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1.5 Thermal Properties

1.5.1 Melting Point, Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, and Thermal Conductivity

Values for the heat capacity and the thermal expansion coefficient are those at or near room temperature; thermal conductivity values are for the temperatures T indicated.

Thermal Properties

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)
Ag3AsS3	763								1
AgBr	705	0.2790	33.8				1.11	250	2
							0.93	300	2
							0.57	500	2
AgCl	728	0.3544	32.4				1.25	250	2
							1.12	295	1
							1.1	373	4
AgGaS2	1269	0.40	28.5		\|\| a		1.5	300	1
			–18.7 \|\| c						1
AgGaSe2	1129	0.30	35.5		\|\| a		1.1	300	1
			–15.0 \|\| c						1
AgGaTe2	990						1.0	300	3
β-AgI	423p	0.242					0.4	300	2
Al2O3	2319	0.777	6.65 \|\| a				58	250	2
			7.15 \|\| c				46	300	2
							24.2	500	2
Al6Si2O13	2190	0.75							2
AlAs	2013	0.452	3.5						1
			3.1				84	300	3
AlN	3273	0.796	5.27 \|\| a				500	250	2
			4.15 \|\| c				320	300	2
							150	500	2
ALON	2323	0.830	5.66				12.6	300	2
							7.0	500	2
AlP	2820						92	300	3
AlPO4	>1730		2.9				~6	300	1
AlSb	1330		4.2				60	300	3

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)
BaB2O4	1200p	0.49	4 \|\| a				1.2 \|\| a	300	2
	1370		34 \|\| c				1.6 \|\| c	300	2
BaF2	1550	0.4474	18.4				7.5	250	2
							12	300	2
							10.5	370	4
BaF2-CaF2	1330	0.13	21.0						1
Ba3Lu (BO3)3	1540
BaTiO3	278p	0.439	16.8		\|\| a		6	300	2
	406p		–9.07 \|\| c						2
	1870								1
BaY2F8	1230		17 \|\| a				6	300	5
			18.7		\|\| b				5
			19.4		\|\| c				5
Ba2NaNb5O12	1710	28.5 \|\| a	10.4		\|\| a,b				5
		–18.7 \|\| c	11.4		\|\| c				5
BeAl2O4	2140	0.830	6.3		\|\| a		23	300	5
			6.0		\|\| b				5
			6.5		\|\| c				5
Be2SiO4		0.84					3.3	300	2
Be3Al2Si6O18	1730	0.84	2.1		\|\| a		5	300	1
			2.7		\|\| c				1
BeO	2373p	1.028	5.64 \|\| a				420	250	2
	2725		7.47 \|\| c				350	300	2
							200	500	2
BiB3O6		0.5 (330 K)	48.1 (x)
			44 (y)
			–26.9 (z)
Bi4Ge3O12	1320		7						1
Bi12GeO20	1200		16.8						1
Bi2Te3	853						2.8	204	4
							3.6	303	4
							4.6	370	4
BN	1100p	0.513	3.5				760	300	2
	3240						36.2	1047	1,4
BP	1400d	0.71	3.65				460	250	2

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal			Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion			conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6	K)	(W/ m K)		T (K)	Ref.
			(10		K)

BP						360		300	2
C (diamond)	1770p	0.5169	1.25			2800		250	2
						2200		300	2
C (diamond)						1300		500	2
Ca(NbO3)2	1830								5
Ca2Al2SiO7	1860		11.4 \|\| a			3 \|\| c		300	6
						4.4	c	300	6
Ca3Gd2(BO3)3	1680
Ca3Y2(BO3)3	1630
Ca5(PO4)3F	1920	0.745	9.4 \|\| a						5
			10 \|\| c						5
CaCO3 ( calcite)	323p	0.8820	–3.7 \|\| a			5.1	\|\| a	250	2
	1610		25.1 \|\| c			6.2	\|\| c	250	2
						4.5	\|\| a	300	2
						5.4	\|\| c	300	2
						3.4	\|\| a	500	2
						4.2	\|\| c	500	2
CaF2	1424p	0.9113	18.9			39.0		83	5
	1630					13		250	2
						9.7		300	1,2
						5.5		500	2
CaLa2S4	2083	0.36	14.6			1.7		300	2
						1.5		500	2
CaMoO4	1750	0.690	19 \|\| a			3.95 \|\| a		300	5
			25 \|\| c			3.82 \|\| c		300	5
CaO	2890	0.75				18		450	1
CaTiO3	2250								7
CaWO4	1855	0.396	6.35 \|\| a			6		300	1,2
			12.38 \|\| c			11.3		422	2,4
CaY4(SiO4)O	2320		7.1 \|\| a						5
			5.1 \|\| c						5
CdCl2	781								1
CdF2	1370		27						1
CdGeS2	900p		8.4 \|\| a						2
	943		0.25 \|\| c						2

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)

CdI2	760								1
CdS	1560	0.3814	4.6		\|\| a		27	300	2
CdS			2.5		\|\| c		13	500	2
CdSe	1580	0.272	4.9		\|\| a		9	300	1,2
			2.9		\|\| c				2
CdTe	1320	0.210	5.0				8.2	250	2
							6.3	300	2
CsBr	908	0.2432	47.2				1.2	223	4
							0.85	300	2
							0.77	373	4
CsCl	918	0.3116	45.0				0.84	360	3
CsF	955	0.33	32				4.2	300	2
CsI	898	0.2032	48.6				1.4	223	4
							1.05	300	2
							0.95	373	4
CsLiB6O10	1120
Cu2GeS3	1210	0.51	7.2				1.2	300	3
Cu2GeSe3	1030	0.34	8.4				2.4	300	3
Cu2SnS3	1110	0.44	7.8				2.8	300	3
Cu2SnSe3	960	0.31	8.9				3.5	300	3
CuBr	777		19						1
CuCl	700	0.490	14.6				1.0	250	2
							0.8	300	2
							0.5	500	2
CuF	1181								3
CuGaS2	1553	0.452	11.2		\|\| a				2
			6.9		\|\| c				2
CuGase2	1970		5.4				4.2	300	3
CuGaTe2	2400		6.9				2.7	300	3
CuInSe2	1600		6.6				3.7	300	3
CuInTe2	1660		7.1				4.9	300	3
CuSnTe3	680						14.4	300	3
Ga2O3	2170	0.46							1

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal			Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion			conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6	K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10		K)

Ga2Se3	1020		8.9			50	300	3
Ga2Te3	1063					47	300	3
GaAs	1511	0.345	5.0			65	250	2
						54	300	2
						27	500	2
α-GaN	1160d	0.49	3.17 \|\| a			130 \|\| c	300	2
	2370		5.59 \|\| c					2
GaP	1740	0.435	5.3			120	250	2
						100	300	2
						45	500	2
GaS	1240							7
GaSe	1235							7
GaSb	720	0.079	6.9			44	300	1,2
Gd2(MoO4)3	1410	0.42						5
Gd3Ga5O12	2100					60	70	5
						9.0	300	1
Gd3Sc2Al3O12	2110	0.424	6.9			5.6	300	6
Gd3Sc2Ga3O12	2130	0.4023	7.32			6.1	300	6
Ge	1211	0.3230	5.7			74.9	250	2
						59.9	300	2
						33.8	500	2
GeO2	1360	0.54	4.5					1
HgI2	532							7
Hg2I2	563							7
Gd2(MoO4)3	1410	0.42						5
Gd3Ga5O12	2100					60	70	5
						9.0	300	1
Gd3Sc2Al3O12	2110	0.424	6.9			5.6	300	6
Gd3Sc2Ga3O12	2130	0.4023	7.32			6.1	300	6
Ge	1211	0.3230	5.7			74.9	250	2
Ge						59.9	300	2
						33.8	500	2
GeO2	1360	0.54	4.5					1

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)

HgI2	532								7
Hg2I2	563								7
HgInSe2	1053						3.0	300	3
HgInTe2	1053						3.0	300	3
HgS	857s	0.21							1
HgSe	Subl.		4.8				5.5	110	1
HgTe	943		4.8				12	100	1
InAs	1216	0.2518	4.4				50	250	2
							27.3	300	2
							15	500	2
α-InN	1373	0.32	2.9–3.8				55.6	300	3
InP	1345	0.3117	4.5				90	250	2
							68	300	2
							32	500	2
InSb	798	0.144	4.7				16	300	3
KAl3Si3O10 (OH)2	1473–1573	0.87	27				0.25–0.59	293	8
KBr	1007	0.4400	38.5				5.5	250	2
							4.8	300	2
							2.4	500	2
KCl	104	0.6936	36.5				8.5	250	2
							6.7	300	2
							3.8	500	2
KF	1131	0.8659	31.4				8.3	300	2
KH2PO4	123p	0.88	22.0		\|\| a		2.0	250	2
	450p		39.2		\|\| c		2.1	300	2
	526								2
KI	954	0.3192	40.3				2.1	300	2
KNbO3	223p		37						2
	498p								2
KTaO3							0.2	250	2
KTaO3							0.17	300	2
KTiOPO4	1210p	0.728	11 \|\| a				2.0 \|\| a	300	2
	1423		9 \|\| b				3.0 \|\| b	300	2
			0.6		\|\| c		3.3 \|\| c	300	2

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal					Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion					conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10		–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10				K)

K2NaAlF6	1210									6
La2B6O10	1107p									2
La2Be2O5	1630		7–7.9					4.7	300	1
			9.50 \|\| c							1
LaAlO3	2350		10
LaAlO3	2350
LaB3O6	1420
LaF3	1700	0.508	15.8			\|\| a		5.4	250	2
			11.0			\|\| c		5.1	300	2
LaCl3	1130	0.422								5
La2O2S			6	\|\| c						5
			3	\|\| a						5
LiBr	823									1
LiCaAlF6	1100	0.935	3.6			\|\| c		5.14 \|\| c	300	6
			22	\|\| c				4.58 c	300	6
LiCl	878	1.2	44							1
LiF	1115	1.6200	34.4					19	250	2
								14	300	2
								7.5	500	2
LiGdF4	1010
LiI	720		58							2
LiIO3	520p		28	\|\| a						2
	693		48	\|\| c						2
LiNbO3	1523	0.63	14.8			\|\| a		5.6	300	2
			4.1			\|\| c				2
LiSrAlF6	1065		–10.0 \|\| c					3.09 \|\|c		6
			18.8 \|\| c							6
LiTaO3	1932	0.42	4.1 \|\| c							6
			16.1 \|\| c							6
LiYF4	1092	0.79	13.3			\|\| a		6.3	300	2
LiYF4			8.3			\|\| c				2
Lu3Al5O12	2260		8.8					31	300	6
MgAl2O4	2408	0.8191	6.97					30	250	2
								25	300	2

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)

Mg2SiO4	2160	0.74	8.7		\|\| a				5
			15.4		\|\| b				5
			13.3		\|\| c				5
MgF2	1536	1.0236	9.4		\|\| a		30 \|\| a	300	2
			13.6		\|\| c		21 \|\| c	300	2
MgO	3073	0.9235	10.6				73	250	2
							59	300	2
							32	500	2
MnF2	1130	0.75	6.1						1
MnO	2112	0.67	13						1
Na3AlF6	1000								1
NaBr	1028	0.5046	41.8				5.6	300	2
NaCl	1074	0.8699	41.1				8	250	2
							6.5	300	2
							4	500	2
NaF	1266	1.1239	33.5				22	250	2
							17	500	2
NaI	934	0.3502	44.7				4.7	500	2
NaNO3	580	1.05	11 \|\| a						1
			12 \|\| c						1
[NH4] 2CO	408	1.551							1
NH4H2PO4	148p	1.26	27.2		\|\| a		1.26 \|\| a	300	2
	463		10.7		\|\| c		0.71 \|\| c	300	1,2
PbCl2	774	0.27	31						1
PbF2	422p	0.3029	29.0				28	300	2
	1094								1
PbI2	685	0.27	31						7
	1145d
PbMoO4	1338	0.326	8.7		\|\| a				2
PbMoO4			20.3		\|\| c				2
PbO (massicot)	1160	2.0							1
PbS	1390	0.209	19.0				2.5	300	2
PbSe	1338	0.175	19.4				2	250	2
							1.7	300	2

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal			Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion			conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6	K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10		K)

PbSe						1	500	2
PbTe	1190	0.151	19.8			2.5	250	2
						2.3	300	2
						1.8	500	2
PbTiO3	763p					4	300	2
						2.8	500	2
RbBr	966	0.31				12.2	105	1
RbCl	991	0.42	36			7.6	124	1
RbI	920	0.24	39			9.9	84	1
Se	490	0.3212	69.0 \|\| a			1.5 \|\| a	250	2
			–0.3 \|\| c			5.1 \|\| c	250	2
						1.3 \|\| a	300	2
						4.5 \|\| c	300	2
Si	1680	0.7139	2.62			191	250	2
						140	300	2
						73.6	500	2
Si3N4	>2300		1.1 \|\| a			33	300	1
			2.1 \|\| c					1
SiO2 (α-quartz)	845p	0.7400	12.38 \|\| a			7.5 \|\| a	250	2
			6.88 \|\| c			12.7 \|\| c	250	2
						6.2 \|\| a	300	2
						10.4 \|\| c	300	2
						3.9 \|\| a	500	2
						6.0 \|\| c	500	2
α-SiC	3110	0.690				450 \|\| a	300	2
β-SiC	3103d	0.670	2.77			490	300	2
SrF2	1710	0.6200	18.1			11	250	2
						8.3	300	2
SrGaO4	1870
SrGdGa3O7	1870							6
SrLaAl O4	1920
SrMoO4	1763	0.619				4.0 \|\| a	300	2
						4.2 \|\| c	300	2
SrTiO3	110p	0.536	8.3			12.5	250	2
	2358					11.2	300	2
Sr3Y(BO3)3	1670

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)		T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)

Sr3Y4(SiO4)3O	2270
Sr5(PO4)3F	2040	0.50					2.0		300	6
Sr5(VO4)3F	1920	0.513	7.3		\|\| a					6
			10.8		c					6
Ta2O5	2140									1
Te	621p	0.202	27.5		\|\| a		2.5 \|\| a		250	2
	723		–1.6 \|\| c				4.9	\|\| c	250	2
							2.1 \|\| a		300	2
							3.9	\|\| c	300	2
							1.5 \|\| a		500	2
							2.5	\|\| c	500	2
TeO2	1006	0.41	15.0		\|\| a		3		295	1,2
			4.9		\|\| c					2
ThO2	3600	0.24	7.8				15		300	1
TiO2	2128	0.6910	6.86 \|\| a				8.3 \|\| a		250	2
rutile			8.97 \|\| c				11.8	\|\| c	250	2
							7.4 \|\| a		300	2
							10.4	\|\| c	300	2
							5.5 \|\| a		500	2
							8.0	\|\| c	500	2
Tl[Br,Cl]	697	0.201	51				0.50		300	2
Tl[Br,I]	687	0.16	58				0.32		300	2
Tl3AsSe3	583	0.19	28 \|\| a				0.35		300	2
			18 \|\| c							2
TlBr	740	0.1778	51				0.53		300	2
TlCl	703	0.2198	52.7				0.74		300	2
Y2O3	2650	0.4567	6.56				13.5		300	2
YAlO3	2140	0.42	4.3–9.5 c				11		323	1
			11 \|\| c							1
YCa4O(BO3)3			7.38 (ave)				2.60 \|\| a		300
							2.33 \|\| b		300
							3.01 \|\| c		300
YVO4	~2100		11.4		\|\| a		5.1	\|\| a	300	1,6
			4.4		c		5.2	\|\| c	300	1,6
Y3Al5O12	2220	0.625	7.7				14.5		226	6
							13.4		300	1,2

Thermal Properties—continued

	Melting	Heat	Thermal				Thermal
	point	capacity	expansion				conductivity
Material	(K)	(J/g K)	(10	–6		K)	(W/ m K)	T (K)	Ref.
			(10			K)

							9.5	322	6
Y3Fe5O12	1830		10.4				41.0	70	5
							7.4	300	5
Y3Ga5O12	2100						39	70	5
							9.0	300	5
Y3Sc2Al3O12	2170	0.57	6.5				11	300	6
Y3Sc2Ga3O12	2180	0.534	8.1				7.3	300	6
ZnCl2	563	0.525					0.313	562.9	8
ZnF2	1140	0.63	9.8						1
ZnGeAs2	1150						11	300	3
ZnGeP2	1225p		7.8		\|\| a		18	300	3
	1300		5.0		\|\| c				3
ZnO	2248	0.495	6.5		\|\| a		30	300	2
			3.7		\|\| c		15	500	2
α-ZnS	2100	0.4723	6.54 \|\| a						2
α-ZnS			4.59 \|\| c						2
			4.59 \|\| c						2
β-ZnS	1293p	0.4732	6.8				16.7	300	2
ZnSe	1790	0.339	7.1				13	300	2
ZnSnAs2	1048						15	300	3
ZnSnSb2	870						7.6	300	3
ZnTe	1510	0.218	8.4				10	300	1
ZrO2	~3000	0.42	8.8				10.5	260	1
ZrO2:	3110	0.46	10.2				1.8	300	2
12%Y2O3							1.9	500	2
ZrSiO4	2820	2.7					6.3	300	1

p – phase change, d – decomposes

References:

1.Ballard, S. S. and Browder, J. S., Thermal properties, Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol. IV, Optical Materials, Part 2 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1986), p. 49.

2.Tropf, W. J., Thomas, M. F., and Harris, T. J., Properties of crystals and glasses, Handbook of Optics, Vol. 2 (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1995), p. 33.51.

3.Berger, L. I. and Pamplin, B. R., Properties of semiconductors, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd edition, Lide, D. R., Ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001), p. 12-87.

4.Powell, R. L. and Childs, G. E., American Institute of Physics Handbook, 3rd Edition, Gray, D. E., Ed. (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972).

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