- •Preface
- •The Author
- •Contributors
- •Table of Contents
- •1.1 Introduction*
- •1.2.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.2.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.2.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.3.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.3.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.4 Dispersion Formulas for Refractive Indices
- •1.3.5 Thermooptic Coefficients
- •1.4 Mechanical Properties
- •1.4.1 Elastic Constants
- •1.4.2 Elastic Moduli
- •1.4.3 Engineering Data
- •1.5 Thermal Properties
- •1.5.1 Melting Point, Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, and Thermal Conductivity
- •1.5.2 Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity for Selected Solids
- •1.5.3 Debye Temperature
- •1.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •1.6.1 Diamagnetic Materials
- •1.6.2 Paramagnetic Materials
- •1.6.3 Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, and Ferrimagnetic Materials
- •1.7 Electrooptic Properties
- •1.7.1 Linear Electrooptic Coefficients
- •1.7.2 Quadratic Electrooptic Materials
- •1.8 Elastooptic Properties
- •1.8.1 Elastooptic Coefficients
- •1.8.2 Acoustooptic Materials
- •1.9 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •1.9.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •1.9.2 Two-Photon Absorption*
- •1.9.3 Second Harmonic Generation Coefficients
- •1.9.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •1.9.5 Optical Phase Conjugation Materials*
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Commercial Optical Glasses
- •2.2.1 Optical Properties
- •2.2.3 Mechanical Properties
- •2.2.4 Thermal Properties
- •2.3 Specialty Optical Glasses
- •2.3.1 Optical Properties
- •2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
- •2.3.3 Thermal Properties
- •2.4 Fused (Vitreous) Silica*
- •2.5 Fluoride Glasses
- •2.5.1 Fluorozirconate Glasses
- •2.5.2 Fluorohafnate Glasses
- •2.5.3 Other Fluoride Glasses
- •2.6 Chalcogenide Glasses
- •2.7 Magnetooptic Properties
- •2.7.1 Diamagnetic Glasses
- •2.7.2 Paramagnetic Glasses
- •2.8 Electrooptic Properties
- •2.9 Elastooptic Properties
- •2.10 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •2.10.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •2.10.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •2.10.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •2.10.4 Brillouin Phase Conjugation
- •2.11 Special Glasses
- •2.11.1 Filter Glasses
- •2.11.2 Laser Glasses
- •2.11.3 Faraday Rotator Glasses
- •2.11.4 Gradient-Index Glasses
- •2.11.5 Mirror Substrate Glasses
- •2.11.6 Athermal Glasses
- •2.11.7 Acoustooptic Glasses
- •2.11.8 Abnormal Dispersion Glass
- •3.1 Optical Plastics
- •3.2 Index of Refraction
- •3.3 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •3.4 Thermal Properties
- •3.5 Engineering Data
- •4.1 Physical Properties of Selected Metals
- •4.2 Optical Properties
- •4.3 Mechanical Properties
- •4.4 Thermal Properties
- •4.5 Mirror Substrate Materials
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Water
- •5.2.1 Physical Properties
- •5.2.2 Absorption
- •5.2.3 Index of Refraction
- •5.3 Physical Properties of Selected Liquids
- •5.3.1 Thermal conductivity
- •5.3.2 Viscosity
- •5.3.3 Surface Tension
- •5.3.4 Absorption
- •5.4 Index of Refraction
- •5.4.1 Organic Liquids
- •5.4.2 Inorganic Liquids
- •5.4.3 Calibration Liquids
- •5.4.4 Abnormal Dispersion Liquids
- •5.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •5.5.1 Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections
- •5.5.2 Nonlinear Refraction
- •5.5.3 Kerr Constants
- •5.5.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •5.5.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering
- •5.5.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
- •5.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •5.6.1 Verdet Constants of Inorganic Liquids
- •5.6.2 Verdet Constants of OrganicLiquids
- •5.6.3 Dispersion of the Verdet Constants
- •5.7 Commercial Optical Liquids
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Physical Properties of Selected Gases
- •6.3 Index of Refraction
- •6.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •6.4.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •6.5 Magnetooptic Properties
- •6.6 Atomic Resonance Filters
- •Appendices
- •Safe Handling of Optical Materials
- •Fundamental Physical Constants
- •Units and Conversion Factors
5.4 Index of Refraction
5.4.1 Organic Liquids
Index of Refraction of Selected Liquids (293 K)
Liquid |
|
nD |
|
Liquid |
nD |
methanol, CH4O |
|
1.3288 |
|
ethylene glycol, C2H6O2 |
1.4318 |
acetone, C3H6O |
|
1.3588 |
|
hexadecane, C16H34 |
1.4345 |
ethanol, C2H6O |
|
1.3611 |
|
1,2–dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 |
1.4448 |
acetic acid, C2H4O2 |
|
1.3720 |
|
chloroform, CHCl3 |
1.4459 |
hexane, C6H14 |
|
1.3749 |
|
carbon tetrachloride, CCl |
1.4601 |
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
heptane, C7H16 |
|
1.3878 |
|
glycerine (glycerol), C3H8O3 |
1.4746 |
2,2,4–trimethylpentane, C H |
18 |
1.3915 |
|
toluene, C7H8 |
1.4961 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
dimethylsulfoxide, C2H6OS |
|
1.4170 |
|
benzene, C6H6 |
1.5011 |
1,4–dioxane, C4H8O2 |
|
1.4224 |
|
nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 |
1.5562 |
methylcyclohexane, C7H14 |
|
1.4231 |
|
bromobenzene, C6H5Br |
1.5597 |
dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 |
|
1.4242 |
|
1–methylnaphthalene, C11H10 |
1.6170 |
cyclohexane, C6H12 |
|
1.4266 |
|
carbon disulfide, CS2 |
1.6319 |
Measured at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line).
Refractive index nd
2.3 
2.2
Chalcogenide
glasses
2.1
2.0
1.9 |
|
|
|
TaSF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LaSF |
|
1.8 |
Optical Glasses |
LaSK TaF |
|
||
|
SF |
||||
|
|
|
|
LaF |
|
|
|
|
|
NbF |
SFS |
1.7 |
|
|
|
LaK |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
BaSF |
|
1.6 |
|
|
|
|
carbon |
|
PSK |
|
|
disulfide |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.5 |
FZ |
PK |
|
benzene |
|
|
BK |
|
|||
|
FP |
FK |
glycerine |
toulene |
|
|
Fluoride |
|
|
carbon tetrachloride |
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
glasses |
|
|
acetone |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
methanol |
ethanol |
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
1.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
water |
|
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||
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|
Areas populated by |
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1.2 |
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|
|
|
|
commercial optical liquids |
||
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||||
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|
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|
100 |
80 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
|
||||||||
Abbe number νd
Comparison of selected liquids and optical glasses in an index of refraction Abbe number plot.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Index of Refraction n of Selected Liquids
|
Acetic acid1 |
|
|
|
|
Acetone1 |
|
|
|
Carbon tetrachloride1 |
||
λ (nm) |
n (296.05 K) |
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
n (292.55 K) |
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
n (285.45 K) |
|
434.05 |
1.38003 |
434.05 |
1.36750 |
434.05 |
1.4835 |
|
||||||
486.13 |
1.37610 |
486.13 |
1.36366 |
486.13 |
1.4726 |
|
||||||
589.3 |
1.37152 |
589.3 |
1.35886 |
589.3 |
1.4656 |
|
||||||
656.28 |
1.36944 |
656.28 |
1.35672 |
656.28 |
1.4599 |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benzene1 |
|
|
|
Carbon disulfide1 |
|
|
|
|
Toluene2 |
|
|
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
n (291.15 K) |
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
276.3 |
1.625 |
361.0 |
1.740 |
404.66 |
1.526120 |
|
||||||
298.1 |
1.598 |
394.4 |
1.704 |
434.05 |
1.51970 |
|
||||||
313.3 |
1.582 |
434.05 |
1.67665 |
435.84 |
1.517830 |
|
||||||
361.0 |
1.548 |
441.6 |
1.673 |
479.99 |
1.509285 |
|
||||||
434.05 |
1.52361 |
479.99 |
1.656 |
486.13 |
1.508315 |
|
||||||
486.13 |
1.51327 |
486.13 |
1.6539 |
546.07 |
1.500715 |
|
||||||
508.6 |
1.509 |
508.6 |
1.647 |
589.3 |
1.49693 |
|
||||||
589.3 |
1.50144 |
533.8 |
1.640 |
632.8 |
1.493680 |
|
||||||
656.28 |
1.49663 |
589.3 |
1.6295 |
656.28 |
1.49365 |
|
||||||
0.8 |
1.489 |
656.28 |
1.62011 |
706.52 |
1.489795 |
|
||||||
1.01.485
1.51.480
1.851.478
Chloroform1 |
|
Cyclohexane1 |
|
1,4–Dioxane2 |
|||
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
265.5 |
1.5051 |
265.5 |
1.4741 |
265.5 |
1.4699 |
||
289.4 |
1.4911 |
289.4 |
1.4631 |
289.4 |
1.4583 |
||
313.1 |
1.4806 |
313.1 |
1.4549 |
313.1 |
1.4500 |
||
486.13 |
1.45024 |
486.13 |
1.36662 |
546.07 |
1.4330 |
||
589.3 |
1.44432 |
589.3 |
1.36242 |
589.3 |
1.4311 |
||
656.28 |
1.44189 |
656.28 |
1.36062 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
1,2-Dichloroethane2 |
|
|
Ethanol1 |
|
Ethylene glycol2 |
||
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
λ (nm) |
n (291.5 K) |
|
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
434.05 |
1.45528 |
434.05 |
1.37011 |
435.83 |
1.4400 |
||
486.13 |
1.45024 |
486.13 |
1.36662 |
546.07 |
1.4330 |
||
589.3 |
1.44432 |
589.3 |
1.36242 |
589.3 |
1.4311 |
||
656.28 |
1.44189 |
656.28 |
1.36062 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Index of Refraction n of Selected Liquids—continued
|
Glycerine1 |
|
|
Hexane1 |
|
|
Methanol1 |
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
λ (nm) |
n (293.15 K) |
|
λ (nm) |
n (287.65 K) |
434.05 |
1.4839 |
434.05 |
1.38365 |
434.05 |
1.33801 |
||
486.13 |
1.4795 |
486.13 |
1.37988 |
486.13 |
1.33490 |
||
589.3 |
1.4740 |
589.3 |
1.37536 |
589.3 |
1.33118 |
||
656.28 |
1.4717 |
656.28 |
1.37337 |
656.28 |
1.32948 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nitrobenzene1
λ(nm) n (293.15 K)
486.131.57124
589.31.55291
656.281.54593
References:
1.International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics and Chemistry and Technology, Vol. VII, Washburn, E. W., Ed. (McGraw–Hill, New York, 1930).
2.James, A. M. and Lord, M. P., Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data (Macmillan, London, 1992).
Temperature Derivative of the Index of Refraction
Methanol
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
434.05 |
–3.90 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
486.13 |
–4.00 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
546.07 |
–4.05 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
600 |
–4.68 (T = 278–298 K) |
3 |
632.8 |
–4.00 (T = 288 K) |
2 |
656.28 |
–4.00 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
Ethanol
λ (nm) dn/dT × 104 (K–1) Ref.
546.07 |
–4.05 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
600 |
–4.38 (T = 278–298 K) |
3 |
632.8 |
–4.00 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
Ethylene glycol
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
486.13 |
–2.70 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
600 |
–3.06 (T = 278–298 K) |
3 |
656.28 |
–2.60 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
Glycerine
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
486.13 |
–2.30 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
656.28 |
–2.20 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Temperature Derivative of the Index of Refraction—continued
Hexane
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
|
434.05 |
–5.60 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
486.13 |
–5.50 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
546.07 |
–5.43 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
632.8 |
–5.40 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
656.28 |
–5.30 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benzene |
|
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
|
434.05 |
–6.70 (T = 293 K) |
4 |
|
486.13 |
–6.60 (T = 293 K) |
4 |
|
546.07 |
–6.42 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
589.3 |
–6.50 (T = 293 K) |
4 |
|
632.8 |
–6.40 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
656.28 |
–6.40 (T = 293 K) |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carbon disulfide |
|
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
|
267.7 |
–17.50 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
274.9 |
–15.00 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
361.0 |
–9.60 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
394.4 |
–9.00 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
434.1 |
–8.70 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
441.6 |
–8.60 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
467.8 |
–8.40 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
479.99 |
–8.30 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
508.6 |
–8.20 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
533.8 |
–8.10 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
546.07 |
–7.96 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
589.3 |
–8.00 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
632.8 |
–7.96 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
656.28 |
–7.80 (T = 291 K) |
4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acetic acid |
|
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
|
486.13 |
–3.80 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
656.28 |
–3.70 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
Cyclohexane
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
||
434.05 |
–5.60 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
486.13 |
–5.50 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
546.07 |
–5.46 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
|
589.3 |
–5.40 (T = 298 K) |
3 |
|
|
|
632.8 |
–5.43 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
|
656.28 |
–5.40 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Carbon tetrachloride |
|
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
||
434.05 |
–5.60 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
486.13 |
–5.60 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
546.07 |
–5.99 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
|
589.3 |
–5.50 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
632.8 |
–5.98 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
|
656.28 |
–5.40 (T = 288 K) |
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Toluene |
|
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
||
404.66 |
–5.97 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
435.84 |
–5.88 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
479.99 |
–5.77 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
486.13 |
–5.76 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
546.07 |
–5.65 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
587.56 |
–5.60 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
589.00 |
–5.60 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
589.59 |
–5.60 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
632.8 |
–5.56 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
–5.55 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
643.85 |
–5.55 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
656.28 |
–5.54 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
706.52 |
–5.51 (T = 293 K) |
5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chloroform |
|
|
|
λ (nm) |
dn/dT × 104 (K–1) |
Ref. |
|||
546.07 |
–5.98 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
|
632.8 |
–5.98 (T = 298 K) |
2 |
|
|
|
656.28 |
–5.30 (T = 298 K) |
1 |
|
|
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|
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC