- •Preface
- •The Author
- •Contributors
- •Table of Contents
- •1.1 Introduction*
- •1.2.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.2.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.2.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.1 Isotropic Crystals
- •1.3.2 Uniaxial Crystals
- •1.3.3 Biaxial Crystals
- •1.3.4 Dispersion Formulas for Refractive Indices
- •1.3.5 Thermooptic Coefficients
- •1.4 Mechanical Properties
- •1.4.1 Elastic Constants
- •1.4.2 Elastic Moduli
- •1.4.3 Engineering Data
- •1.5 Thermal Properties
- •1.5.1 Melting Point, Heat Capacity, Thermal Expansion, and Thermal Conductivity
- •1.5.2 Temperature Dependence of Heat Capacity for Selected Solids
- •1.5.3 Debye Temperature
- •1.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •1.6.1 Diamagnetic Materials
- •1.6.2 Paramagnetic Materials
- •1.6.3 Ferromagnetic, Antiferromagnetic, and Ferrimagnetic Materials
- •1.7 Electrooptic Properties
- •1.7.1 Linear Electrooptic Coefficients
- •1.7.2 Quadratic Electrooptic Materials
- •1.8 Elastooptic Properties
- •1.8.1 Elastooptic Coefficients
- •1.8.2 Acoustooptic Materials
- •1.9 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •1.9.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •1.9.2 Two-Photon Absorption*
- •1.9.3 Second Harmonic Generation Coefficients
- •1.9.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •1.9.5 Optical Phase Conjugation Materials*
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Commercial Optical Glasses
- •2.2.1 Optical Properties
- •2.2.3 Mechanical Properties
- •2.2.4 Thermal Properties
- •2.3 Specialty Optical Glasses
- •2.3.1 Optical Properties
- •2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
- •2.3.3 Thermal Properties
- •2.4 Fused (Vitreous) Silica*
- •2.5 Fluoride Glasses
- •2.5.1 Fluorozirconate Glasses
- •2.5.2 Fluorohafnate Glasses
- •2.5.3 Other Fluoride Glasses
- •2.6 Chalcogenide Glasses
- •2.7 Magnetooptic Properties
- •2.7.1 Diamagnetic Glasses
- •2.7.2 Paramagnetic Glasses
- •2.8 Electrooptic Properties
- •2.9 Elastooptic Properties
- •2.10 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •2.10.1 Nonlinear Refractive Index*
- •2.10.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •2.10.3 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •2.10.4 Brillouin Phase Conjugation
- •2.11 Special Glasses
- •2.11.1 Filter Glasses
- •2.11.2 Laser Glasses
- •2.11.3 Faraday Rotator Glasses
- •2.11.4 Gradient-Index Glasses
- •2.11.5 Mirror Substrate Glasses
- •2.11.6 Athermal Glasses
- •2.11.7 Acoustooptic Glasses
- •2.11.8 Abnormal Dispersion Glass
- •3.1 Optical Plastics
- •3.2 Index of Refraction
- •3.3 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •3.4 Thermal Properties
- •3.5 Engineering Data
- •4.1 Physical Properties of Selected Metals
- •4.2 Optical Properties
- •4.3 Mechanical Properties
- •4.4 Thermal Properties
- •4.5 Mirror Substrate Materials
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Water
- •5.2.1 Physical Properties
- •5.2.2 Absorption
- •5.2.3 Index of Refraction
- •5.3 Physical Properties of Selected Liquids
- •5.3.1 Thermal conductivity
- •5.3.2 Viscosity
- •5.3.3 Surface Tension
- •5.3.4 Absorption
- •5.4 Index of Refraction
- •5.4.1 Organic Liquids
- •5.4.2 Inorganic Liquids
- •5.4.3 Calibration Liquids
- •5.4.4 Abnormal Dispersion Liquids
- •5.5 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •5.5.1 Two-Photon Absorption Cross Sections
- •5.5.2 Nonlinear Refraction
- •5.5.3 Kerr Constants
- •5.5.4 Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Coefficients
- •5.5.5 Stimulated Raman Scattering
- •5.5.6 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering
- •5.6 Magnetooptic Properties
- •5.6.1 Verdet Constants of Inorganic Liquids
- •5.6.2 Verdet Constants of OrganicLiquids
- •5.6.3 Dispersion of the Verdet Constants
- •5.7 Commercial Optical Liquids
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Physical Properties of Selected Gases
- •6.3 Index of Refraction
- •6.4 Nonlinear Optical Properties
- •6.4.2 Two-Photon Absorption
- •6.5 Magnetooptic Properties
- •6.6 Atomic Resonance Filters
- •Appendices
- •Safe Handling of Optical Materials
- •Fundamental Physical Constants
- •Units and Conversion Factors
Section 5
LIQUIDS
5.1 Introduction
Liquids in this section include water (H2O), heavy water (D2O), and the following selected organic materials (CAS – Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number):
CAS no. |
Liquid |
CAS no. |
Liquid |
100 |
acetic acid, C2H4O2 |
5672 |
ethanol, C2H6O |
10411 |
acetone, C3H6O |
5569 |
ethylene glycol, C2H6O2 |
867 |
benzene, C6H6 |
10186 |
glycerine (glycerol), C3H8O3 |
998 |
bromobenzene, C6H5Br |
6355 |
heptane, C7H16 |
3993 |
carbon disulfide, CS2 |
6632 |
hexadecane, C16H34 |
7540 |
carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 |
6731 |
hexane, C6H14 |
7554 |
chloroform, CHCl3 |
7581 |
methanol, CH4O |
4305 |
cyclohexane, C6H12 |
4426 |
methylcyclohexane, C7H14 |
5529 |
1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 |
7915 |
1-methylnaphthalene, C11H10 |
7499 |
dichloromethane, CH2Cl2 |
2049 |
nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 |
7529 |
dimethylsulfoxide, C2H6OS |
1947 |
toluene, C7H8 |
5187 |
1,4-dioxane, C4H8O2 |
8848 |
2,2,4-trimethylpentane, C8H18 |
|
|
|
|
5.2 Water
5.2.1 Physical Properties
Density, specific heat capacity at constant pressure (Cp), viscosity, vapor pressure, thermal conductivity, dielectric constant, and surface tension of water. All values (except vapor pressure) at for a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar). Temperature scale is IPTS-68.
|
|
Cp |
|
Vapor |
Therm. |
|
Surf. |
Temp. |
Density |
Visc. |
press. |
cond. |
Diel. |
tens. |
|
(ºC) |
(g/cm3) |
(J/g K) |
( Pa s) |
(kPa) |
(mW/m K) |
const. |
(mN/m) |
0 |
0.99984 |
4.2176 |
0.6113 |
1793 |
561.0 |
87.90 |
75.64 |
10 |
0.99970 |
4.1921 |
1.2281 |
1307 |
580.0 |
83.96 |
74.23 |
20 |
0.99821 |
4.1818 |
2.3388 |
1002 |
598.4 |
80.20 |
72.75 |
30 |
0.99565 |
4.1784 |
4.2455 |
797.7 |
615.4 |
76.60 |
71.20 |
40 |
0.99222 |
4.1785 |
7.3814 |
653.2 |
630.5 |
73.17 |
69.60 |
50 |
0.98803 |
4.1806 |
12.344 |
547.0 |
643.5 |
69.88 |
67.94 |
60 |
0.98320 |
4.1843 |
19.932 |
466.5 |
654.3 |
66.73 |
66.24 |
70 |
0.97778 |
4.1895 |
31.176 |
404.0 |
663.1 |
63.73 |
64.47 |
80 |
0.97182 |
4.1963 |
47.373 |
354.4 |
670.0 |
60.86 |
62.67 |
90 |
0.96535 |
4.2050 |
70.117 |
314.5 |
675.3 |
587.12 |
60.82 |
100 |
0.95840 |
4.2159 |
101.325 |
281.8 |
679.1 |
55.51 |
58.91 |
From the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 82nd edition, Lide, D. R., Ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2001), p. 6-3.
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
5.2.2 Absorption
Linear Absorption Coefficient α of Water*
λ (nm) |
α (10-4 cm-1) |
Ref. |
|
λ (nm) |
α (10-4 cm-1) |
Ref. |
185 |
14600 |
1 |
660 |
40.7 |
2 |
|
186 |
9700 |
1 |
665 |
41.9 |
2 |
|
187 |
6000 |
1 |
670 |
42.5 |
2 |
|
188 |
3800 |
1 |
675 |
43.8 |
2 |
|
189 |
2300 |
1 |
680 |
44.7 |
2 |
|
190 |
1400 |
1 |
685 |
46.7 |
2 |
|
400 |
5.8 |
2 |
690 |
49 |
4 |
|
410 |
4.7 |
2 |
690 |
51.5 |
2 |
|
420 |
3.8 |
2 |
694.2 |
52.6 |
3 |
|
430 |
4.0 |
2 |
695 |
56.9 |
2 |
|
440 |
3.2 |
2 |
700 |
64.8 |
2 |
|
450 |
3.3 |
2 |
702 |
69 |
4 |
|
460.7 |
2.11 |
3 |
705 |
75.0 |
2 |
|
469.4 |
2.05 |
3 |
710 |
90.4 |
2 |
|
480.7 |
1.86 |
3 |
714 |
98 |
4 |
|
490.1 |
1.89 |
3 |
715 |
111.4 |
2 |
|
499.9 |
2.33 |
3 |
720 |
137.5 |
2 |
|
510.1 |
3.13 |
3 |
725 |
134 |
4 |
|
520.7 |
3.80 |
3 |
725 |
175.6 |
2 |
|
529.0 |
4.09 |
3 |
730 |
230.9 |
2 |
|
540.4 |
4.80 |
3 |
735 |
238 |
4 |
|
546.3 |
5.28 |
3 |
735 |
260.8 |
2 |
|
574.5 |
8.05 |
3 |
740 |
269.8 |
2 |
|
580 |
10.9 |
2 |
745 |
271.2 |
2 |
|
585 |
11.9 |
2 |
746 |
275 |
4 |
|
590 |
17.2 |
2 |
750 |
268.3 |
2 |
|
595 |
21.4 |
2 |
752 |
281 |
4 |
|
598.6 |
19.25 |
3 |
755 |
269.6 |
2 |
|
600 |
27.2 |
2 |
758 |
272 |
4 |
|
602.2 |
23.2 |
3 |
760 |
268.5 |
2 |
|
605 |
29.3 |
2 |
769 |
251 |
4 |
|
610 |
29.3 |
2 |
770 |
251.9 |
2 |
|
615 |
30.0 |
2 |
780 |
234.6 |
2 |
|
620 |
30.9 |
2 |
781 |
230 |
4 |
|
625 |
30.5 |
2 |
790 |
205.2 |
2 |
|
630 |
32.0 |
2 |
794 |
210 |
4 |
|
635 |
32.5 |
2 |
806 |
195 |
4 |
|
640 |
33.4 |
2 |
813 |
191 |
4 |
|
645 |
33.9 |
2 |
820 |
199 |
4 |
|
649.2 |
32.3 |
3 |
833 |
308 |
4 |
|
650 |
35.1 |
2 |
847 |
387 |
4 |
|
655 |
38.7 |
2 |
862 |
428 |
4 |
|
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
Linear Absorption Coefficient α of Water*—continued
λ (nm) |
α (10-4 cm-1) |
Ref. |
|
λ (nm) |
α (10-4 cm-1) |
Ref. |
877 |
506 |
4 |
1370 |
54500 |
4 |
|
893 |
609 |
4 |
1389 |
91300 |
4 |
|
909 |
750 |
4 |
1408 |
215000 |
4 |
|
926 |
1190 |
4 |
1429 |
310000 |
4 |
|
935 |
1580 |
4 |
1443 |
317000 |
4 |
|
943 |
2140 |
4 |
1471 |
285000 |
4 |
|
952 |
3220 |
4 |
1493 |
217000 |
4 |
|
962 |
4710 |
4 |
1515 |
156000 |
4 |
|
973 |
5140 |
4 |
1538 |
121000 |
4 |
|
980 |
5020 |
4 |
1563 |
96800 |
4 |
|
990 |
4690 |
4 |
1587 |
80700 |
4 |
|
1000 |
4160 |
4 |
1613 |
68000 |
4 |
|
1010 |
3510 |
4 |
1639 |
60700 |
4 |
|
1020 |
2850 |
4 |
1667 |
56500 |
4 |
|
1031 |
2310 |
4 |
1695 |
56500 |
4 |
|
1042 |
1900 |
4 |
1724 |
62300 |
4 |
|
1053 |
1640 |
4 |
1754 |
76000 |
4 |
|
1070 |
1480 |
4 |
1786 |
91800 |
4 |
|
1087 |
1660 |
4 |
1802 |
94800 |
4 |
|
1099 |
1920 |
4 |
1818 |
94400 |
4 |
|
1111 |
2320 |
4 |
1852 |
108000 |
4 |
|
1124 |
3230 |
4 |
1887 |
575000 |
4 |
|
1136 |
5480 |
4 |
1927 |
1240000 |
4 |
|
1149 |
9700 |
4 |
1961 |
1090000 |
4 |
|
1163 |
11800 |
4 |
2000 |
692000 |
4 |
|
1176 |
12300 |
4 |
2041 |
450000 |
4 |
|
1190 |
12500 |
4 |
2083 |
310000 |
4 |
|
1205 |
12500 |
4 |
2128 |
236000 |
4 |
|
1220 |
12200 |
4 |
2198 |
193000 |
4 |
|
1235 |
11700 |
4 |
2273 |
230000 |
4 |
|
1250 |
11100 |
4 |
2326 |
293000 |
4 |
|
1266 |
10700 |
4 |
2381 |
418000 |
4 |
|
1282 |
11300 |
4 |
2439 |
635000 |
4 |
|
1299 |
13400 |
4 |
2500 |
957000 |
4 |
|
1316 |
16700 |
4 |
2564 |
1110000 |
4 |
|
1333 |
22500 |
4 |
2632 |
1930000 |
4 |
|
1351 |
38700 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
* Measurements made at room temperature (Ref. 1 – 298 K; Ref. 2 – 296 ± 1.5 K; Ref. 4 – 300 K).
References:
1.Barrett, J. and Mansell, A. L., Ultra-violet absorption spectra of the molecules H2O, HDO and D2, Nature 187, 138 (1960).
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC
2.Sullivan, S. A., Experimental study of the absorption in distilled water, artificial sea water, and
heavy water in the visible region of the spectrum, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 962 (1963). This reference contains additional values of α at wavelengths intermediate to those given above.
3.Tam, A. C. and Patel, C. K. N., Optical absorption of light and heavy water by laser optoacoustic spectroscopy, Appl. Opt. 18, 3348 (1979).
4.Palmer, K. F. and Williams, D., Optical properties of water in the near infrared, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 64, 1107 (1974).
Absorption Coefficient α for Water in the Infrared (T = 298 K)
λ (nm) |
α (cm-1) |
λ (nm) |
α (cm-1) |
λ (nm) |
α (cm-1) |
0.700 |
0.00602 |
3.45 |
481 |
7.1 |
566 |
0.725 |
0.0159 |
3.50 |
338 |
7.2 |
560 |
0.750 |
0.0261 |
3.6 |
180 |
7.3 |
554 |
0.775 |
0.0240 |
3.7 |
122 |
7.4 |
550 |
0.800 |
0.0196 |
3.8 |
112 |
7.5 |
546 |
0.825 |
0.0277 |
3.9 |
122 |
7.6 |
542 |
0.850 |
0.0433 |
4.0 |
145 |
7.7 |
540 |
0.875 |
0.0562 |
4.1 |
172 |
7.8 |
540 |
0.900 |
0.0678 |
4.2 |
206 |
7.9 |
539 |
0.925 |
0.144 |
4.3 |
247 |
8.0 |
539 |
0.950 |
0.374 |
4.4 |
294 |
8.2 |
538 |
0.975 |
0.449 |
4.5 |
374 |
8.4 |
540 |
1.00 |
0.363 |
4.6 |
402 |
8.6 |
544 |
1.20 |
1.04 |
4.7 |
420 |
8.8 |
550 |
1.40 |
12.4 |
4.8 |
393 |
9.0 |
557 |
1.60 |
67.2 |
4.9 |
351 |
9.2 |
567 |
1.80 |
80.3 |
5.0 |
312 |
9.4 |
579 |
2.00 |
69.1 |
5.1 |
274 |
9.6 |
594 |
2.20 |
16.5 |
5.2 |
244 |
9.8 |
614 |
2.40 |
50.1 |
5.3 |
232 |
10.0 |
639 |
2.60 |
153 |
5.4 |
240 |
10.5 |
793 |
2.65 |
318 |
5.5 |
265 |
11.0 |
1110 |
2.70 |
845 |
5.6 |
319 |
11.5 |
1550 |
2.75 |
2700 |
5.7 |
448 |
12.0 |
2080 |
2.80 |
5120 |
5.8 |
715 |
12.5 |
2600 |
2.85 |
8160 |
5.9 |
1330 |
13.0 |
2950 |
2.90 |
11600 |
6.0 |
2240 |
13.5 |
3190 |
2.95 |
12700 |
6.1 |
2700 |
14.0 |
3320 |
3.00 |
11400 |
6.2 |
1800 |
14.5 |
3360 |
3.05 |
9890 |
6.3 |
1140 |
15.0 |
3370 |
3.10 |
7780 |
6.4 |
882 |
15.5 |
3360 |
3.15 |
5390 |
6.5 |
758 |
16.0 |
3320 |
3.20 |
3630 |
6.6 |
678 |
16.5 |
3260 |
3.25 |
2360 |
6.7 |
632 |
17.0 |
3170 |
3.30 |
1400 |
6.8 |
604 |
17.5 |
3060 |
3.35 |
979 |
6.9 |
579 |
18.0 |
2970 |
3.40 |
720 |
7.0 |
575 |
18.5 |
2860 |
© 2003 by CRC Press LLC