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1.2.3 Biaxial Crystals

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Al2(MoO4)3

3.495

–

–

Insoluble

Al2(WO4)3

5.079

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

Al2Ge2O7

4.06

–

–

Insoluble

Al2SiO4F2

3.57

8 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

Al2SiO5-andalusite

3.13

6.5 (Mohs)

(110)

Insoluble

Al2SiO5-kyanite

3.6

4–7.5 (Mohs)

(100)-p

Insoluble

Al2SiO5-sillimanite

3.25

6.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

Al4B2O9

2.904

–

–

–

Al6Ge2O13

3.662

–

–

Insoluble

Al6Si2O13

3.19

1750

(010)-i

Insoluble

AlHfTaO6

8.33

–

–

Insoluble

AlNb11O29

4.46

–

–

Insoluble

AlNbO4

4.673

–

–

Insoluble

AlTaO4

6.86

–

–

Insoluble

As2S3

3.49

1.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

AsS

3.56

1.5 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

AsSbS3

3.92

1.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

Ba2CaMgAl2F14

4.204

3.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

 

Ba2CdMgAl2F14

4.735

–

–

–

Ba2LiNb5O15

–

–

–

Insoluble

Ba2NaNb5O15

5.41

–

–

Insoluble

Ba2Zn3F10

5.26

–

–

–

Ba2ZnAlF9

4.909

–

–

–

Ba2ZnGaF9

5.169

–

–

–

Ba3Al2F12

4.37

–

–

–

Ba3TiAl10O20

4.13

–

–

–

BaAl2B2O7

3.559

–

–

–

BaAl2Ge2O8

–

–

–

Insoluble

BaAl2Si2O8

3.96

6–6.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

BaBe2Si2O7

4.00

7 (Mohs)

(001)(100)-p

Insoluble

BaCa2Mg(SiO4)2

3.974

–

–

Insoluble

BaCa2Si3O9

3.73

3.5 (Mohs)

(011)(010)-p

Insoluble

BaCdAlF7

5.04

–

–

–

BaCdGaF7

5.406

–

–

–

BaCO3

4.31

3.5 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Very slightly soluble

BaGaF5

5.104

–

–

–

BaGe2O5

5.85

–

–

Insoluble

BaGeAl6O12

4.031

–

–

–

BaGeGa6O12

5.201

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

BaGeO3

5.072

–

–

Insoluble

BaMgF4

4.538

–

–

–

BaNb2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

BaSO4

4.50

3 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

BaTa2O6

7.824

–

–

Insoluble

BaTi4O9

4.52

–

–

Insoluble

BaTiAl6O12

3.791

–

–

–

BaTiGa6O12

4.981

–

–

–

BaY2F8

5.047

250–350

–

–

BaY2O4

5.806

–

–

–

BaZnF4

5.178

–

–

–

β-BaSi2O5

3.77

5 (Mohs)

(001)

Insoluble

β-Ca2SiO4

3.31

6 (Mohs)

(100)-i

Insoluble

Be2BO3F

2.37

7.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

BeAl2O4

3.75

1600–2300 (V)

None

Insoluble

BeAl6O10

3.75

–

–

–

β-Ga2O3

5.95

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

Bi2Al4O9

6.229

–

–

–

Bi2GeO5

–

–

–

Insoluble

Bi2Mo2O9

6.518

–

–

Insoluble

Bi2Mo3O12

6.196

–

(100)-p

Insoluble

Bi2O3

9.37

–

–

Very slightly soluble

Bi2SiO5

–

–

–

Insoluble

Bi2WO6

7.35

3.5 (Mohs)

–

–

Bi3TiNbO9

–

–

–

Insoluble

Bi4B2O9

8.185

–

–

–

Bi4Ti3O12

8.045

313

–

Insoluble

γ-Bi2MoO6

7.068

–

–

–

BiB3O6

5.03

5–5.5 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

BiNbO4

–

–

–

Insoluble

BiSbO4

8.48

–

–

Insoluble

BiTaO4

8.958

–

–

Insoluble

BiVO4-clinobisvanite

6.95

–

–

–

BiVO4-pucherite

6.63

4 (Mohs)

(001)-p

–

Ca(IO3)2

4.48

3.5 (Mohs)

(011)-i

–

Ca2(AsO4)Cl

–

–

(010)-p

–

Ca2(PO4)Cl

–

–

(010)-p

–

Ca2(PO4)F

–

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

Ca2(VO4)Cl

3.075

–

(010)-p

–

Ca2Al2O5

3.73

–

–

–

Ca2B6O11

2.85

–

–

–

Ca2BO3Cl

2.766

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Ca2Nb2O7

–

–

–

Insoluble

Ca2Sb2O7

5.204

–

–

Insoluble

Ca2V2O7

3.36

5.5 (Mohs)

(110)-p

–

Ca3(VO4)2

3.16

–

(110)(001)-p

–

Ca3Al2O6

3.017

–

–

–

Ca3Ga4O9

4.208

–

–

–

Ca3MgSi2O8

3.31

6 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Ca3Si2O7

2.96

5.5 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

Ca5Al6O14

3.03

–

(001)-p

–

Ca5Ga6O14

4.18

5 (Mohs)

–

–

CaAl2F8

2.89

4.5 (Mohs)

(111)-p

Insoluble

CaAl2O4

2.942

–

–

–

CaAl2Si2O8

2.76

6–6.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

CaAl4O7

2.894

8.5 (Mohs)

–

–

CaAlB3O7

3.44

7.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

CaAlBO4

2.60

–

–

–

CaB2O4

2.702

–

–

–

CaB2Si2O8

3.00

7 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

CaB3O5F

2.729

–

–

Insoluble

CaB4O7

2.69

–

–

–

CaBa(CO3)2

3.67

4 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Very slightly soluble

CaBe(PO4)F

2.95

5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

CaBe2(PO4)2

2.89

6 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

CaCO3-aragonite

2.93

3.5–4 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Very slightly soluble

CaGa2O4

4.333

–

–

–

CaGe2O5

4.868

–

–

Insoluble

CaIn2O4

6.15

–

–

–

CaMg(PO4)F

–

–

–

Insoluble

CaMgAsO4F

3.77

5 (Mohs)

(101)-i

Very slightly soluble

CaMgB2O5

3.02

4.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Very slightly soluble

CaMgGe2O6

4.265

–

–

Insoluble

CaMgSi2O6

3.26

6.5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

CaMgSiO4

3.06

5.5 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

CaNb2O6

4.78

5.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

CaSc2O4

3.897

–

–

Insoluble

CaSiO3

2.9

5 (Mohs)

(100)-p

Insoluble

CaSnO3

5.759

–

–

Insoluble

CaSnSiO5

4.56

4 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

CaSO4

2.96

3.5 (Mohs)

(010)(100)

Very slightly soluble

CaTa2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

CaTiO3

4.04

–

–

Insoluble

CaTiSiO5

3.53

5.5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

CaV2O6

3.59

–

(100)(001)-p

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

CaYBO4

3.783

–

–

–

CaZnGe2O6

4.807

–

–

Insoluble

CaZnSiO4

4.25

5 (Mohs)

(010)(100)

Insoluble

CaZrSi2O7

3.63

–

–

Insoluble

CaZrTi2O7

4.407

–

–

Insoluble

Cd2B2O5

5.24

–

–

–

Cd2GeO4

6.313

–

–

Insoluble

CdB4O7

3.51

–

–

–

CdWO4

8.005

–

–

–

Cs2BeF4

4.128

–

–

–

Cs2CdBr4

4.069

–

–

–

Cs2HgI4

4.357

–

–

–

Cs2MgCl4

2.952

–

–

–

Cs2ZnBr4

4.034

–

–

–

Cs2ZnCl4

3.357

–

–

–

CsB3O5

3.39

–

–

Soluble

CsGd(MoO4)2

–

–

(100)-p

–

CsLiBeF4

3.411

–

–

–

CsLiSO4

3.455

–

–

Very soluble

CsNbB2O6

–

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

CsLiSO4

3.455

–

–

Very soluble

CsNbB2O6

–

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

CsTiOAsO4

4.511

–

None

Insoluble

CsZnAlF6

4.04

–

–

–

Ga2(WO4)3

–

–

(010)-p

–

Ga2GeO5

4.97

–

–

Insoluble

GaNbO4

5.01

–

–

Insoluble

Gd(BO2)3

4.84

–

–

–

Gd2(MoO4)3

4.65

–

–

–

Gd2(WO4)3

7.475

–

–

–

Gd2GeO5

–

–

–

Insoluble

Gd2MoO6

7.068

–

–

–

Gd2O2SO4

6.483

–

–

–

Gd2O3

8.33

–

–

–

Gd2SiO5

6.77

6 (Mohs)

(100)-p

Insoluble

Gd2Sr3(BO3)4

5.266

–

–

–

Gd2WO6

8.339

–

–

–

Gd3NbO7

7.459

–

–

Insoluble

Gd3TaO7

8.414

–

–

Insoluble

Gd4Al2O9

6.467

–

–

–

α-Ga4GeO8

5.65

–

–

Insoluble

GdAlGe2O7

–

–

–

Insoluble

GdAlO3

7.437

–

–

Insoluble

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

GdGaGe2O7

6.08

–

–

Insoluble

GdMgB5O10

4.309

–

–

–

GdNbO4

–

–

–

Insoluble

GdP5O14

3.55

–

–

Insoluble

GdPO4

5.986

470

–

Insoluble

GdScO3

6.642

–

–

Insoluble

HfO2

10.11

–

–

Insoluble

HgCl2

5.490

–

–

–

HgO

11.14

1.5–2.0 (Mohs)

(010)-p

–

HIO3

4.637

–

–

–

In2(MoO4)3

3.92

–

–

–

In2(WO4)3

5.619

–

(010)-p

–

InCaBO4

4.536

–

–

–

InGaO3

6.447

–

–

–

InNbO4

6.27

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

InPO4

4.830

–

–

Insoluble

InTaO4

8.296

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

InVO4

4.50

–

–

Insoluble

K2CaSiO4

2.865

–

–

Insoluble

K3Gd(VO4)2

3.15

–

–

Slightly soluble

K3La(PO4)2

5.293

–

–

Insoluble

K3Lu(VO4)2

3.15

–

–

Slightly soluble

K3Y(VO4)2

3.15

–

–

Slightly soluble

KAlSi3O8

2.57

6 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

KAl3Si3O10(OH)2

2.78

–

–

Insoluble

KBF4

2.51

–

–

Slightly soluble

KB5O8•4H2O

1.740

2.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

–

KGaSi3O8

2.887

–

–

Insoluble

KIn(MoO4)2

4.17

–

–

–

KLaP4O12

–

–

–

Insoluble

KLu(WO4)2

7.759

–

–

–

KNbB2O6

3.151

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

KNbO3

4.617

–

–

Insoluble

KNO3

2.11

2 (Mohs)

(011)-p

Soluble

KPb2Cl5

4.78

2.5 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

KTaB2O6

4.262

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

KTaO3

5.996 ?

–

–

Insoluble

KTi3NbO9

3.88

–

–

Insoluble

KTiNbO5

3.82

–

–

Insoluble

KTiOAsO4

3.454

–

None

Insoluble

KTiOPO4

3.024

702

None

Insoluble

KVO3

2.879

–

(010)-p

–

KY(MoO4)2

5.40

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

KY(WO4)2

6.56

–

–

–

LaB3O6

4.216

–

(010)-p

–

La2(WO4)3

6.626

–

–

–

La2Ba3(BO3)4

5.353

–

–

–

La2Be2O5

6.061

900(100)

(010)-i

Insoluble

La2Ca3(BO3)4

4.157

–

–

–

La2O2SO4

5.467

–

–

–

La2SiO5

–

–

–

Insoluble

La2Sr3(BO3)4

4.783

–

–

–

La2Ti2O7

5.782

648

(010)-p

Insoluble

La2TiO5

5.5

–

–

Insoluble

La3NbO7

6.25

–

–

Insoluble

La3SbO7

6.558

–

–

Insoluble

La3TaO7

7.139

–

–

Insoluble

LaAlGe2O7

5.18

–

–

Insoluble

LaBMoO6

5.293

–

–

–

LaBO3

5.304

–

–

–

LaBWO6

6.185

–

–

–

LaGaGe2O7

–

–

–

Insoluble

LaGaO3

7.21

–

–

Insoluble

LaInO3

–

–

–

–

LaMgB5O10

3.923

–

–

–

LaNb5O15

6.264

–

–

Insoluble

LaNbO4

5.914

–

–

Insoluble

LaP5O14

3.290

–

–

Insoluble

LaPO4

5.067

5.5 (Mohs)

(100)-i

Insoluble

LaSbO4

6.30

–

–

Insoluble

LaScO3

5.79

–

–

Insoluble

LaVO4

–

–

–

Insoluble

LaY(WO4)3

6.53

–

–

–

Li2BeSiO4

2.69

7 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

Li2CO3

2.097

–

–

Slightly soluble

Li2GeO3

3.489

–

–

Insoluble

Li2MgGeO4

3.31

–

–

Insoluble

Li2SiO3

2.527

–

–

Insoluble

Li3La2(BO3)3

4.50

–

–

–

Li3PO4

2.48

4 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

Li3VO4

2.645

–

–

Insoluble

Li3Y2(BO3)3

3.50

–

–

–

Li5AlO4

2.251

–

–

–

Li6Al2(BO3)4

2.58

–

–

–

Li6Lu(BO3)3

3.538

–

–

–

Li6Y(BO3)3

2.76

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

LiAl(MoO4)2

3.95

–

–

–

LiAl(PO4)F

3.10

5.5 (Mohs)

(100)(110)-p

Insoluble

LiAlGe2O6

4.354

–

–

Insoluble

LiAlSi2O6

3.1

7 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

LiAlSi4O10

2.40

6.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

LiBaAlF6

4.114

–

–

–

LiBaGaF6

4.526

–

–

–

LiBO2

2.883

–

–

–

LiB3O5

2.474

7 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

LiGa(WO4)2

7.44

–

–

–

LiGaGe2O6

4.783

–

–

Insoluble

LiGaO2

4.175

–

–

Insoluble

LiGaSi2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

LiGdO2

6.246

–

–

–

LiGdP4O12

–

–

–

Insoluble

LiIn(MoO4)2

4.149

–

–

–

LiIn(WO4)2

7.47

–

–

–

LiInGe2O6

5.041

–

–

Insoluble

LiInSi2O6

4.071

–

–

Insoluble

LiInSiO4

4.160

–

–

Insoluble

LiLa(MoO4)2

4.551

–

–

–

LiLaO2

6.18

–

–

Soluble

LiLaP4O12

–

–

–

Insoluble

LiLu(WO4)2

8.02

–

–

–

LiLuGeO4

5.98

–

–

Insoluble

LiLuP4O12

–

–

–

Insoluble

LiLuSiO4

5.46

–

–

Insoluble

LiSc(WO4)2

6.716

–

–

–

LiScGe2O6

4.157

–

–

Insoluble

LiScGeO4

3.928

–

–

Insoluble

LiScSi2O6

3.090

–

–

Insoluble

LiScSiO4

3.183

–

–

Insoluble

LiVO3

2.971

–

(100)-p

Insoluble

LiY(WO4)2

6.83

–

–

–

LiYGeO4

4.365

–

–

Insoluble

LiYO2

6.258

–

–

–

LiYSiO4

3.746

–

–

Insoluble

LiZnBO3

3.64

–

–

–

Lu2MoO6

8.167

–

–

–

Lu2O2SO4

7.854

–

–

–

Lu2SiO5

5.892

6.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Lu2WO6

9.718

–

–

–

LuCaBO4

6.036

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

LuP5O14

3.72

–

–

Insoluble

LuTaO4

9.761

–

–

Insoluble

Mg2(PO4)F

3.15

5 (Mohs)

(100)-i

Insoluble

Mg2B2O5

2.910

5.5 (Mohs)

(hk0)-p

Insoluble

Mg2BO3F

2.784

–

–

Insoluble

Mg2GeO4

4.028

–

–

Insoluble

Mg2SiO4

3.22

7 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

Mg3(PO4)2

2.76

–

(100)(010)

Insoluble

Mg3B2O6

3.04

6.5 (Mohs)

(110)-p

Insoluble

Mg3B7O13Cl

2.95

7 (Mohs)

None

Slightly soluble

Mg3TiB2O8

3.35

3.5 (Mohs)

(100)-p

Insoluble

Mg4Al8Si2O20

3.489

7.5 (Mohs)

(010)(001)-i

Insoluble

Mg4Ga8Ge2O20

–

–

–

Insoluble

Mg5(BO3)3F

3.112

–

–

Insoluble

MgAl3BSiO9

2.98

7.5 (Mohs)

(100)-p

Insoluble

MgAlBO4

3.45

7 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

MgGaBO4

4.285

–

–

Insoluble

MgGeO3

4.282

–

–

Insoluble

MgMoO4

3.809

–

–

–

MgSiO3

3.21

5–6 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

MgTi(SO4)3

2.82

–

–

–

MgTi2O5

3.649

–

–

Insoluble

MgWO4

6.893

–

–

–

Na(Sr,Ba)PO4

2.919

–

–

Insoluble

Na2BaTi2Si4O14

3.43

6 (Mohs)

(100)-i

Insoluble

Na2BeF4

2.482

–

–

–

Na2BeSi2O6

2.70

6 (Mohs)

(100)-i

Insoluble

Na2Ca(PO4)F

2.88

–

–

Insoluble

Na2CaMg(PO4)2

3.10

4.5 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

Na2GeO3

3.319

–

–

Insoluble

Na2KTiNbSi4O14

2.968

6.5 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

Na2LiAlF6

2.98

–

(001)-p

Slightly soluble

Na2LiYSi6O15

2.76

–

–

Insoluble

Na2MgAlF7

2.97

3.5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Slightly soluble

Na2MgGaF7

3.359

–

–

–

Na2MgInF7

3.627

–

–

–

Na2MgScF7

2.853

–

–

–

Na2MgSiO4

2.75

–

–

Insoluble

Na2Si2O5

–

–

(100)-p

Slightly soluble

Na2SiO3

2.64

–

–

Insoluble

Na2Ti2Si2O9

3.44

6 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

Na2ZnCl4

2.382

–

–

–

Na3AlF6

2.90

2.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Slightly soluble

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Na3GdSi3O9

3.439

–

–

Insoluble

Na3La(BO3)2

3.49

–

–

–

Na3La2(BO3)3

4.19

–

–

–

Na3ScSi2O7

2.861

–

–

Insoluble

Na3YSi3O9

2.962

–

–

Insoluble

NaAl(AsO4)F

3.64

5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Slightly soluble

NaAl(PO4)F

3.126

4.5 (Mohs)

(111)-i

Insoluble

NaAlGeO4

3.337

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

NaAlSi3O8

2.63

6–6.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

NaBePO4

2.81

5.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

NaBF4

2.53

3 (Mohs)

(100)(010)

Soluble

NaCaPO4

3.117

3 (Mohs)

–

–

NaCdPO4

4.10

–

–

–

NaGaGe2O6

4.864

–

–

Insoluble

NaGaGeO4

4.028

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

NaGaSiO4

3.336

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

NaGdGeO4

5.366

–

–

Insoluble

NaGdP2O7

4.287

–

–

Insoluble

NaGdP4O12

3.45

–

–

Insoluble

NaGdSiO4

–

–

–

Insoluble

NaIn(MoO4)2

4.02

–

–

–

NaLaP2O7

3.803

–

–

Insoluble

NaLaP4O12

3.4

–

–

Insoluble

NaLiV2O6

2.962

–

–

–

NaLuGeO4

6.025

–

–

Insoluble

NaLuP2O7

4.114

–

–

Insoluble

NaLuSiO4

5.435

–

–

Insoluble

NaMgF3

3.06

–

–

–

NaNbO3

4.57

5.5 (Mohs)

–

Insoluble

NaScGeO4

3.39

–

–

Insoluble

NaScSi2O6

3.22

–

–

Insoluble

NaSr3Al3F16

3.51

4 (Mohs)

None

Slightly soluble

NaTaO3

7.123

–

–

Insoluble

NaVO3

2.91

–

(110)-p

0.8

NaYGeO4

4.302

–

–

Insoluble

NaYO2

4.382

–

–

Slightly soluble

NaYSiO4

4.083

–

–

Insoluble

NaZnF3

4.105

–

–

–

NH4B5O8•4H2O

1.57

2.5 (Mohs)

(100)-p

–

Pb2KNb5O15

6.143

–

(001)

Insoluble

Pb2NaNb5O15

–

–

–

Insoluble

Pb2V2O7

6.46

3 (Mohs)

–

-

Pb3(PO4)2

7.456

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Pb3(VO4)2

7.44

–

–

–

Pb3GeO5

–

–

–

Insoluble

Pb3MgNb2O9

–

–

–

Insoluble

Pb3ZnNb2O9

–

–

–

Insoluble

PbBi2Nb2O9

6.684

–

–

Insoluble

PbBr2

6.693

–

(001)-p

–

PbCl2

5.85

31

(001)-p

0.99 (20)

PbCO3

6.55

3 (Mohs)

(110)(021)-i

Very slightly soluble

PbGeO3

6.968

–

–

Insoluble

PbO (massicot)

9.642

 

(100)-p

–

PbNb2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

PbSeO3

7.12

3.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

–

PbSeO4

7.08

3.5 (Mohs)

None

–

PbSiO3

6.32

4.5 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Insoluble

PbSO4

6.32

3.5 (Mohs)

(001)(210)

Insoluble

PbTa2O6

7.65

–

–

Insoluble

PbTiP2O8

–

–

–

Insoluble

PbZnSiO4

6.13

3 (Mohs)

(120)-i

Insoluble

RbAlSiO4

–

–

–

Insoluble

RbB5O8•4H2O

1.946

2.5 (Mohs)

–

–

Rb2BeF4

3.749

–

–

–

RbBi(MoO4)2

5.52

–

–

–

RbGd2Br7

4.79

–

–

Slightly soluble

RbLa(WO4)2

6.88

–

–

–

RbNbB2O6

3.584

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

RbTaB2O6

4.65

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

RbTiOAsO4

4.018

–

None

Insoluble

RbTiOPO4

3.647

–

None

Insoluble

Sb2O3

5.83

2.5–3 (Mohs)

(110)-p

Insoluble

SbNbO4

5.68

5.5 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

SbTaO4

7.53

5–5.5 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Insoluble

Sc(PO3)3

2.736

–

–

Insoluble

Sc2(MoO4)3

3.102

–

–

–

Sc2(WO4)3

4.566

–

(010)-p

Slightly soluble

Sc2Si2O7

–

–

–

Insoluble

(Sc,Y)2Si2O7

3.39

6.5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

Sc2SiO5

3.49

–

–

Insoluble

Sc2TiO5

3.611

–

–

Insoluble

ScAlBeO4

–

–

None

Insoluble

ScCaBO4

3.319

–

–

–

ScGaO3

5.10

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

ScGe2O5

5.286

–

–

Insoluble

ScMgBO4

3.287

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

ScNbO4

4.843

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

ScTaO4

6.90

–

(010)-p

Insoluble

Sr2(AsO4)Cl

–

–

(010)-p

–

Sr2(VO4)Br

4.342

–

–

–

Sr2(VO4)Cl

3.883

–

(010)-p

–

Sr2KNb5O15

–

–

–

Insoluble

Sr2KTa5O15

–

–

–

Insoluble

Sr2NaNb5O15

5.19

–

–

Insoluble

Sr2Nb2O7

5.204

–

–

Insoluble

Sr2Ta2O7

7.074

–

–

Insoluble

SrAl2Ge2O8

3.714

–

–

Insoluble

SrAl2O4

3.554

–

–

–

SrAl2Si2O8

3.13

–

–

Insoluble

SrAl4O7

3.266

–

–

–

SrB2O4

3.350

–

–

–

SrCO3

3.79

3.5 (Mohs)

(010)-i

Very slightly soluble

SrGa2O4

4.85

–

–

–

SrGa2Si2O8

3.797

–

–

Insoluble

SrGd2O4

7.287

–

–

Insoluble

SrIn2O4

6.854

–

–

–

SrLu2O4

8.496

–

–

Insoluble

SrNb2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

SrSc2O4

–

–

–

Insoluble

SrSiO3

3.66

–

–

Insoluble

SrSO4

3.97

3 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

SrTa2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

SrY2O4

5.344

–

–

–

SrZnGe2O6

–

–

–

Insoluble

TeO2

6.00

2 (Mohs)

(010)-p

Very slightly soluble

TlNbB2O6

–

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

TlTaB2O6

–

–

(001)-p

Insoluble

V2O5

3.37

–

–

–

Y2(MoO4)3

3.3

–

–

Very soluble

Y2(WO4)3

–

–

(010)-p

Very soluble

Y2BeO4

4.582

–

–

Insoluble

Y2GdSbO7

6.443

–

–

Insoluble

Y2GdTaO7

7.102

–

–

Insoluble

Y2GeO5

–

–

–

Insoluble

Y2MgBe2Si2O10

4.152

6.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Y2MoO6

5.366

–

–

–

Y2O2SO4

4.813

–

–

–

Y2Si2O7

4.3

6 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Y2SiO5

4.543

6.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Biaxial Crystalline Materials—continued

Biaxial

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Y2Ti2SiO9

–

–

–

Insoluble

Y2WO6

6.818

–

–

–

Y3SbO7

5.699

–

–

Insoluble

Y3TaO7

6.413

–

–

Insoluble

Y4Al2O9

4.518

–

–

Insoluble

YAlO3

5.35

1030–1450

(110)-p

Insoluble

YCa4O(BO3)3

–

6–6.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

YCaGaBe2Si2O10

4.107

6.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

YF3

5.056

–

–

–

YGd2Nb2O9

6.802

–

–

Insoluble

YHfTaO6

8.13

–

–

Insoluble

YNbO4

5.58

–

–

Insoluble

YP5O14

–

–

–

Insoluble

YScO3

4.94

–

–

Insoluble

YTaO4

7.579

–

–

Insoluble

YTiTaO6

6.51

–

–

Insoluble

Zn3(AsO3)2

4.27

5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

Zn3(BO3)2

4.12

–

–

–

ZnB4O7

3.07

–

–

–

ZnWO4

7.87

–

–

–

ZrO2

5.82

6.5 (Mohs)

(001)-p

Insoluble

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

1.3 Optical Properties*

The optical properties of crystals in this section are grouped into three tables: isotropic crystals, uniaxial crystals, and biaxial crystals. Materials are listed alphabetically in order of the chemical formulas. The following properties are included:

Transmission Range: Electronic and lattice absorption edges are given in terms of the wavelengths between which the transmission of a 1-mm-thick sample at 300 K is ≥ 10%. The values cited are approximate and are intended to as a general guide because many factors such as impurities, imperfections, temperature, crystallographic orientations, and compositional variations can affect the values.

Band Gap: Band gap data for transitions at room temperature unless noted otherwise. The energy gap depends on the structure of the material and varies with direction in anisotropic crystals. Optical transition: (D) – direct, (I) – indirect.

Refraction Index (n): For isotropic crystals, there is only one refractive index. Uniaxial crystals with tetragonal, hexagonal, and trigonal (or rhombohedral) symmetry exhibit a unique index of refraction (symbolized as e or ε) when light vibrates parallel to the c-axis (the extraordinary ray). For light vibrating at 90° to the c-axis (the ordinary ray), the refractive indices are the same (symbolized as o or ω) in all 360° directions. Biaxial crystals with orthorhombic, monoclinic, and triclinic symmetry possess three significant indices of refraction, commonly symbolized as x, y, z or α, β, γ in the order from smallest to largest.

Unless specified, the refraction indices are the average values for standard daylight or are the values measured at 632.8 nm at room temperature (the differences in the daylight and He-Ne values are within 0.1%). In a few instances, e.g., tellurides, these materials are opaque to visible light so that the refractive indices are measured with an infrared light source. In these cases, the wavelength used is listed with parentheses.

Birefringence (∆n): Birefringence of anisotropic materials is a measure of the maximum difference of the refractive indices within a crystal for a given wavelength.

Dispersion formulas: Refractive indices at specific wavelengths within specified ranges can be derived from dispersion formulas given in Section 1.3.4. Note that several different functional forms have been used to represent the dispersion of the refractive index.

Thermooptic coefficients (dn/dt): Thermooptic coefficients of optical crystals at various wavelengths are given in Section 1.3.5.

* This section was adapted from “Optical crystals” by B. H. T. Chai, Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Suppl. 2, Optical Materials (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995), p. 3 ff (with additions).

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC