The profession of an architect. Study guide

a)a type of heavy, sticky earth that becomes hard when it is baked and is used to make things such as pots and bricks;

b)dried straw, reeds, etc. used for making a roof; a roof made of this material;

c)wood that is prepared for use in building, etc.;

d)the act of breaking something;

e)mud that is dried in the sun, mixed with straw and used as a building material;

f)a substance that consists of very small fine grains of rock;

g)sand or broken stone that is used to make concrete or for building roads, etc.;

h)a hard solid mineral substance that is found in the ground, often used for building;

i)the hard solid material that forms part of the surface of the earth and some other planets;

j)the hard material that the trunk and branches of a tree are made of; this material when it is used to build or make things with, or as a fuel.

Read the text for obtaining information

Building materials are substances or products used in the construction of buildings, structures, and infrastructure.

The choice of building materials depends on factors such as cost, availability, durability, aesthetics, environmental impact, and specific requirements of the construction project.

The following are the most common building materials types used in construction,

1. Mud and Clay

Mud is defined as the mixture of soil, loam, silt, or clay with water. It generally naturally forms after the rainfall near the river or water sources. After some time, the mud hardens and makes a mudstone.

As a building material mud is a semi-fluid material that can be used to coat, seal, and adhere materials. Mud is referred to by many different names for its different components like slurry, mortar, plaster, stucco, and concrete.

2. Clay Bricks and Blocks Types of Building Materials

The mud bricks are known as Clay bricks. It is also called adobe. The mud or clay is a mixture of water placed into the molds and then allowed to dry in the open air. As a binder straw is sometimes within the bricks, it makes them a composite, if the straw is not used the bricks are easy to break, due to the straw the bricks have redistributed the force throughout the bricks and reduced the chances of breakage.

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The building that uses this type of bricks is generally protected from groundwater.

3. Sand

Sand is a generally granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. It is also defined based on its size, being finer than gravel and coarserthansilt.Itisoneof theessentialtypesofbuildingmaterials.

4. Aggregates

Aggregates are the most commonly used material in construction. Also, aggregates are the most mining material in the world.

Aggregate is the main component of composite materials such as concrete and asphaltconcrete.Itgivesstrengthtotheoverallcomposite material.

5. Stone or Rock

Rock is a naturally available material. It is used in construction at different places. The stone or rock which is been used in construction is hard, durable, tough, and free from the weathered soft patches of materials, cracks, and other defects which reduce the strength and durability of a rock.

6. Thatch

With the help of dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge, rushes, heather, or palm branches roof of the building is crafted is known as the thatching.

Due to thatching, the shaded water does not come to the inner roof. Due to densely packed vegetation being used for the thatching, it works as insulation also.

7. Wood and Timber

Timber is the one type of wood that is been used for construction or carpentry purposes. Timber is a material which is been used for thousands of years. Wood has unique characteristics in that it builds a variety of structures. Wood is a naturally available material. Wood is a good isolation material. Wood is fabricated in all kinds of shapes and sizes. 30% of the total construction work timber is used. Timber provided good strength, toughness, durability

III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations in the text.

Строительные материалы, вещества или продукты, выбор строительных материалов, конкретные требования строительного проекта, смесь почвы, суглинка, ила или глины с водой, полужидкий материал, возведение стен, сырцовые кирпичи, гранулированный материал, минеральные частицы, композитный материал.

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COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false? If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1.Building materials are substances or products used in the construction of roads.

2.The choice of building materials depends on factors such as cost, availability, durability, aesthetics, environmental impact, and specific requirements of the construction project.

3.Mud is defined as the mixture of soil, loam, silt, or clay with water.

4.It generally naturally forms after the snowfall near the river or water sources.

5.After some time, the mud hardens and makes a mudstone.

6.As a building material mud is a fluid material that can be used to coat, seal, and adhere materials.

7.The mud bricks are known as Straw bricks.

8.The mud or clay is a mixture of water placed into the molds and then allowed to dry in the open air.

9.Sand is a generally granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles.

10.Aggregates are the least commonly used material in construction.

V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What aresome factors that influence the choice of building materials?

2.What are some common types of mud and clay building materials?

3.How are clay bricks made, and what makes them durable?

4.What is the composition of sand, and why is it an essential building material?

5.What is the main use of aggregates in construction, and what materials are they commonly found in?

6.What are some characteristics of stone or rock used in construction?

7.How is thatching used in building construction, and what additional benefit does it provide?

8.What are some examples of dry vegetation used for thatching?

9.What are some unique characteristics of wood and timber as building materials?

10.What percentage of the total construction work uses timber as a buildingmaterial?

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TRANSLATION

VI. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Строительные материалы – это вещества или продукты, используемые при возведении зданий, сооружений и инфраструктуры.

2.Выбор строительных материалов зависит от таких факторов, как стоимость, доступность, долговечность, эстетичность, воздействие на окружающую среду и конкретные требования строительного проекта.

3.Грязь определяется как смесь почвы, суглинка, ила или глины

сводой.

4.Обычно она естественным образом образуется после выпадения осадков вблизи реки или источников воды.

5.Через некоторое время грязь затвердевает и образует аргиллит.

6.В качестве строительного материала грязь – это полужидкий материал, который может использоваться для покрытия, герметизации и приклеивания материалов.

7.Грязь называется по-разному из-за различных компонентов, таких как суспензия,строительныйраствор,штукатурка,штукатуркаибетон.

8.Как правило, для возведения стен, полов и даже крыш обычно

используется смесь грунта и воды с добавлением камня, гравия, соломы, извести и битума.

9.Сырцовые кирпичи известны как глиняные кирпичи.

10.Глина представляет собой смесь воды, которую заливают в формы

изатем оставляют высыхать на открытом воздухе.

VII. Divide the text into paragraphs. Entitle each of them.

GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

VIII. Render the following sentences into English.

1.Скоро в этом районе будет очень развитая инфраструктура.

2.На следующем занятии мы будем изучать наиболее распространенные типы строительных материалов.

3.Мы сможем использовать этот материал для герметизации.

4.Мы планируем возвести крышу на этой неделе.

5.Кто будет оштукатуривать стены?

6.Строители зальют эту смесь в формы и оставят высыхать на открытом воздухе.

7.Использование такого вида строительного материала защитит здание от грунтовых вод.

8.Сегодняярасскажу вамоб одном из наиболее полезныхматериалов

вмире.

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Control questions

1. Discuss the following questions.

The most mining material in the world.

The choice of building materials.

2. Comment on the following topic.

The choice of building materials depends on factors such as cost, availability, durability, aesthetics, environmental impact, and specific requirements of the construction project.

UNIT 12. Types of building materials used in construction. Part II

ESSENTIAL VOCABULARY

1.kiln [kɪln] – обжигать

2.furnace [ˈfəːnɪs] – печь

3.manufacture [manjʊˈfaktʃə] – производство

4.expose [ɪkˈspəʊz] – подвергать

5.strength [strɛŋθ] – сила, прочность

6.absorption [əbˈzɔːpʃ(ə)n] – поглощение

7.resistance [rɪˈzɪst(ə)ns] – сопротивление

8.property [ˈprɒpəti] – качество, параметр, свойство

9.сement [sɪˈmɛnt] – цемент

10.fabric [ˈfabrɪk] – ткань

I.Match the words in the left column with their synonyms in the right:

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II.Match each of the following words with the correct definition:

1.kiln

2.furnace

3.manufacture

4.expose

5.strength

6.absorption

7.resistance

8.property

a)a thing or things that are owned by somebody; a possession or possessions;

b)a large oven for baking clayand brick, drying wood and grain, etc.;

c)to show something that is usually hidden;

d)dislikeoforoppositiontoaplan,anidea,etc.;theactofrefusingtoobey;

e)the ability that something has to resist force or hold heavy weights without breaking or being damaged;

f)the process of a liquid, gas or other substance being taken in;

g)a space surrounded on all sides by walls and a roof for heating metal

or glass to very high temperatures;

h) to make goods in large quantities, using machines.

Read the text for obtaining information

Fired Brick and Clay Blocks

Generally, fired bricks are made from fire clay and are used for hightemperature construction like kilns, and lining furnaces.

Fired bricks are manufactured similarly to normal bricks but in a burning process fired bricks are exposed to very high temperatures.

Fired bricks weigh about 30 to 35 N.

The compressive strength of 200 to 220 kg/cm2.

Water absorption varies from 5 to 10 %.

Fires bricks have good chemical resistance properties.

Cement is a fine powder material, which is been used as a binder for the substance and set and hardens or binds the other and adheres to other materials together. It is old and extensively used and the oldest type of building material.

Generally, cement is used to bind sand and aggregates together.

Fabric

In civil engineering, the use of fabric in many places, but nowadays fabric is used for a fabric structure that provides end users with a variety of aesthetic free-form building designs.

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Fabric structures are flame retardant, weather-resistant, and natural forces requirements.

The fabric structure is one type of tensile structure.

In the fabric structure, the fabric used is coated and laminated with synthetic materialsforincreased strength,durability,and environmentalresistance.

Fabric structures are used in a traditional building in certain scenarios. No lighting is required because the fabric is translucent, which makes it an energy-efficient solution.

For determining a material’s suitability for the structure consider the following things:

Shading coefficients

General solar, optical, and thermal performance data

Acoustical data

Colorfastness’

Cleanability

Foam

Nowadays, synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam is used in com-

bination with structural materials like concrete. Types of Foam

Rigid foam

Spray foam

The spray foam is a chemical reaction product between the two materials isocyanate and Polynesian. The reaction between these two materials expands 30–60 times its liquid volume after it is sprayed in place. Expansion of the foam is generally used in the packing material which to shape the product being packaged and produces a high thermal insulating value with virtually no air infiltration. The following are 3 thermal properties of foam Block:

Conductive heat transfer

Radiant heat transfer

Convective heat transfer

Glass is a product that is been made with a mixture of sand and silicates, in a very hot fire stove called a kiln and is very brittle. It is one of the widely used types of building materials. Glass is generally used in the windows to cover the panel of the window with the ability to both let light into the room while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside.

Gypcrete is generally used in the building in a wood frame and concrete construction with properties of fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling. Architects and designers have suggested gypcrete as a flooring material nowadays because it has many more good properties and benefits than other building materials.

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Metal or steel is the second most common building material after concrete. It is one of the most useful and strong types of building materials. There are many types of metals are present in the market.

III. Find the English equivalents for the following words and word

combinations in the text.

Жесткий пенопласт, распыляемая пена, реакция между материалами, объем жидкости, тепловые свойства пеноблока, кондуктивный теплообмен, лучистая теплопередача, конвективный теплообмен, пешеходные дорожки, тентовые павильоны, пригодность материала, прочность на растяжение, прочность на разрыв, прочность сцепления, огнестойкость.

COMPREHENSION EXERCISES

IV. Read the following statements. Are these statements true or false?

If the statement is false, say why it is and correct it.

1. In civil engineering, the use of fabric in many places, but nowadays fabric is used for a fabric structure that provides end users with a variety of aesthetic free-form building designs.

2.Fabric structures are flame retardant, weather-resistant, and natural forces requirements.

3.The fabric structure is one type of tensile structure.

4.In the fabric structure, the fabric used is coated and laminated with synthetic materials for increased strength, durability, and environmental re-

sistance.

5.Lighting is required because the fabric is translucent/

6.Synthetic polystyrene or polyurethane foam is never used in combi-

nation with structural materials like concrete.

7. Expansion of the foam is generally used in the packing material which to shape the product being packaged and produces a high thermal insulating value with virtually no air infiltration.

V. Answer the questions to the text.

1.What are the main materials used to make fired bricks, and what are they typically used for?

2.How are fired bricks manufactured and what is the burning process

they undergo?

3.What is the weight range of fired bricks, and what is their compressive strength?

4.What is the water absorption range of fired bricks, and what are their chemical resistance properties?

5.Whatiscementusedforinconstruction,andwhatdoesitbindtogether?

6.What are some of the key properties of fabric structures, and what

materials are used to increase their strength and durability?

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7.How are foam materials used in combination with other structural materials, and what are the types of foam mentioned in the text?

8.What chemical reaction produces spray foam, and what are some of

its properties after it is sprayed in place?

9.How is the expansion of foam generally used, and what thermal properties are associated with foam blocks?

10.What factors should be considered when determining a material's

suitability for a structure, according to the text?

TRANSLATION

VI. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.В настоящее время синтетический полистирол или пенополиуретан используются в сочетании со строительными материалами, такими как бетон.

2.Пенопласт – легкий материал.

3.Пенопласту легко придать любую форму.

4.Пенопласт – хороший изоляционный материал.

5.Пенопласт используется в доме в качестве утеплителя, зажатого

между деревом, цементом или изолирующим пенобетоном.

6.Стекло – это продукт, который изготавливается из смеси песка

исиликатов в очень горячей печи, называемой обжиговой печью, и является очень хрупким. Это один из широко используемых видов строи-

тельных материалов.

7. Гипсобетон обычно используется в зданиях с деревянным каркасом и бетонных конструкциях со свойствами огнестойкости, шумоподавления, лучистого отопления и выравнивания пола.

8.Металл или сталь – второй по распространенности строительный материал после бетона.

9.Это один из самых полезных и прочных видов строительных ма-

териалов.

10. На рынке представлено множество видов металлов.

Control questions

1. Discuss the following questions.

The most mining material in the world.

The choice of building materials.

2. Comment on the following topic.

The choice of building materials depends on factors such as cost, availability, durability, aesthetics, environmental impact, and specific requirements of the construction project.

IV. Divide the text into paragraphs. Entitle each of them.

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GRAMMAR IN CONTEXT

V.Put the words in the correct order to make questions.

1)residences/ designs/ of all types/ Who?

2)they/ do/ What/ draft?

3)many /years/ How/ of internship experience/ needed /is /a home /to

become/architect?

4)can/ an individual/ his chances/ How/ improve?

5)abachelor’sdegree/is/educationalrequirement/theminimum/Where?

6)some/ What/ students/ do/ choose?

7)What/ better/ can/ an individual/ prepare/ in home architecture?

VI. Put questions to the words in italics. Make up general, alternative, and disjunctive questions to each sentence.

1.Home architects design residences of all types.

2.Bachelor's degree programs in architecture typically take about one

year longer than most programs.

3.Many people are able to find internship positions after obtaining bachelor's degrees.

4.An individual can improve his or her chances of finding employment

by developing strong communication and computer skills.

5. The minimum educational requirement to become a home architect in manystates and countries is abachelor'sdegreefromanaccrediteduniversity.

6.Many people are able to find internship positions after obtaining bachelor's degrees.

7.Some students choose to pursue additional two-year master's degree

plans to further their education.

8. In addition to the formal requirements, an individual can improve his or her chances of finding employment by developing strong communication

and computer skills.

9. Architects draft the initial blueprints for a home along with detailed schematics for various systems, including plumbing, ventilation, and electrical units.

10. The minimum educational requirement to become a home architect in manystatesandcountriesisabachelor'sdegreefromanaccrediteduniversity.

Control questions

1. Discuss the following questions.

What do home architects design?

educational requirement to become a home architect

2. Comment on the following topic.

HOME ARCHITECT

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