The profession of an architect. Study guide

Orientation. The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for controlling the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall. Within buildings, the axis and placement of each space determine the amount of sun it receives. Orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow. The characteristics of the immediate environment also influence orientation: trees, land formation, and other buildings create shade and reduce or intensify wind, while bodies of water produce moisture and reflect the sun.

Architectural forms. Planning may control the environment by the design of architectural forms that may modify the effect of natural forces.

Colour. Colour has a practical planning function as well as expressive quality because of the range of its reflection and its absorption of solar rays. Since light colour reflect heat and dark colours adsorb it, the choice of materials and pigments is an effective tool of environmental control.

Materials and techniques. The choice of materials is conditioned by their own ability to withstand the environment as well as by properties that make them useful to human being. One of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages of wood against the possibility of fire, termites, and mold, the weather resistance of glass and light metals against their high thermal conductivity, and many similar conflicts.

III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.

Окружающая среда, жилое здание, предвидеть возможности разрешения, фундаментальные элементы, эстетика архитектуры, ближайшее окружение, архитектурные формы, выбор материалов.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

The natural environment is at once hindrance and a help.

The placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites, the distribution of spaces within buildings, and other planning devices discussed below are fundamental elements in the existence of architecture.

The arrangement of the axes of buildings and their parts is a device for controlling the absorption of solar rays.

Orientation may control air for circulation and reduce the disadvantages of wind, rain, and snow.

Colour does not have a practical planning function.

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The choice of materials is conditioned by their aesthetic properties.

One of the architect's jobs is to find a successful solution to both conditions; to balance the physical and economic advantages.

V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What are the natural elements that the architect seeks to control in order to make a building habitable and comfortable?

2.How does orientation play a role in controlling the effects of sun, wind, and rainfall in building design?

3.What are some examples of how architectural forms can modify the effect of natural forces on the environment?

4.How does the choice of colour in building materials affect environmental control?

5.What factors influence the choice of materials for a building in terms of their ability to withstand the environment and usefulness to humans?

6.How does the architect balance the physical and economic advantages of different materials in building design?

7.What are some potential destructive potentialities that the architect must foresee and plan for in building design?

8.How does the placement and form of buildings in relation to their sites play a role in the aesthetics of architecture?

9.What role does the immediate environment play in influencing the orientation of buildings and their parts?

10.How does the architect seek to both invite the natural environment's aid and repel its attacks in building design?

VI. Divide the text into paragraphs. Entitle each of them.

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

VII. Put the verbs in the brackets into the Past Progressive or Past Simple Tense.

Modern (or Modernist) architecture literally turned the entire context of architectural design upside-down.

It introduced functionalismand purified architectural form to the most radical extremes.

I've been working on a project for a few days.

This task was one of the most difficult

We decorated the walls with panels.

Wespentalong timechoosing whetherto makestoneorbrick masonry.

Workers were painting the walls while we were choosing doors.

Johnnywashelpingthecouplenextdoortohangwallpaperand made3$.

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VIII.Look at exercise V.Make the sentences interrogative and negative.

IX. Render the following sentences into English.

Современная (или модернистская) архитектура буквально перевернула весь контекст архитектурного дизайна с ног на голову.

Она довела функционализм и архитектурную форму до самых радикальных представителей.

Я работал над проектом несколько дней.

Это задание было одним из самых трудных.

Мы украсили стены декоративными панелями.

Мы долго выбирали, каменную или кирпичную кладку делать.

Рабочие красили стены, пока мы выбирали двери.

Джонни помогал соседской паре поклеить обои и заработал 3 доллара.

Control questions

1. Discuss the following questions.

PLANNING THE ENVIRONMENT

ORIENTATION

ARCHITECTURAL FORMS

COLOUR

MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES

2. Comment on the following topic:

Architectural planning

UNIT 8. Architectural planning (interior control, planning for use, differentiation, economic planning)

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1.interior[ɪnˈtɪərɪə] – интерьер

2.shell [ʃɛl] – оболочка

3.penetrate [ˈpɛnɪtreɪt] – проникать

4.sense [sɛns] – чувство

5.size [saɪz] – размер

6.shape [ʃeɪp] – форма

7.space [speɪs] – пространство

8.sight [sʌɪt] – зрение; вид

9.feeling [ˈfiːlɪŋ] – чувство

10.hearing [ˈhɪərɪŋ] – слух

11.respiration [rɛspɪˈreɪʃ(ə)n] – дыхание

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VOCABULARY PRACTICE

I.Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right:

II. Match each of the following words with the correct definition:

Convenience, movement, rest, ceiling, , cathedral, apse, chapel, crypt

a)a labor-saving device, service or substance which make a task easier; b)a church that is the official seat of a diocesan bishop;

c)the act or process of moving;

d)a stone chamber beneath the floor of a church or other building; e) the overhead inside lining of a room;

f)sleeping or ceasing our regular work; g)a semicircular or polygonal termination;

h)Christian place of prayer and worship that is usually relatively small.

Read the text for obtaining information

Interior control. The control of the environment through the design of the plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into the interior, where they can be further modified by the planning of spaces and by conditioning devices. Temperature, light and sound are all subject to control by the size and shape of interior spaces, the way in which the spaces are connected, and the materials employed for floors, walls, ceilings, and furnishings. Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical methods have become

basic parts of the architectural program.

Planning for use. While environmental planning producer comfort for the senses (sight, feeling, hearing) and reflexes (respiration), planning for use or function is concerned with convenience of movement and rest.

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Differentiation. The number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within a building depends not only upon the type of building but also upon the requirements of the culture and the habits and activities of the individual patrons. A primitive house has a single room with a hearth area, and a modern one has separate areas for cooking, eating, sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation. A meeting-houses with a single hall is sufficient for Quaker religious services, while a Roman Catholic cathedral may require a nave, aisles, choir, apse, chapels, crypt, sacristy, and ambulatory.

Economic planning. Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials, and labour. In each case they are high when the commodity is scare and low when it is abundant, and they influence planning more directly when they become restrictive. When land coverage is limited, it is usually necessary to design in height the space that otherwise would be planned in breadth and depth, as in the ancient Roman insula (apartment houses) or the modern skyscraper. When the choice of materials is influenced by cost, all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning procedure, the technique, and the form of buildings are dependent on materials. High labour cost influence the choice of techniques and, consequently, of materials.

III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.

–внутренний контроль

–внешняя оболочка здания

–устройства кондиционирования

–используемые материалы

–процедура планирования

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1.The control of the environment through the design of the plan and the outer shell of a building cannot be complete since extremes of heat and cold, light, and sounds penetrate into the interior.

2.Today, heating, insulation, air conditioning, lighting, and acoustical

methods have become basic parts of the IT.

3.Planning for use or function is concerned with temperature, light and sounds.

4.A modern one has a single room with a hearth area.

5.A primitive house has a separate area for cooking, eating, sleeping, washing, storage, and recreation.

6.Major expenses in buildings are for land, materials, and labour.

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7.When the choice of materials is influenced by cost, all phases of architectural design are affected, since the planning procedure, the technique, and the form of buildings are dependent on materials.

8.Low labour cost influence the choice of techniques and, conse-

quently, of materials.

V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What are some of the factors that can penetrate into the interior of a building, and how can they be further modified?

2.How are temperature, light, and sound subject to control within interior spaces?

3.What are some of the basic parts of the architectural program that have become essential for controlling the interior environment?

4.How does planning for use or function differ from environmental

planning in architecture?

5.How does the number of functions requiring distinct kinds of space within a building vary depending on different factors?

6.How does economic planning impact the design and construction of buildings?

7.What are some major expenses in building construction, and how do

they influence the planning process?

8.How does limited land coverage impact the planning of buildings, and what are some examples of this impact?

9.In what ways do high labor costs influence the choice of techniques and materials in architectural design?

10.How do the habits and activities of individual patrons influence the differentiation of space within a building?

TRANSLATION

VI. Translate the following sentences into English:

1. Управление окружающей средой посредством проектирования внутреннего пространства и внешней оболочки здания не может быть полным, так как экстремальные температуры и холод, свет и звуки проникают в интерьер, где они могут быть в дальнейшем изменены путем планирования помещений и устройства кондиционирования.

2. Температура, свет и звук зависят от размера и формы внутренних помещений, способа соединения помещений и материалов, используемых для полов, стен, потолков и мебели.

3. Сегодня основными элементами архитектурной программы стали отопление, изоляция, кондиционирование воздуха, освещение и акустические методы.

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4. При экологическом планировании упор делается на комфорт для органов чувств (зрение, чувство, слух) и рефлексов (дыхание), при функциональном планировании на удобстве движения и отдыха.

VII. Divide the text into paragraphs. Entitle each of them.

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

VII. Render the following sentences into English.

Мы собираемся приобрести уникальные предметы декора.

Я не планирую покупать маленький коврик в ванную. Я куплю большой ковер в гостиную.

Завтра мой дизайнер выберет освещение для моей квартиры. Я куплю все, что он мне посоветует.

У нас ограниченный бюджет, поэтому мы купим дешевые предметы декора.

Я не собираюсь заказывать домашний декор в интернете.

Когда ты поменяешь обои в прихожей?

Как лого вы будете делать ремонт?

Мы купим мебель в этом магазине.

Скоро мы проведем отопление в наш дом.

Я планирую купить дом со всеми удобствами.

IX. Make the following sentences negative and interrogative.

I’m going to buy somehome decor productsin pairs, to create a matching duo.

These candle stands will look great when placed together as a pair.

This metal wall art will give your wall a different meaning.

Checking home decor items online will always fetch you something beautiful.

Your designer will advise you to buy less but classy pieces instead of buying more and cheap décor items.

Control questions

1.Discuss the following questions.

Interior controlPlanning for useDifferentiation

Economic planning

2.Comment on the following topic:

ARCHITECTURAL PLANNING (INTERIOR CONTROL, PLANNING FOR USE, DIFFERENTIATION, ECONOMIC PLANNING)

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UNIT 9. Landscape architecture

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1.landscape [ˈlan(d)skeɪp] – пейзаж

2.branch [brɑːn(t)ʃ] – ветвь, отрасль

3.restoration [rɛstəˈreɪʃ(ə)n] – реставрация

4.pleasing [ˈpliːzɪŋ] – приятный

5.functional [ˈfʌŋ(k)ʃ(ə)n(ə)l] – функциональный

6.wildlife [ˈwʌɪl(d)lʌɪf] – дикая природа

7.spot [spɒt] – место

8.view [vjuː] – вид

9.daylight [ˈdeɪlʌɪt] – дневной свет

10.soil [sɔɪl] – почва

11.license [ˈlʌɪs(ə)ns] – лицензия

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

I.Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right:

II. Match each of the following words with the correct definition: landscape, restoration, view, daylight, soil, pleasing, functional

a)a bringing back to a former position orcondition;

b)designed to be practical and useful, rather than attractive;

c)the visible features of an area of land, its landforms;

d)the combination of all direct and indirect sunlight during the daytime; e)sight, scene, prospect;

f)firm land, earth; g) delightful.

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Read the text for obtaining information

Landscape architecture is a branch of architecture that deals with the planning and design of land and its relation to the buildings around it. While many believe that it is simply related to landscaping and plant selection, landscape architecture is actually much more involved than that. This practice blends site planning, landscaping, art, and environmental restoration to help connect an area to the buildings around it, and make the landscape attractive in it. The goal of landscape architecture is to create pleasing, functional, and beautiful spaces thatserve theneeds of theirowners or the public.

As the green building movement grows, landscape architecture will likely become even more critical to the building process. Trained landscape architects help lay out a piece of land, determining where structures should be placed so that they have minimal impact on the environment. The landscape architect will take into account the profile of the land, plants and wildlife, nearby water bodies, and surrounding structures to help place the new building in the most effective spot. By properly placing the building, the occupants can enjoy more views and daylight, while the wildlife and soil are disturbed as little as possible.

With all of the responsibilities involved in landscape architecture, those wishing to pursue a job in this field will generally be required to complete an undergraduate degree or higher, depending on where they plan to work. The majority of US states and other western countries require that landscape architects are licensed. In the US, licensing is granted by The Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards (CLARB). To apply for a license, applicants must meet the requirements for their state, which may include a bachelor's or master’s degree, or, a combination of education and experience.

After an architect has been licensed by CLARB, he or she is free to practice landscape architecture with a design firm, or on their own. Many landscape architects are hired by architecture firms to collaborate on projects with other designers and engineers. The landscape architect may take care of the entire civil design, including site plans, underground work, and environmental protection, or may focus simply on the landscaping and topography. They may also find jobs in real estate, with municipalities, or with park or forest services. A fairly large percentage of landscape architects also start private practices, where they offer residential design services or consultation services in the commercial sector.

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III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text:

ландшафтная архитектура, отрасль архитектуры. планирование участка, профессиональные архитекторы, принимать во внимание, сотрудничать в проектах

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1.Landscape architecture is a branch of architecture that deals with the planning and design of land and its relation to the buildings around it.

2.The goal of landscape architecture is to create pleasing, functional, and beautiful spaces that serve the needs of their owners or the public.

3.As the green building movement grows, landscape architecture will likely become even more critical to the building process.

4.Landscape architects don’t determine where structures should be placed so that they have minimal impact on the environment.

5.The landscape architect never takes into account the profile of the land, plants and wildlife, nearby water bodies.

6.By properly placing the building, the occupants can enjoy more views and daylight.

7.By properly placing the building, the occupants can enjoy more views and daylight, while the wildlife and soil are disturbed as much as possible.

8.After an architect has been licensed by CLARB, he or she is free to practice landscape architecture with a design firm, or on their own.

9.Many landscape architects are hired by architecture firms to collaborate on projects with other designers and engineers.

10.The landscape architect may not start private practices.

V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.Whatislandscapearchitectureandhowdoes itdifferfromlandscaping?

2.How does landscape architecture contribute to the green building movement?

3.What are some of the factors that landscape architects consider when laying out a piece of land for building placement?

4.What are the educational requirements for becoming a licensed landscape architect in the US?

5.What is the role of The Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards (CLARB) in the licensing process?

6.What career options are available to licensed landscape architects?

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