- •Preface
- •The Author
- •Contributors
- •Table of Contents
- •1.1 Introduction*
- •1.2.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.2.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.2.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.3.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.3.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.4 Dispersion Formulas for Refractive Indices
- •1.3.5 Thermooptic Coefficients
- •1.4 Mechanical Properties
- •1.4.1 Elastic Constants
- •1.4.2 Elastic Moduli
- •1.4.3 Engineering Data
- •1.5 Thermal Properties
- •1.5.1 Melting Point, Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, and Thermal Conductivity
- •1.5.2 Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity for Selected Solids
- •1.5.3 Debye Temperature
- •1.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •1.6.1 Diamagnetic Materials
- •1.6.2 Paramagnetic Materials
- •1.6.3 Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, and Ferrimagnetic Materials
- •1.7 Electrooptic Properties
- •1.7.1 Linear Electrooptic Coefficients
- •1.7.2 Quadratic Electrooptic Materials
- •1.8 Elastooptic Properties
- •1.8.1 Elastooptic Coefficients
- •1.8.2 Acoustooptic Materials
- •1.9 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •1.9.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •1.9.2 Two-Photon Absorption*
- •1.9.3 Second Harmonic Generation Coefficients
- •1.9.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •1.9.5 Optical Phase Conjugation Materials*
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Commercial Optical Glasses
- •2.2.1 Optical Properties
- •2.2.3 Mechanical Properties
- •2.2.4 Thermal Properties
- •2.3 Specialty Optical Glasses
- •2.3.1 Optical Properties
- •2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
- •2.3.3 Thermal Properties
- •2.4 Fused (Vitreous) Silica*
- •2.5 Fluoride Glasses
- •2.5.1 Fluorozirconate Glasses
- •2.5.2 Fluorohafnate Glasses
- •2.5.3 Other Fluoride Glasses
- •2.6 Chalcogenide Glasses
- •2.7 Magnetooptic Properties
- •2.7.1 Diamagnetic Glasses
- •2.7.2 Paramagnetic Glasses
- •2.8 Electrooptic Properties
- •2.9 Elastooptic Properties
- •2.10 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •2.10.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •2.10.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •2.10.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •2.10.4 Brillouin Phase Conjugation
- •2.11 Special Glasses
- •2.11.1 Filter Glasses
- •2.11.2 Laser Glasses
- •2.11.3 Faraday Rotator Glasses
- •2.11.4 Gradient-Index Glasses
- •2.11.5 Mirror Substrate Glasses
- •2.11.6 Athermal Glasses
- •2.11.7 Acoustooptic Glasses
- •2.11.8 Abnormal Dispersion Glass
- •3.1 Optical Plastics
- •3.2 Index of Refraction
- •3.3 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •3.4 Thermal Properties
- •3.5 Engineering Data
- •4.1 Physical Properties of Selected Metals
- •4.2 Optical Properties
- •4.3 Mechanical Properties
- •4.4 Thermal Properties
- •4.5 Mirror Substrate Materials
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Water
- •5.2.1 Physical Properties
- •5.2.2 Absorption
- •5.2.3 Index of Refraction
- •5.3 Physical Properties of Selected Liquids
- •5.3.1 Thermal conductivity
- •5.3.2 Viscosity
- •5.3.3 Surface Tension
- •5.3.4 Absorption
- •5.4 Index of Refraction
- •5.4.1 Organic Liquids
- •5.4.2 Inorganic Liquids
- •5.4.3 Calibration Liquids
- •5.4.4 Abnormal Dispersion Liquids
- •5.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •5.5.1 Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections
- •5.5.2 Nonlinear Refraction
- •5.5.3 Kerr Constants
- •5.5.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •5.5.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering
- •5.5.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
- •5.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •5.6.1 Verdet Constants of Inorganic Liquids
- •5.6.2 Verdet Constants of OrganicLiquids
- •5.6.3 Dispersion of the Verdet Constants
- •5.7 Commercial Optical Liquids
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Physical Properties of Selected Gases
- •6.3 Index of Refraction
- •6.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •6.4.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •6.5 Magnetooptic Properties
- •6.6 Atomic Resonance Filters
- •Appendices
- •Safe Handling of Optical Materials
- •Fundamental Physical Constants
- •Units and Conversion Factors
5.3.3 Surface Tension
|
|
|
Surface tension σ (mN/m) |
|
|
||
|
Liquid |
10ºC |
25ºC |
50ºC |
75ºC |
100ºC |
|
|
acetic acid, C2H4O2 |
|
27.10 |
24.61 |
22.13 |
|
|
|
acetone, C3H6O |
|
23.46 |
20.66 |
|
|
|
|
benzene, C6H6 |
|
28.22 |
25.00 |
21.77 |
|
|
|
bromobenzene, C6H5Br |
36.98 |
35.24 |
32.34 |
29.44 |
26.54 |
|
|
carbon disulfide, CS2 |
33.81 |
31.58 |
27.87 |
|
|
|
|
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 |
|
26.43 |
23.37 |
20.31 |
17.25 |
|
|
chloroform, CHCl3 |
|
26.67 |
23.44 |
20.20 |
|
|
|
cyclohexane, C6H12 |
26.43 |
24.65 |
21.68 |
|
|
|
|
1,2–dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 |
|
31.86 |
28.29 |
24.72 |
|
|
|
dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 |
|
27.20 |
|
|
|
|
|
dimethylsulfoxide, C2H6OS |
|
42.92 |
40.06 |
|
|
|
|
1,4–dioxane, C4H8O2 |
|
32.75 |
29.28 |
25.80 |
22.32 |
|
|
ethanol, C2H6O |
23.22 |
21.97 |
19.89 |
|
|
|
|
ethylene glycol, C2H6O2 |
|
47.99 |
45.76 |
43.54 |
41.31 |
|
|
heptane, C7H16 |
21.12 |
19.65 |
17.20 |
14.75 |
|
|
|
hexadecane, C16H34 |
|
27.05 |
24.91 |
22.78 |
20.64 |
|
|
hexane, C6H14 |
19.42 |
17.89 |
15.33 |
|
|
|
|
methanol, CH4O |
23.23 |
22.07 |
20.14 |
|
|
|
|
methylcyclohexane, C7H14 |
24.989 |
23.29 |
20.46 |
|
|
|
|
nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 |
|
|
40.56 |
37.66 |
34.77 |
|
|
toluene, C7H8 |
29.71 |
27.93 |
24.96 |
21.98 |
19.01 |
|
|
water, H2O |
74.23 |
71.99 |
67.94 |
63.57 |
58.91 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.3.4 Absorption
Ultraviolet Absorption of Pure Liquids:
The following tables present data on the UV absorption edge of several common liquids. The data were obtained using a 1.00–cm pathlength cell and a water reference. From Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989), p. 213.
|
Acetone |
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
330 |
1.000 |
340 |
0.060 |
350 |
0.010 |
375 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
|
Benzene |
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
278 |
1.000 |
300 |
0.020 |
325 |
0.010 |
350 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Carbon tetrachloride
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
263 |
1.000 |
275 |
0.100 |
300 |
0.005 |
350 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
Cyclohexane |
|
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
200 |
1.000 |
225 |
0.170 |
250 |
0.020 |
300 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
1,4–Dioxane |
|
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
215 |
1.000 |
250 |
0.300 |
300 |
0.020 |
350 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
|
Hexane |
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
195 |
1.000 |
225 |
0.050 |
250 |
0.010 |
275 |
0.005 |
300 |
0.005 |
|
|
|
Toluene |
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
284 |
1.000 |
300 |
0.120 |
325 |
0.020 |
350 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
Chloroform
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
245 |
1.000 |
250 |
0.300 |
275 |
0.005 |
300 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
Dimethyl sulfoxide |
|
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
268 |
1.000 |
275 |
0.500 |
300 |
0.200 |
350 |
0.020 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
Hexadecane |
|
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
190 |
1.000 |
200 |
0.500 |
250 |
0.020 |
300 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
Methanol |
|
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
205 |
1.000 |
225 |
0.160 |
250 |
0.020 |
300 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
Water |
|
Wavelength |
Maximum |
(nm) |
absorbance |
190 |
0.010 |
200 |
0.010 |
250 |
0.005 |
300 |
0.005 |
400 |
0.005 |
|
|
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Transmission Limits*
Liquid |
Limit (nm) |
Liquid |
Limit (nm) |
acetone, C3H6O benzene, C6H6
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 chloroform, CHCl3 cyclohexane, C6H12
n–decane, C10H22 p–dioxane, C4H8O2 ethanol, C2H6O
200 |
heptane, C7H16 |
196 |
270 |
n–hexane, C6H14 |
202 |
2250 |
methanol, CH4O |
183 |
220 |
methylcyclohexane, C7H14 |
206 |
211 |
1–octene, C6H16 |
210 |
173 |
n–pentane, C5H12 |
205 |
203 |
toluene, C7H8 |
274 |
189 |
water, H2O |
178 |
* Transmission limits are the wavelengths of the last visible blackening on a spectrogram for reasonable exposure and development time. From Klevens, H. B. and Platt, J. R., Ultraviolet transmission limits of some liquids and solids, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 69, 3055 (1947).
Spectral transmission ranges of several fluids used for liquid filters. The end points are for 50% transmission through 1 mm of the liquid [from Cook, L. M. and Stokowski, S. E., Filter materials, in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Volume IV: Optical Materials, Part 2 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1995), p. 151].
For other organic and inorganic filter solutions, see Pellicori, S. F., Transmittances of some optical materials for use between 1900 and 3400 Α, Appl. Opt. 3, 361 (1964); Bass, A. M., Short wavelength cut–off filters for the ultraviolet, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 38, 977 (1948); Ingersoll, K. A., Liquid filters for the visible and near infrared, Appl. Opt. 10, 2473 (1971); Ingersoll, K. A., Liquid filters for the ultraviolet, visible, and near infrared, Appl. Opt. 11, 2781 (1972).
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC