a technological society.

The text “…” deals with the problem of ... (discusses some problems relating to ..., provides information on ...).

2.Write in the present tense.

At the beginning of the text / article the author characterizes... (comments on ..., explains ..., analyses ...).

Attention is drawn to the fact that ... . It should be noted that ... .

3.Don't forget to include linking words so your reader can easily follow your thoughts.

Next / Further / Then it is reported / shown that ....

4.Don't copy the article. Instead, paraphrase.

Besides the author explains that ..., gives a detailed analysis of ... (the description of ...). Finally the author comes to the conclusion that ... .

In conclusion ... . At the end of the text / article the author describes ..., emphasizes that ..., points out that …, summarizes that ... .

5. Don't put your own opinions, ideas, or interpretations into the summary.

Your summary should have between 100 and 120 words.

12.Write the summary of the text " Degrees". Speaking

13.Make the outline of the text "Degrees". Retell it to the group.

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14. Read the dialogue and translate it. Role play the dialogue.

“Postgraduate Education” Taking a Course

N.Hi. I am Natalie Smirnova. I am from another region, but now I am at NSTU University, Mechanical Engineering course.

O.Hi, I am Oleg Ivanov. My home town is F. And now I am at Moscow State University.

N.Glad to see you, Oleg. What course are you taking?

O.I worked as a programmer, and then I took a degree in IT and then decided to take a post-graduate course at Moscow State University. I was attracted by its international reputation.

N.Although, I was brought up in another town, Novosibirsk has always been a special place for our family. My father came here to study engi-

neering when he was young.

O.So, I guess, you wanted to be an engineer, you knew the course, the university had a good reputation and you decided to apply.

N.Quite right. And after I graduate I’d like to enroll postgraduate courses.

O.As for my department it offers a strong team and methodologies and I am sure this is the right place to undertake my doctoral work.

N.NSTU gives an opportunity to meet students from other countries. I made some close friends. The only downside is the price for renting the apartment.

O.Oh, I see..

15. Answer the following questions

1. Is Natalya a local resident?

2. What course is she taking?

3. Why did she take a Mechanical Engineering course?

4. Why does she think it is a good idea to take a postgraduate course NSTU?

5. What does Oleg think of Moscow State University?

6. What course does he specialize in?

16. Make up your own dialogue about your postgraduate studies.

Roleplay the dialogue. Use the information below.

1. What’s your name? My name is …

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2.How old are you? I am … (24)

3.Where are you from? I am from Russia.

4.Are you married or single?

I am married; single, divorced, we are separated.

5.Do you work and study at once? Yes, I do / No, I don’t. I study.

6.Where do you work (study)?

I work at … / I study at …

It is difficult to work and study at once.

7.What do you do? What’s your profession? I am a mechanical engineer. I am … …

8.Do you enjoy your job?

No, I don’t. I am looking for another job / I want to change my job/ Yes, I do.

9. Is your job difficult?

It is not, but it is not well-paid. I need a job with better pay. 10. You earn money in your family, don’t you?

Yes, I do / No, I don’t. My father earns money / Yes, me and my husband. 11. What do you usually do on week-ends?

I rest and relax / I do gardening /I meet friends / I usually have a good sleep/I do whatever I want.

12.Have you got many friends? Yes, I have / Not many. A few.

13.Do you do sports?

I do sports regularly to look strong and healthy / I try to keep fit/I prefer to watch it on TV.

What kind of sports do you prefer?

I do a bit of jogging, play tennis, football …

14.What higher school did you graduate from? I graduated from …

When did you graduate from it?

I graduated from it (in 2004; last year; 2 years ago; many years ago;this year)

15.Did you study by correspondence?

No, I didn’t. I was a full-time student.

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16.What faculty did you study at? I studied at the faculty of …

17.Why did you decide to continue your education? I decided to continue my education because …

18.When did you enter Master Courses?

I entered M.C. … (last year, this year) 19. Who’s your supervisor?

My supervisor is … , a candidate of science; an associate professor, a Doctor of Science

20.What’s the subject of your research? The subject of my research is …

Can you formulate the problem you are working at? Yes, I can. It is ….

21.Is your problem of great significance?

Yes, it is. It is important, and fashionable.

22. Are you interested in the subject of your research?

Yes, I am. Being interested in the subject is the best motivation for research. 23. Do you face the difficulties while researching?

Yes, I do. They are the lack of literature, the lack of money and modern equipment.

24. Do you make experiments?

Yes, I do. I make them in our lab (at a plant, …)

25.Do you apply up-to-date equipment? Yes, I do. I use computers, …

26.Do you work with foreign patents and papers? Yes, I do. I use foreign patents and papers.

27.Do you try to attract scientists from abroad? Yes, we do. We have links with foreign scientists.

28.Is it difficult to do research?

Yes, it is. It takes much time and effort.

17. Make the presentation about postgraduate education in Russia. Present it to your group. Use the information below.

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