The profession of an architect. Study guide

SECTION IV

ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

UNIT 13. What are the three important elements of architechture?

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1.element [ˈelɪmənt] – элемеент

2.consider [kənˈsɪdər] – рассматривать, учитывать, считать

3.include [ɪnˈkluːd] – включать в себя

4.particularly [pəˈtɪkjələlɪ] – особенно; в частности; в особенности;

очень

5.functionality [ˌfʌŋk.ʃənˈæl.ə.tɪ] – функциональность

6.layout [ˈleɪaʊt] – макет; расположение; планировка; схема; план; размещение; разметка

7.circulation [ˌsɜːkjəˈleɪʃən] – циркуляция; кровообращение; тираж;

обращение; распространение

8.accessible [əkˈsesəbl] – доступный

9.adaptive [əˈdæp.tɪv] – адаптивный

10.aesthetics [esˈθetɪks] – эстетика

11.sustain [səˈsteɪn] – поддерживать, выдерживать

12.minimize [ˈmɪnɪmaɪz] – минимизировать

13.impact [ˈɪmpækt] – влияние, воздействие, удар

14.selection [sɪˈlekʃən] – выбор, отбор, подбор

15.shape [ʃeɪp] – форма; формировать; вид; облик; фигура

16.appearance [əˈpɪərəns] – появление; внешний вид; вид; внешность; видимость;выступление

17.mood [muːd] – настроение; наклонение

18.size [saɪz] – размер; формат; объем; величина

19.harmonious [hɑːˈməʊnɪəs] – гармоничный; слаженный

20.surroundings [səˈraʊndɪŋz] – окрестности; окружение; среда

Read the text for obtaining information

There are many important elements of architecture, and the specific elements that are considered most important can vary depending on the context and the goals of a particular design. However, some elements that are commonly considered particularly important include.

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Functionality: a building or structure should be functional and able to meet the needs of its users. This includes elements such as layout, circulation, accessibility, and adaptability.

Aesthetics: a building or structure should be aesthetically pleasing and contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of the built environment. This includes elements such as form, material, color, and texture.

Sustainability: a building or structure should be environmentally friendly and energy efficient, and it should be designed to minimize its impact on the natural environment. This includes elements such as material selection, energy efficiency, and renewable energy sources.

Overall, the three most important elements of architecture are often considered to be functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability. However, other elements, such as structural integrity, safety, and cost, may also be considered important in certain contexts.

The elements of architecture form the fundamental building blocks that architects and designers use to create functional and aesthetically pleasing structures. These elements include form, space, light, material, texture, color, and scale, and play a crucial role in the design of buildings and other structures.

The elements of architecture are the basic components that architects utilize to design efficient and visually appealing buildings and structures. These elements include:

Form: the overall shape and appearance of a structure, including its mass, volume, and silhouette.

Space: the areas within and around a structure, including rooms, corridors, and outdoor areas.

Light: an important element that can affect the mood, atmosphere, and functionality of a space.

Material: the substances used to construct a structure, such as concrete, wood, brick, or steel.

Texture: the surface characteristics of a material, including its roughness, smoothness, and other tactile qualities.

Color: an element that can affect the mood, atmosphere, and appearance of a space.

Scale: the size of a design in relation to its surroundings, with the goal of creating a sense of unity and cohesiveness.

The elements of architecture play a crucial role in the design and usability of many of the buildings and structures that we see and use on a daily basis. Each element serves a specific purpose and contributes to the overall aesthetic and functional qualities of the project.

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For example, form can affect the way in which a structure is perceived, and spacecan affectthewayin which thesamestructureisusedand experienced.

Material and texture on the other hand can equally contribute towards the way in which a structure is perceived and experienced, but through very different means.

All the elements work together to form the whole– the finished building. Architectural elements can have a significant impact upon the way in which we see and use a building, by understanding and using these elements effectively, we as architects and designers can create structures that are func-

tional, aesthetically pleasing, and harmonious with their surroundings.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

I.Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right:

II. Match each of the following words with the correct definition:

1.sustain

2.minimize

3.impact

4.selection

5.shape

6.appearance

7.mood

8.size

9.harmonious

10.surroundings

a) to make something continue for some time without becoming less; b)everything that is around or near somebody/something;

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c) to reduce something, especially something bad, to the lowest possible level;

d)arranged together in a way that is pleasant because each part goes well with the others;

e)he powerful effect that something has on somebody/something;

f)the large amount or extent of something;

g)the process of choosing somebody/something from a group of people or things, usually according to a system;

h)the way you are feeling at a particular time;

i)the way that somebody/something looks on the outside;

j)an example of something that has a particular form.

III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.

Элементы архитектуры, решающая роль, удобство использования, здания и сооружения, каждый элемент, служит определенной цели, вносить свой вклад, эстетические и функциональные качества проекта, восприятие структуры, пространство, материал и текстура, в равной степени, влиять на восприятие структуры, совершенно разными способами. единое целое, готовое здание.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1.Architectural elements have no impact upon the way in which we see and use a building.

2.Architects and designers can create structures that are functional, aesthetically pleasing, and harmonious with their surroundings.

3.Each element serves a specific purpose.

4.Each element contributes to the overall aesthetic and functional qualities of the project.

5.Form can affect the way in which a color is perceived.

6.There are many important elements of architecture.

7.A building or structure should be functional and able to meet the

needs of its users.

8.A building or structure should be aesthetically pleasing and contribute to the overall aesthetic appeal of the built environment.

9.A building or structure must not be environmentally friendly and energy efficient.

10.three most important elements of architecture are often considered to

be functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability.

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V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What are the three most commonly considered important elements of architecture?

2.How does functionality contribute to the overall quality of a building or structure?

3.What are some examples of elements that fall under the category of aesthetics in architecture?

4.Whyis sustainabilityconsideredan importantelementofarchitecture?

5.In what ways do the elements of architecture contribute to the design and usability of buildings and structures?

6.How does form affect the perception of a structure?

7.What role does space play in the experience and use of a structure?

8.How do material and texture contribute to the perception and experience of a building?

9.How do architectural elements work together to create a finished building?

10.What impact can architectural elements have on the way in which we perceive and use a building?

TRANSLATION

VI. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.В архитектуре много важных элементов, и конкретные элементы, которые считаются наиболее важными, могут варьироваться в зависимости от контекста и целей конкретного проекта.

2.Однако есть некоторые элементы, которые обычно считаются особенно важными.

3.Здание или сооружение должно быть функциональным и способным удовлетворять потребности своих пользователей.

4.Сюда входят такие элементы, как планировка, циркуляция, доступность и адаптивность.

5.Здание или сооружение должно быть эстетически привлекательным и вносить свой вклад в общую эстетическую привлекательность застроенной среды.

6.Сюдавходяттакиеэлементы,как форма,материал,цветитекстура.

7.Здание или сооружение должно быть экологически чистым и энергоэффективным, а также спроектировано таким образом, чтобы свести к минимуму его воздействие на природную среду.

8.Это включает в себя такие элементы, как выбор материала, энергоэффективность и возобновляемые источники энергии.

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9.В целом, тремя наиболее важными элементами архитектуры часто считаются функциональность, эстетика и устойчивость.

10.Однако другие элементы, такие как структурная целостность, безопасность и стоимость, также могут считаться важными в определенных контекстах.

VII. Divide the text into paragraphs. Entitle each of them.

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

VII. Make up general questions to the following sentences. Put sentences in negative form.

1.There are many important elements of architecture, and the specific elements that are considered most important can vary depending on the context and the goals of a particular design.

2.However, some elements that are commonly considered particularly important.

3.The three most important elements of architecture are often considered to be functionality, aesthetics, and sustainability.

4.There are several types of scale in architecture, including human scale, building scale, and landscape scale.

5.They are the basic colors from which all other colors are derived.

6.Tertiary colors are created by mixing a primary color and a secondary color,and theyincludecolorssuch as yellow-green,blue-green,and red-orange.

7.Neutral colors are colors such as white, black, gray, and beige, and they can be used to create a sense of calm, balance, or sophistication.

8.Public space is open to everyone.

9.Others have a more organic form, with curves and flowing lines that mimic the natural world.

10.Still others have a more expressive form, with bold, sculptural shapes that make a statement.

IX. Convert the sentences from Ex. VII to the Future Simple Tense.

Control questions

1.Discuss the following questions:

1.Functionality

2.Aesthetics

3.Sustainability

2. Comment on the following topic:

The three important elements of architecture

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UNIT 14. Form, space, light, material

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1.mass [mæs] – масса

2.volume [ˈvɒljuːm] – объем; том

3.silhouette [sɪluːˈet] – силуэт

4.significant [sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt] – значительный; существенный; значи-

мый; важный

5.geometry [dʒɪˈɒmɪtrɪ] – геометрия

6.curve [kɜːv] – кривая; изгиб; характеристика

7.line [laɪn] – линия; строка; направление; строчка; черта; ряд

8.sculpture [ˈskʌlptʃər] – скульптура

9.balance [ˈbæləns] – баланс; равновесие

10.harmony [ˈhɑːmənɪ] – гармония; согласие; стройность; лад

11.unity [ˈjuːnətɪ] – сообщество; община; общество; общность

12.convey [kənˈveɪ] – передавать; транспортировать; сообщать; вы-

ражать

13.space [speɪs] – пространство; площадь

14.light [laɪt] – свет; световой; освещение;

15.public [ˈpʌblɪk] – общественность; публика; открытый; государственный

16.private [ˈpraɪvɪt] – частный; личный

17.ambient [ˈæm.bɪ.ənt] – окружающий

18.steel [stiːl] – сталь; стальной

19.beam [biːm] – луч; балка; брус; ширина; бревно

20.column [ˈkɒləm] – столбец; колонка; колонна; столб

Read the text for obtaining information

Form refers to the overall shape and appearance of a structure. Form includes the mass,volume, and silhouetteof astructure,and can havea significant impactupon thewayinwhichastructureisviewed and experienced.

There are many different ways in which form can be used in architecture. Some buildings have a simple, geometric form, with clean lines and a minimalist appearance. Others have a more organic form, with curves and flowing lines that mimic the natural world. Still others have a more expressive form, with bold, sculptural shapes that make a statement.

Form can be used in architecture to create a sense of balance, harmony, and unity. It can also be used to convey meaning and emotion, and to create a sense of place.

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Space is an essential element of architecture, as it refers to the areas within and around a structure. Space includes both interior and exterior areas, and it determines the layout and functionality of a structure.

There are several types of space in architecture, including: public space, private space, semi-private space.

Public space is open to everyone and includes areas such as streets, parks, and plazas. Private space is reserved for the exclusive use of a specific person or group, and includes areas such as bedrooms, offices, and restrooms. Semi-private space is shared space that is open to a specific group of people, and includes areas such as lobbies, lounges, and waiting rooms.

Light can affect the mood, atmosphere, and functionality of a space. Light can be natural or artificial, and it can be used in a variety of ways to create different effects.

There are several types of light in architecture, including: ambient light, task light, accent light.

Ambient light is general, diffuse light that fills a space and provides overall illumination. Task light is directed light that is used to perform a specific task, such as reading or cooking. Accent light is used to highlight specific features or objects, such as artwork or architectural elements.

Material

This refers to the substances used to construct a structure. Material can affect the structural integrity, appearance, and durability of a building, along with how it is perceived and experienced.

There are many types of materials used in architecture, including wood, concrete, steel, brick, stone, and glass. Each material has its own unique properties and characteristics,and canbeusedinavarietyofwaysinarchitecture.

For example, wood can be used for structural elements, such as beams and columns, as well as for finishes, such as flooring and cladding. Concrete can be used for structural elements, such as foundations and walls, as well as for finishes, such as floors and countertops.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

I.Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right:

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II. Match each of the following words with the correct definition:

1.mass

2.volume

3.silhouette

4.curve

5.line

6.space

7.light

8.ambient

9.harmony

10.beam

11.column

a)alargeamountofasubstancethatdoesnothaveadefiniteshapeorform;

b)one of the straight sections from top to bottom into which text on a page or screen is divided;

c)the amount of space that an object or a substance fills; the amount of space that a container has;

d)a long piece of wood, metal, etc. used to support weight, especially as part of the roof in a building;

e)the shape of a person’s body or of an object;

f)a state of peaceful existence and agreement;

g)a line or surface that bends gradually; a smooth bend;

h)relating to the surrounding area; on all sides;

i)a long, thin mark on a surface;

j)theenergyfromthesun,alamp,etc.thatmakesitpossibletoseethings;

k)a place, especially a room or a building, that can be used for a particular purpose.

III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.

Общая форма, внешний вид сооружения, силуэт сооружения, существенное влияние, геометрическая форма, четкие линии, минималистичный внешний вид, органичная форма, плавные линии, чувство ба-

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ланса, гармонии и единства; внутренние и внешние зоны, планировка и функциональность сооружения, общественное пространство, личное пространство, полуприватное пространство, конкретный человек, естественный свет, искусственный свет, возведение конструкции, структурная целостность, облицовка, фундамент, стены, полы, столешницы.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1.Form refers to the overall shape and appearance of a structure.

2.Form includes the acoustics, volume, and silhouette of a structure.

3.There are several types of space in architecture, including: public space, private space and official space.

4.Public space is open to everyone and includes areas such as streets, parks, and plazas.

5.Lightcannotaffectthe mood,atmosphere,andfunctionalityof aspace.

6.There is one type of light in architecture.

7.Ambient light is general, diffuse light that fills a space and provides overall illumination.

8.Accent light is used to highlight specific features or objects, such as artwork or architectural elements.

9.There are many types of materials used in architecture, including wood, concrete, steel, brick, stone, and glass.

10.Materials have the same properties and characteristics.

V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What is form in architecture and how does it impact the way a structure is viewed and experienced?

2.Whataresomedifferentwaysin whichformcanbeused inarchitecture?

3.How can form be used in architecture to create a sense of balance, harmony, and unity?

4.What are the different types of space in architecture and how are they defined?

5.How does light affect the mood, atmosphere, and functionality of a space in architecture?

6.What are the different types of light in architecture and how are they used to create different effects?

7.How does material affect the structural integrity, appearance, and durability of a building in architecture?

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