- •Preface
- •The Author
- •Contributors
- •Table of Contents
- •1.1 Introduction*
- •1.2.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.2.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.2.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.3.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.3.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.4 Dispersion Formulas for Refractive Indices
- •1.3.5 Thermooptic Coefficients
- •1.4 Mechanical Properties
- •1.4.1 Elastic Constants
- •1.4.2 Elastic Moduli
- •1.4.3 Engineering Data
- •1.5 Thermal Properties
- •1.5.1 Melting Point, Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, and Thermal Conductivity
- •1.5.2 Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity for Selected Solids
- •1.5.3 Debye Temperature
- •1.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •1.6.1 Diamagnetic Materials
- •1.6.2 Paramagnetic Materials
- •1.6.3 Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, and Ferrimagnetic Materials
- •1.7 Electrooptic Properties
- •1.7.1 Linear Electrooptic Coefficients
- •1.7.2 Quadratic Electrooptic Materials
- •1.8 Elastooptic Properties
- •1.8.1 Elastooptic Coefficients
- •1.8.2 Acoustooptic Materials
- •1.9 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •1.9.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •1.9.2 Two-Photon Absorption*
- •1.9.3 Second Harmonic Generation Coefficients
- •1.9.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •1.9.5 Optical Phase Conjugation Materials*
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Commercial Optical Glasses
- •2.2.1 Optical Properties
- •2.2.3 Mechanical Properties
- •2.2.4 Thermal Properties
- •2.3 Specialty Optical Glasses
- •2.3.1 Optical Properties
- •2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
- •2.3.3 Thermal Properties
- •2.4 Fused (Vitreous) Silica*
- •2.5 Fluoride Glasses
- •2.5.1 Fluorozirconate Glasses
- •2.5.2 Fluorohafnate Glasses
- •2.5.3 Other Fluoride Glasses
- •2.6 Chalcogenide Glasses
- •2.7 Magnetooptic Properties
- •2.7.1 Diamagnetic Glasses
- •2.7.2 Paramagnetic Glasses
- •2.8 Electrooptic Properties
- •2.9 Elastooptic Properties
- •2.10 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •2.10.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •2.10.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •2.10.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •2.10.4 Brillouin Phase Conjugation
- •2.11 Special Glasses
- •2.11.1 Filter Glasses
- •2.11.2 Laser Glasses
- •2.11.3 Faraday Rotator Glasses
- •2.11.4 Gradient-Index Glasses
- •2.11.5 Mirror Substrate Glasses
- •2.11.6 Athermal Glasses
- •2.11.7 Acoustooptic Glasses
- •2.11.8 Abnormal Dispersion Glass
- •3.1 Optical Plastics
- •3.2 Index of Refraction
- •3.3 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •3.4 Thermal Properties
- •3.5 Engineering Data
- •4.1 Physical Properties of Selected Metals
- •4.2 Optical Properties
- •4.3 Mechanical Properties
- •4.4 Thermal Properties
- •4.5 Mirror Substrate Materials
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Water
- •5.2.1 Physical Properties
- •5.2.2 Absorption
- •5.2.3 Index of Refraction
- •5.3 Physical Properties of Selected Liquids
- •5.3.1 Thermal conductivity
- •5.3.2 Viscosity
- •5.3.3 Surface Tension
- •5.3.4 Absorption
- •5.4 Index of Refraction
- •5.4.1 Organic Liquids
- •5.4.2 Inorganic Liquids
- •5.4.3 Calibration Liquids
- •5.4.4 Abnormal Dispersion Liquids
- •5.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •5.5.1 Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections
- •5.5.2 Nonlinear Refraction
- •5.5.3 Kerr Constants
- •5.5.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •5.5.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering
- •5.5.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
- •5.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •5.6.1 Verdet Constants of Inorganic Liquids
- •5.6.2 Verdet Constants of OrganicLiquids
- •5.6.3 Dispersion of the Verdet Constants
- •5.7 Commercial Optical Liquids
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Physical Properties of Selected Gases
- •6.3 Index of Refraction
- •6.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •6.4.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •6.5 Magnetooptic Properties
- •6.6 Atomic Resonance Filters
- •Appendices
- •Safe Handling of Optical Materials
- •Fundamental Physical Constants
- •Units and Conversion Factors
5.5.3 Kerr Constants
DC Kerr Constants of Pure Liquids
|
DC Kerr |
|
DC Kerr |
|
constant B0 |
|
constant B0 |
Liquid |
(10–16 (m/V2) |
Liquid |
(10–16 (m/V2) |
acetone, C3H6O |
1814 |
cyclohexane, C6H12 |
8.2 |
benzene, C6H6 |
66 |
ethanol, C2H6O |
85.5 |
carbon disulfide, CS2 |
358.9 |
hexane, C6H14 |
5.0 |
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 |
8.2 |
methanol, CH4O |
107.9 |
bronobenzene, C6H5Br |
1012 |
nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 |
28500 |
cyclohexane, C6H12 |
8.2 |
toluene, C7H8 |
83.3 |
|
|
|
|
Measurements made at a wavelength of 589.3 nm and 293 K.
Reference:
1.Shen, Y. R., Electrostriction, optical Kerr effect and self-focusing of laser beams, Phys. Lett. 20, 378–380 (1966).
DC Kerr Response of Binary Liquids
|
|
Molar |
Wave- |
Linear |
|
n(2) |
− n(2) |
|
|
fraction |
length |
refract. |
Temp. |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
1111 |
1122 |
Material A |
Material B |
A |
(nm) |
index |
(°C) |
(10–20 m2/V2) |
|
Benzene |
Chlorobenzene |
0 |
632.8 |
1.524 |
25 |
9.15 |
|
Benzene |
Chlorobenzene |
0.3 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
6.21 |
|
Benzene |
Chlorobenzene |
0.6 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
3.28 |
|
Benzene |
Chlorobenzene |
1.0 |
632.8 |
1.501 |
25 |
0 |
|
Cyclohexane |
Nitrobenzene |
0 |
632.8 |
1.556 |
25 |
28.2 |
|
Cyclohexane |
Nitrobenzene |
0.2 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
16.4 |
|
Cyclohexane |
Nitrobenzene |
0.4 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
9.32 |
|
Cyclohexane |
Nitrobenzene |
0.8 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
1.41 |
|
Cyclohexane |
Nitrobenzene |
1.0 |
632.8 |
1.427 |
25 |
0 |
|
Nitromethane |
Chlorobenzene |
0 |
632.8 |
1.524 |
25 |
9.15 |
|
Nitromethane |
Chlorobenzene |
0.4 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
10.7 |
|
Nitromethane |
Chlorobenzene |
0.7 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
12.3 |
|
Nitromethane |
Chlorobenzene |
1.0 |
632.8 |
1.382 |
25 |
8.28 |
|
Pyridine |
2,6-Lutidine |
0 |
632.8 |
1.495 |
25 |
8.28 |
|
Pyridine |
2,6-Lutidine |
0.6 |
632.8 |
|
25 |
11.9 |
|
Pyridine |
2,6-Lutidine |
1.0 |
632.8 |
1.509 |
25 |
14.5 |
|
Reference:
Piazza, R., Degiorgio, V., and Bellini, T., Kerr effect in binary liquids, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1642 (1986).
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
DC Kerr Response of Binary Liquids
|
|
Weight |
|
Linear |
|
|
|
Material |
Percent of A |
Wavelength |
refractive |
Temp. |
n(2) |
− n(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1111 |
1122 |
A |
B |
(%) |
(nm) |
Index |
(°C) |
(10–20 m2/V2) |
|
Lutidine |
H2O |
0 |
632.8 |
1.33 |
23–32.8 |
24.0 |
|
Lutidine |
H2O |
35 |
632.8 |
|
23 |
10.2 |
|
Lutidine |
H2O |
35 |
632.8 |
|
32 |
21.9 |
|
Lutidine |
H2O |
35 |
632.8 |
|
32.8 |
38.0 |
|
Lutidine |
H2O |
100 |
632.8 |
|
32 |
|
8.76 |
Lutidine |
H2O |
100 |
632.8 |
|
32.8 |
|
8.76 |
Lutidine |
H2O |
100 |
632.8 |
1.495 |
23 |
|
8.76 |
Reference:
Piazza, R., Degiorgio, V., and Bellini, T., Kerr effect in binary liquids, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3, 1642 (1986).
The tables above are from Garito, A. F. and Kuzyk, M. G., Two-photon absorption, organic materials,
Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Supplement 2: Optical Materials (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995), p. 289.
Optical Kerr Constant
The laser-induced Kerr constant is given by B0 = 
2π/ n λ p
χ(3)1 2 1 2 + χ( 3 )1 2 2 1 
, where
λp is the linearly polarized probe beam wavelength.
Optical Kerr Constants of Pure Liquids
|
Wavelength |
Optical Kerr constant |
Liquid |
(nm) |
B0 (10–16 m/V2) |
acetic acid |
532 |
33.0 |
|
694 |
22.9 |
|
1064 |
21.5 |
acetone, C3H6O |
694 |
8.2 |
benzene, C6H6 |
532 |
79 |
|
694 |
70 |
|
1064 |
51 |
carbon disulfide, CS2 |
694 |
470 |
|
1064 |
360 |
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 |
694 |
8.9 |
|
1064 |
3.3 |
chlorobenzene, C6H5Cl |
1064 |
89.9 |
chloroform, CHCl3 |
694 |
23 |
|
1064 |
18 |
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Optical Kerr Constants of Pure Liquids—continued
|
Wavelength |
Optical Kerr constant |
Liquid |
(nm) |
B0 (10–16 m/V2) |
cyclohexane, C6H12 |
694 |
6.8 |
m-dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2 |
694 |
170 |
o-dichlorobenzene, C6H4Cl2 |
694 |
179 |
ethanol, C2H6O |
694 |
5.22 |
|
1064 |
5.1 |
heavy water, D2O |
1064 |
2.9 |
heptane, C7H16 |
694 |
11.3 |
|
1064 |
7.6 |
hexadecane, C16H34 |
694 |
20.2 |
hexane, C6H14 |
694 |
9.9 |
|
1064 |
6.9 |
methanol, CH4O |
694 |
4.76 |
|
1064 |
3.3 |
methylcyclohexane, C7H14 |
694 |
7.7 |
nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 |
694 |
420 |
|
1064 |
260 |
tetrachloroethylene, C2Cl4 |
694 |
148 |
toluene, C7H8 |
694 |
120 |
|
1064 |
99 |
water, H2O |
694 |
4.6 |
|
1064 |
2 |
o-xylene, C8H10 |
694 |
130 |
m-xylene, C8H10 |
694 |
125 |
po-xylene, C8H10 |
694 |
120 |
Measurements at room temperature.
Reference:
1.Harrison, N. J. and Jennings, B. R., Laser-induced Kerr constants for pure liquids, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 21, 157–163 (1992).
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
5.5.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
|
Nonlinear |
Coefficient |
Wavelength |
Liquid |
optical process |
Cjn × 1020 m2 V–2 |
(µm) |
acetone, C3H6O benzene, C6H6
bromobenzene, C6H5Br
carbon disulfide, CS2
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4
chloroform, CHCl3
1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2
1,4-dioxane, C4H8O2 ethanol, C2H6O
glycerine (glycerol), C3H8O3 heptane, C7H16
hexane, C6H14 methanol, CH4O methylbenzene, C6H8 nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2
nitromethane, CH3NO2 toluene, C7H8
water, H2O
(−ω; ω, ω, −ω) |
C11 = 0.252 ± 0.056 |
0.6943 |
(−ω; ω, ω, −ω) |
C11 = 0.518 ± 0.07 |
0.6943 |
|
C18 = 0.098 |
0.5000 |
|
C18 = 0.0782 |
0.6943 |
|
C18 = 0.091 |
0.694 |
(−ω1; ω1, ω2, −ω2) |
C18 = 0.028 |
0.4880 |
(−2ω1+ ω2; ω1, ω1, −ω2) |
C11 = 0.56 |
0.694 |
|
C11 = 0.242 ± 0.024 |
0.5250 |
|
C11 = 0.00859 ± 0.00037 |
0.545 |
|
C18 = 0.252 ± 0.00014 |
0.545 |
(3ω; ω, ω, ω) |
C11 = 0.0184 ± 0.056 |
1.89 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.02215 ± 15% |
1.06 |
|
C11 = 0.02215 ± 15% |
1.318 |
(−2ω1+ ω2; ω1, ω1, −ω2) |
C11 = 0.084 |
0.6943 |
|
C11 = 0.0196 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−ω; ω, ω,−ω) |
C18 = 0.476 |
0.694 |
|
C18 = 0.560 |
0.500 |
(−ω1; ω1, ω2, −ω2) |
C18 = 0.266 |
0.4880 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.06233 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−ω; ω, ω,−ω) |
C18 = 0.0168 ± 30% |
0.694 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.0182 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−ω; ω, ω,−ω) |
C18 = 0.07 ± 30% |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.042 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.01351 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−ω; ω, ω,−ω) |
C18 = 0.0315 |
0.694 |
|
C11 = 0.196 ± 0.042 |
0.6943 |
(−ω; ω, ω,−ω) |
C11 = 0.196 ± 0.07 |
0.6943 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.84 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.7105 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.301 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.056 |
0.6943 |
(−ω; ω, ω,−ω) |
C18 = 0.42 |
0.500 |
|
C18 = 0.322 |
0.6943 |
|
C11 = 1.148 ± 0.140 |
0.6943 |
(−ω1; ω1, ω2, −ω2) |
C18 = 0.182 |
0.4880 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.585 ± 15% |
1.318 |
|
C11 = 0.360 ± 15 |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.042 ± 0.093 |
0.6943 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.0238 ± 15% |
1.06 |
(−2ω; ω, ω, 0) |
C11 = 0.0616 ± 15% |
1.06 |
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC