Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей. Рабочая тетрадь (упражнения к учебнику Introduction to International Legal English)
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Unit 5. Company law
5.5. Give the Russian equivalents to the words below and prepare for the dictation.
1)заинтересованная сторона, не являющаяся членом компании;
2)юридическая структура, которую предприятия могут выбрать для организации себя, чтобы ограничить юридические и финансовые обязательства своих владельцев;
3)юридическая структура, где прибыль проходит через владельцев
иоблагается налогом только на индивидуальном уровне, а компании с ограниченной ответственностью, которые обеспечивают юридическую защиту корпораций, но облагаются налогом, как индивидуальные предприниматели;
4)регистрация компании;
5)корпоративное управление;
6)в частности;
7)несостоятельность юридического лица;
8)ликвидация компании;
9)выполнить обязанности;
10)приложение;
11)активы корпорации;
12)покрыть долги;
13)выплатить недостачи;
14)двойное налогообложение;
15)юридическое лицо, не облагаемое налогами, так как использует метод сквозного управления финансовыми средствами;
16)израсходовать финансовые ресурсы;
17)налог на индивидуальное предпринимательство;
18)привлечь капитал;
19)иметь возможность привлечь капитал;
20)легкость передачи права собственности.
Translation Section
5.6. Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1)Компания стала самой распространенной формой юридической организации, так как ее члены несут ограниченную ответственность за долги компании, а также потому что компания имеет свою отдельную правосубъектность и налогообложение.
2)По закону юридическое лицо имеет права и обязанности, как и физическое лицо.
3)Устав компании не включает в себя положения, относящиеся к внутренним делам компании.
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Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей
4)Не существует юридических причин для того, чтобы компания, первоначально созданная индивидуальным предпринимателем, не переросла в итоге в открытую компанию, т.е. выставляющую свои акции на открытую продажу на бирже.
5)Товарищество в отличие от компании не признают юридическим лицом, оно также не способно владеть собственностью от своего имени.
Reading Section
5.7. Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given in the box.
a) economic; b) bankruptcy; c) prestigious; d) trading; e) board of directors; f) investment; g) misconduct; h) wound up; i) shareholders; j) public; k) repair; l) requirement; m) unlimited; n) debt; o) shares; p) company secretary; q) progress; r) liable;
Types of businesses in the UK.
Basically, there are 8 common types of companies that can be set up in the UK. These are: Public Limited Company or PLC, Private Company Limited by Shares, Company Limited by Guarantee, Unlimited Company, Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), Community Interest Company, Interest and Provident Society or IPS and Royal Charter.
These companies operate in different ways and therefore have different purposes, the extent to which the owners can be held 1)______ and different repercussions in case of 2)___________.
A PLC can sell 3)______ to the general public. To become a public limited company a business must have share capital of £50,000 or more, of which 25% must have been paid up before the company can begin 4)________. PLCs are required to have at least two directors and a 5)__________. Limited means that a person’s financial liability is limited to the 6) ____________ they have made in the company. Being a shareholder in a PLC is often seen as being more 7)_________ than being a shareholder in a private limited company.
A private company limited by guarantee limits the guarantor’s liability to a pre-agreed amount that they must pay in the event that the company is 8)________. There is no share capital, and therefore no 9)___________. Members of the company are guarantors and are often liable for a nominal sum such as £1. The public cannot buy shares of such companies, as they are not made 10)_________. Any profit made is reinvested in the company and used for the 11)__________ of the company. A board meeting is held before making any decision regarding the company.
A Private company limited by shares is the most-frequently used type of company. They must have abbreviation Ltd at the end of their name. The
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Unit 5. Company law
amount for which shareholders are liable is limited to the reserves of the company. There is no minimum capital 12)_____________, so many are set up with a very small capital investment. This company cannot be owned by any shareholder. It is owned by Non-Government Organization or by a very small number of shareholders. The shares are sold off privately and are not available to the public.
Private Unlimited Company is a private company in which shareholders have 13)___________ liabilities. There is no formal restriction on the amount of money a shareholder can pay when a company goes insolvent. A company can rely on any of its shareholders to completely settling the company’s 14)_______. These types of companies are suitable for the business having a low chance of collapse.
Limited Liability Partnership or LLP is a business form where partners have limited liabilities, meaning that partners are responsible for their own decision or course of actions as negligence or 15)_______ instead of being responsible jointly. It is a concoction of company and partnership. The partners can directly manage such a company as opposed to a 16)________in other types of companies.
Community Interest Companies or CIC are easy to set up as they are not meant for profit but rather for the betterment of the community. The partners in these companies are limited by shares or by guarantee. CIC can be mistaken as a charity firm because of their objective to serve the community, but they are more commercialized.
Industrial and Provident Societies are similar to CIC but they are not registered under Company Act. They have been replaced by CIC, but still operate in Northern Ireland.
Royal Charters (RC) are the oldest incorporations in the United Kingdom, which include BBC, Bank of England and Royal Opera House.
All Right to Manage companies (RTM) are established to transfer powers for such things as the maintenance and 17)_____ work of a building from the landlord to the leaseholders.
Societas Europea (SE) are business entities which can operate in all European 18)_________ area and are a type of Public Limited company. They can be established by the merger or as a subsidiary of another company. They are required to have a registered office and a head office in the UK and have capital amounts to at least £120,000.
5.8. Advise a kind of business organization for:
1.A photographer who wants to have his photoshop.
2.A family who dreams to join in restaurant business.
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Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей
3.Two businessmen who have a project to launch the production of souvenirs.
4.Two truckdrivers and a barge captain who have an idea to enter shipping business.
5.Somebusinessmenandtheirinvestorswiththeideatomanufacturefurniture.
6.A number of architects and two owners of small construction firms who have an idea to expand the construction business in the perspective developing area.
Writing Section
5.9. Answer the following questions in writing.
1)What does company law deal with?
2)What is a company? How is it organized, structured and formed?
3)Is there any difference between a stockholder and a shareholder?
4)What is the main difference between C-Corporation and S-Corporation?
5)What legislation is passed in the UK to control companies?
6)Where can you find regulations for running companies in the Russian Federation?
5.10.Make a table describing the differences between a corporation, a sole proprietorship and partnership.
5.11.Write 150-200 words about Types of companies in the Russian Federation.
Reports Section
5.12. Choose one term and prepare a short report for the mates (2-minute talk). Start with the definition, give details on usage, provide examples (real cases are welcome).
1) insolvency, 2) winding up, 3) merge, 4) acquisition, 5) LLC, 6) PLC, 7) LTD, 8) Untltd, 9) LLP, 10) Community interest company, 11) Industrial and provident society (IPS), 12) Royal charter (RC), 13) JSC, 14) Representative Office and Branch of a Foreign Legal Entity
Some information can be found at: https://www.companyaddress.co.uk/ post/38
and: https://www.bakermckenzie.com/-/media/files/insight/publications/2016/06/ doing-business-in-russia-2016/bk_russia_doingbusiness_2016.pdf
Presentation Section
5.13. Prepare a talk about one of the following topics:
- Business organizations in different countries (take two to compare).
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Unit 6. Commercial law
-Formation of a company.
-Insolvency and winding up.
-Mergers and acquisitions.
Extra Activity Section
5.14. Follow the link and prepare a report on the procedure of winding up under The Companies Law of Cyprus Republic
http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/E1EAEB38A6DB4505C2257A70002A0BB9/ $file/The%20Companies%20Law,%20Cap%20113.pdf?openelement
Keep to the plan:
-Modes of Winding Up
-Contributories
-Winding Up by the Court
-The Office of the Law Commissioner
-Voluntary Winding Up
-Companies Liquidation Account
-Rules and Fees for Winding Up
5.15. Follow the link and make a narration script (write a word-for- word speaker’s text).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aKkcggE7SRw
Unit 6. Commercial law
Vocabulary Section
6.1. Give definitions for the following words or word combinations.
1) |
Competition law |
2) |
Negotiable instruments |
|
|
3) |
Mercantile agency |
4) |
Public law |
|
|
5) Non-contentious work |
6) Bankruptcy |
|
|||
7) |
Secured transaction |
8) |
Tax law |
|
|
9) |
Contentious work |
10) Intellectual property |
|
||
6.2. Match the following words to the definitions. |
|
||||
mortgage |
tenant substantive law private law |
ratify |
|||
1) Body of law that is concerned with the aspects of relationships between individuals that are of no direct concern to the state and in which the government is not directly concerned.
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Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей
2)Transfer of legal title of a property, often land, to another as security for payment of a debt.
3)To adopt, approve and sanction; to make valid.
4)Person who has the right to hold or possess property usually in return for the payment of rent.
5)Body of law defining rights, duties and obligations and all matters that are not procedural.
6.3. Fill in the gaps using words or word combinations from the box.
legislature |
The World Trade Organization |
The Uniform |
||
Commercial Codetax |
secured transactions |
agency |
carriage of |
|
goods real property |
debtor and creditor |
trade agreement |
||
1) ………………. law is defined as law in regards to financial obligations and legal interactions where one party is unable to pay a monetary debt to another.
2) Land and anything attached to it is called ………………..
3) ………………. is the term for the relationship of a person who acts on behalf of another person, known as the principal.
4) ………………. is a selected body of people, usually elected, invested with the responsibility and power to make and repeal laws for a political unit.
5) Field concerned with the legal relationships between the shipper (or owner) and the receiver is stated to be ………………..
6) ………………. checks to see if countries follow the trade agreements they have signed.
7) The field that focuses on the law regulating money paid to the government in connection with commercial transactions is named as ………………. law.
8) ………………. is a treaty between two nations or multi nations committing them to specified terms of commerce.
9) ………………. does not apply to commercial transactions in all of the member nations of the European Union.
10) A loan is an example of ………………. in which the lender acquires a security interest in certain property owned by the borrower and has the right to repossess the property if the borrower cannot pay.
6.4. Complete the table.
Noun |
Adjective |
merchant |
1) |
|
|
commerce |
2) |
negotiation |
3) |
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Unit 6. Commercial law
finance |
4) |
bankruptcy |
5) |
6.5. Give the Russian equivalents to the words below and prepare for
the dictation. |
|
1) to act on behalf of |
2) to owe |
3) a court-appointed person |
4) to liquidate the property |
5) to pay the claim |
6) a secured transaction |
7) a security interest |
8) the right to repossess |
9) a right of payment |
10) to implement |
11) trade agreement |
12) comprehensive statement |
13) commercial code |
14) to be in charge of |
15) adherence to agreement |
16) legislature |
17) to draft the contract |
18) large-scale trade |
19) commercial field |
20) to facilitate |
6.6. Make a spider diagram with the words you associate with “commercial” to make collocations.
Translation Section
6.7.Translate active vocabulary from Russian into English.
1) с внесенными поправками
2) морское законодательство
3) возмещение убытков, вреда
4) обманывать
5) Директива Совета ЕС
6) единая ставка, фиксированная ставка
7) юридический адрес компании (головной офис)
8) обеспечивать, снабжать
9) представлять патентные заявки
10) стажировка, учебная практика
6.8.Translate the sentences from Russian into English.
1) Работа коммерческого юриста может включать в себя любую отрасль права, т.к. данная работа относится к фирме клиентов, и задача юриста содействовать коммерческим операциям своих клиентов.
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Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей
2)Если страна не осуществляет новые договоры о торговле, не ведет политику соблюдения данных соглашений, ей придется пожертвовать своей широкомасштабной торговлей.
3)Разрешение коммерческих споров является одной из областей коммерческого права.
4)Пока он работал стажером, он готовил уведомления об увольнениях, составлял патентные заявки, а также занимался толкованием морского законодательства.
Reading Section
6.9.Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words given in the box.
a)solution; b) divisions; c) running; d) issues; e) extra-curricular; f) legal restitution; g) climate; h) moot; i) mediation; j) jurisdiction
Commercial law disputes deal primarily with contract and/or tort laws. It involves 1)____________ that arise in the course of 2) __________ a business at any stage of the commercial cycle. Such disputes are brought before courts for 3)__________when other methods of resolution, such as arbitration or 4)_____________, have failed to provide a 5)_____________ acceptable to all interested parties.
Most commercial disputes are heard in Commercial Court or in county business courts when the dispute relates to that particular 6)____________. They can also be brought before the Queen’s Bench or Chancery 7)__________ of the High Court, or the Technology & Construction Court (TCC). Commercial lawyers need to keep up to speed with the current business and commercial 8)____________, changes and amendments in legislation, and regulations in all jurisdictions that are involved.
Commercial lawyers are normally required to have: a top-class degree, experience of participation in 9)____________ activities whilst at school or university, experience in debating, public speaking and 10)__________court trials.
Writing Section
6.10.Answer the following questions in writing.
1) What does Commercial Law deal with?
2) What are its fields? Describe them.
3) What kind of work may a commercial lawyer be asked to complete? 4) What is WTO responsible for?
6.11.Write 150-200 words about commercial law in Russia.
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Unit 6. Commercial law
Presentation Section
6.12. Preparation
Analyze the information given and make a short comment on it.
Primary and secondary sources of information
Primary sources (e.g. interviews, surveys and statistical data) are firsthand and considered authoritative, while secondary sources (e.g. literature reviews, documentaries, books) analyze, interpret, evaluate and synthesize primary information.
Secondary sources or further removed from the event being described and are therefore considered less credible and reliable.
What is a primary source?
Primary sources are the original evidence of certain events, objects, persons or work. They enable students and researchers to get as close as possible to the actual event. The information in primary sources has not yet been analyzed, summarized or interpreted, which gives you the opportunity to do so yourself.
Examples of primary sources are:
•Experiment results
•Statistical data
•Eyewitness accounts
•Surveys and interviews
•Legal documents
What is a secondary source?
A secondary source interprets, analyzes and/or explains primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the original event and therefore sometimes lack the immediacy of the original content.
Some examples of secondary sources include:
•Literature reviews
•Opinion pieces
•Documentaries
•Television broadcasts
•Books
It is important to be aware that your research focus and your research question have an impact on what is considered to be a primary source for your specific research.
Primary vs. secondary sources: which is better?
In general, primary sources are considered more credible and authoritative. They report actual evidence, and evidence cannot be wrong.
However, there are secondary sources (e.g. literature reviews) that combine a great deal of prior research and analyze the collection of research from a
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Английский язык для студентов юридических специальностей
unique perspective. Using and citing such a literature review could add great value to your own research.
Your research will involve the use of both primary and secondary sources. Even if you are conducting a scientific experiment, you will draw upon previous methods used by others, existing theories, and complete a review of the extant literature.
Remember to cite the primary and secondary sources you decide to use to avoid plagiarism.
Locating primary sources
If you are not conducting an experiment or gathering the primary data yourself, the best way to find primary sources is through secondary sources.
Most often, finding the primary source upon which a secondary source is based is fairly easy, as the information should be readily shared.
You’ll find this information in three key places in the secondary source:
•Reference list
•Internet links, in the case of online resources
It is crucial that you complete a thorough literature review, paying attention to the primary sources upon which your secondary sources are based.
6.13. Go to Appendix 1 and study the useful words and phrases for your presentation.
Reports Section
6.14. Choose one term and prepare a short report for the mates (2-minute talk).
1) real property; 2) landlord and tenant; 3) debtor and creditor; 4) mercantile agency; 5) mortgage; 6) substantive law; 7) trade agreement; 8) contentious work; 9) competition law; 10) carriage of goods; 11) private law; 12) public law; 13) agency; 14) commercial transaction; 15) commercial field.
Extra Activity Section
6.15. Follow the link to a video and take notes during the lecture on Sale of Goods. Try to make your notes as detailed as possible.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22H4SQvrj1o
6.16. Watch the videos to learn about plagiarism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=35&v=2q0NlWcTq1Y https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=3&v=H1qo10dG5Gw
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