6.1 Introduction

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	Section 6
	GASES
6.1 Introduction
Gases included in this section:
Hydrogen, H2	Noble gases
Deuterium, D2	Helium, He
Nitrogen, N2	Neon, Ne
Oxygen, O2	Argon, Ar
Carbon monoxide, CO	Krypton, Kr
Carbon dioxide, CO2	Xenon, Xe
Nitrous oxide, N2O
Nitric oxide, NO
Methane, CH4
Ammonia, NH3

Composition of Air

Molecular weights and assumed fractional-volume composition of sea-level dry air:

	Molecular weight	Fractional volume
Gas species	( k g / k m o l )	(percent)
N2	28.0134	0.78084
O2	31.9988	0.209476
Ar	39.948	0.00934
CO2	44.00995	0.000314
Ne	20.183	0.00001818
He	4.0026	0.00000524
Kr	83.80	0.00000114
Xe	131.30	0.000000087
CH4	16.04303	0.000002
H2	2.01594	0.0000005
N2O	44.0129	0.0000005

From the “U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976,” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the United States Air Force, 1976. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976, is an idealized, steady-state representation of the earth’s atmosphere from the surface to 1000 km, as it is assumed to exist in a period of moderate solar activity The

air is assumed to be dry, and at heights sufficiently	below 86 km, the atmosphere is assumed to
be homogeneously mixed with a relative-volume	composition leading to a mean molecular
weight.

Mean Free Path of Gases

	Pressure	Pressure		C o l l i s i o n
	1 mm Hg	760 mm Hg		frequency
Gas	(293 K)	(273 K)	Gas	(293 K)
Argon	4.73 x 10-5 m	6.30 x 10-8 m	Ammonia	9150 x 106
Helium	13.32	17.4	Argon	4000
Hydrogen	8.81	11.1	Carbon monoxide	5100
Krypton	3.63	4.8	Carbon dioxide	6120
Neon	9.4	12.4	Helium	4540
Nitrogen	4.5	5.9	Hydrogen	10060
Oxygen	4.82	6.3	Nitrogen	5070
Xenon	2.62	3.5	Oxygen	4430

6.2 Physical Properties of Selected Gases

Values of all properties in this section are for atmospheric pressure, P = 101.325 kPa.

	Physical	Properties
	S p e c i f i c		Mole fraction
	g r a v i t y	Molecular	solubility* in
Gas	(kg/m 3 )	m a s s	H 2O (× 105)
Noble gases
He	0.17846	4.0026	0.6997
Ne	0.90035	20.180	0.8152
Ar	1.7839	39.948	2.519
Kr	3.745	83.80	4.512
Xe	5.8971	131.29	7.890
Other gases
H2	0.08988	2.01588	1.411
D2	—	4.0282	1.460
O2	1.42897	31.9988	2.293
CO	1.2504	28.0104	1.774
N2	1.2506	28.0134	1.183
CO2	1.97693	44.0098	6.1.5
CH4	0.5547	16.0428	2.552
NO	1.3402	30.0061	3.477
N2O	1.977	44.0129	43.67
NH3	0.7710	17.031	—
air	1.205	28.966	—

* Mole fraction solubility is at 298 K.

Physical Properties—continued

	I o n i z a t i o n			D i p o l e
Gas	p o t e n t i a l	P e r m i t t i v i t y	Polarizability	moment	D i e l e c t i c
	( e V )	ε	1 0 – 2 4 cm3	µ/ D	strength*
Noble gases
He	24.5874	1.0000650	—	0	0.151
Ne	21.5645	1.00013	0.3956	0	0.16,2 0.251
Ar	15.7596	1.0005172	1.6411	0	0.182
Kr	13.9996	1.00078	2.4844	0	—
Xe	12.1299	1.00126	4.044	0	—
Other gases
H2	15.4259	1.0002538	0.8042	0	0.501,2
D2	15.46	—	0.7954	0	—
O2	12.07	1.0004947	1.5812	0	0.922
N2	15.581	1.0005480	1.7403	0	1.00
CO	14.014	1.00262	1.95	0.110	1.02,1 1.052
CO2	13.723	1.000922	2.911	0	0.82,2 0.881
CH4	12.71	1.00081	2.593	0	1.00,1 1.132
NO	9.264	1.00060	1.70	0.159
N O	12.886	1.00104	3.03	0.161	1.242
2
NH3	10.2	1.00622	2.81	—	—
air	—	1.0005364	—	—	0.973
					3.0 kV/mm4
					~0.5 V/mm5
					1.4 kV/mm6

Values for the permittivity (dielectric constant) and the average electric dipole polarization for ground state molecules are for 293 K.

Debye unit: 1 D = 3.33564 x 10-30 C m.

* Relative to nitrogen. The dielectric strength (or breakdown voltage) of a material depends on the specimen thickness, the electrode shape, and the rate of the applied voltage increase. Values are given for standard conditions.

References:

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd edition, Lide, D. R., Ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001). Gas properties at other temperatures are also given in this reference.

1.Vijh, A. K., IEEE Trans. EI-12, 313 (1997).

2.Brand, K. P., IEEE Trans. EI-17, 451 (1982).

3.Shugg, W. T., Handbook of Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials (Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1986).

4.Encyclopedic Dictionary in Physics, Vedensky, B. A. and Vul, B. M., Eds. (Moscow, 1986).

5.Kubuki, M., Yoshimoto, R., Yoshizumi, K., Tsuru, S., and Hara, M., IEEE Trans. DEI-1, 305 (1994).

6.Al-Arainy, A. A., Malik, N. H., and Cureshi, M. I., IEEE Trans. EI-12, 313 (1997).

	Physical	Properties—continued
	Thermal	Heat	capacity		V i s c o s i t y
	conductivity	at	288	K	at 300 K
Gas	κ(W/m K)	C p(J/kg		K)	(µPa)
Noble gases
He	0.1567*	5192			20.0
Ne	0.0498*	1030			32.1
Ar	0.0179*	519.2			22.9
Kr	0.0095*	247.0			25.6
Xe	0.0055*	158.3			23.2
Other gases
H2	0.1869	14277			9.0
D2		7250			12.6
O2	0.0263		917		20.8
N2	0.0260	1043			17.9
CO	0.0250*	1031			17.8
CO2	0.0166		843.2		15.0
CH4	0.0341	2226			11.2
NO	0.0259		—		19.2
N2O	0.0174		—		15.0
NH3	0.0244	2091			—
air	0.0262	1005			18.6

* Low pressure limiting value. In general values differ by less than 1% at atmosphere pressure.

Reference:

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th edition, Lide, D. R., Ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994). Values of properties at other temperatures are also given in this reference.

Thermal Conductivity		at Different Temperatures
	Thermal		Conductivity		(mW/m K)
Gas	100 K	200 K	300 K	400	K	500 K	600 K	R e f .

Noble gases
He*	75.5	119.3	156.7	190.6		222.3	252.4	1
Ne*	22.3	37.6	49.8	60.3		69.9	78.7	1
Ar*	6.2	12.4	17.9	22.6		26.8	30.6	1,2
Kr*	3.3	6.4	9.5	12.3		14.8	17.1	1
Xe*	2.0	3.6	5.5	7.3		8.9	10.4	1

Thermal Conductivity (mW/m K)—continued

Gas	100 K	200 K	300 K	400 K	500 K	600 K	R e f .
Other gases
H2	68.6	131.7	186.9	230.4			3
O2	9.3	18.4	26.3	33.7	41.0	48.1	4
CO*			25.0	32.3	39.2	45.7	5
N2	9.8	18.7	26.0	32.3	38.3	44.0	6
CO2		9.6	16.8	25.1	33.5	41.6	7
CH4		22.5	34.1	49.1	66.5	84.1	8,9
NO		17.8	25.9	33.1	39.6	46.2	10
N2O		9.8	17.4	26.0	34.1	41.8	10
air	9.4	18.4	26.2	33.3	39.7	45.7	11

* Low pressure limiting value. In general values differ by less than 1% at atmosphere pressure.

References:

1.Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 299 (1984).

2.Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of coefficients of gaseous and liquid argon, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1323 (1986).

3.Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity of normal hydrogen in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1315 (1986).

4.Younglove, B. A., Thermophysical properties of fluids. I. Argon, ethylene, parahydrogen, nitrogen, nitrogen trifluoride, and oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 11, Suppl. 1 (1982).

5.Millat, J. and Wakeham, W. A., The thermal conductivity of nitrogen and carbon monoxide in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 565 (1989).

6.Stephen, K., Krauss, R., and Laesecke, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of nitrogen for a wide range of fluid states, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16, 993 (1987).

7.Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19 (1990).

8.Younglove, B. A. and Ely, J. F., Thermophysical properties of fluids. II. Methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, and normal butane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16, 577 (1987).

9.Friend, D. G., Ely, J. F., and Ingham, H., Thermophysical properties of methane, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 18, 583 (1989).

10.Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Vol. V-1 (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988).

11.Kadoya, K., Matsunagz, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 947 (1985).

Viscosity

Viscosity in micropascal seconds ( Pa s)

Gas	100 K	200 K	300 K	400 K	500 K	600 K	R e f .
Noble gases
He*	9.7	15.3	20.0	24.4	28.4	32.3	1
Ne*	14.4	24.3	32.1	38.9	45.0	50.8	1
Ar*	8.0	15.9	22.9	28.8	34.2	39.0	1,2
Kr*	8.8	17.1	25.6	33.1	39.8	45.9	1
Xe*	8.3	15.4	23.2	30.7	37.6	44.0	1
Other gases
H2*	4.2	6.8	9.0	10.9	12.7	14.4	3
D2*	5.9	9.6	12.6	15.4	17.9	20.3	4
O2*	7.5	14.6	20.8	26.1	30.8	35.1	5
CO	6.7	12.9	17.8	22.1	25.8	29.1	6
N2*		12.9	17.9	22.2	26.1	29.6	5
CO2		10.0	15.0	19.7	24.0	28.0	7,8
CH4		7.7	11.2	14.3	17.0	19.4	8
NO		13.8	19.2	23.8	28.0	31.9	6
N2O		10.0	15.0	19.4	23.6	27.4	6
air		13.3	18.6	23.1	27.1	30.8	9

* Low pressure limiting value. In general values differ by less than 1% at atmosphere pressure.

References:

1.Kestin, J. et al., Equilibrium and transport properties of the noble gases and their mixtures at low density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 13, 299 (1984).

2.Younglove, B. A. and Hanley, H. J. M., The viscosity and thermal conductivity of normal hydrogen in the lmit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1323 (1986).

3.Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity of normal hydrogen in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 15, 1315 (1986).

4.Assael, M. J., Mixafendi, S., and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity of normal deuterium in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16, 189 (1987).

5.Cole, W. A. and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity of nitrogen, oxygen, and their binary mixtures in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 209 (1985).

6.Ho, C. Y., Ed., Properties of Inorganic Fluids, CINDAS Data Series on Materials Properties, Vol. V-1 (Hemisphere Publishing Corp., New York, 1988).

7.Vescovic, V. et al., The transport properties of carbon dioxide, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 19 (1990).

8.Trengove, R. D. and Wakeham, W. A., The viscosity of carbon dioxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride in the limit of zero density, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 16, 175 (1987).

9.Kadoya, K., Matsunagz, N., and Nagashima, A., Viscosity and thermal conductivity of dry air in the gaseous phase, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 947 (1985).

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