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1.2 Physical Properties*

Physical properties of optical crystals in this section are grouped into three tables: isotropic crystals, uniaxial crystals, and biaxial crystals. Materials are listed alphabetically in order of the chemical formulas. The following properties are included:

Density: Data are for room temperature.

Hardness: This is an empirical and relative measure of a material’s resistance to wear. Average Knoop (indentation test) hardness numbers or range of values at room temperature are given when available. In many cases only Vicker (V) or Mohs hardness are known. This is indicated parentheses after the value. The hardness of a crystal varies with orientation even for cubic symmetry crystals.

Cleavage: The ease of cleavage varies greatly depending on the crystal quality and the nature and direction of stress applied. In many crystals there can be more than one set of cleavage planes. Miller indices are used to denote the cleavage planes. The actual number of cleavage planes depends on the plane orientation relative to the symmetry of the crystal. Only the easiest cleavage plane for each crystal is listed. They are ranked qualitatively as perfect (p) or imperfect (i). A crystal listed with a perfect cleavage plane can crack along that direction with a smooth surface if a stress is applied. The imperfect cleavage plane means that the crack does not easily move along the plane, although a small area of oriented flat surfaces may form along the cracking surface when the crystal is fractured.

Solubility: Solubility is defined as the weight loss in grams per 100 grams of water. The dissolution temperature in °C is included in parentheses, if given. If the solubility is less than 10-3 g/100 g, the material is generally considered to be insoluble. If a crystal is listed as insoluble, it means that, when submerged in water with a reasonable amount of time (a day or so), no noticeable loss of weight nor visible surface erosion of the crystal is observed.

* This section was adapted from “Optical Crystals” by B. H. T. Chai, Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Suppl. 2, Optical Materials (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995), p. 30 ff (with additions).

1.2.1 Isotropic Crystals

Physical Properties of Isotropic Crystalline Materials

Cubic

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

AgBr

6.473

7

None

1.2 × 10–5 (20)

AgCl

5.56

9.5

None

1.5 × 10–4 (20)

AlAs

3.729

–

(111)-p

Insoluble

Al23O27N5 (ALON)

3.713

1850

–

Insoluble

AlP

2.40

–

–

Slightly soluble

AlSb

4.26

–

–

 

As2O3

3.87

1.5 (Mohs)

(111)

Soluble

Ba(NO3)2

3.24

–

None

Soluble

Ba2Zr2Si3O12

–

–

–

Insoluble

Ba3Al2O6

5.008

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Isotropic Crystalline Materials—continued

Cubic

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Ba3MgTa2O9

6.435

–

 

–

Insoluble

BaF2

4.83

82(500)

(111)-p

0.12

BaF2-CaF2

4.89

–

 

(111)-p

0.16

Bi12GeO20

9.22

4.5(Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Bi12SiO20

9.20

–

 

None

Insoluble

Bi12TiO20

9.069

–

 

None

Insoluble

Bi4Ge3O12

7.13

5.0 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Bi4Si3O12

6.60

4.5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

BN

3.48

4600

 

(111)

Insoluble

BP

2.97

3600

 

–

Insoluble

C (diamond)

3.51

5700–10400

(111)

Insoluble

Ca12Al14O33

2.68

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca2LiMg2V3O12

3.447

–

 

–

–

Ca2LiZn2V3O12

3.726

–

 

–

–

Ca2NaMg2V3O12

3.414

–

 

–

–

Ca2NaZn2V3O12

3.976

–

 

–

–

Ca2Sb2O7

–

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca3Al2Ge3O12

4.357

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca3Al2Si3O12

3.60

7

(Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Ca3Ga2Ge3O12

4.837

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca3Gd(PO4)3

3.900

–

 

–

Insoluble

Ca3In2Ge3O12

5.063

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca3La(PO4)3

3.678

–

 

–

Insoluble

Ca3Lu2Ge3O12

5.668

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca3Sc2Ge3O12

4.203

–

 

None

Insoluble

Ca3Sc2Si3O12

3.514

–

 

None

Insoluble

CaF2

3.180

158

 

(111)-p

1.6 × 10–3 (18)

CaLa2S4

4.524

570

 

–

–

CaO

3.3

3.5

(100)-p

0.13(10)

CaTiO3

3.98

–

 

–

Insoluble

CaY2Mg3Ge3O12

–

–

 

None

Insoluble

Cd2Nb2O7

6.216

–

 

None

Insoluble

Cd2Sb2O7

–

–

 

None

Insoluble

Cd3Sc2Ge3O12

5.749

–

 

None

Insoluble

CdB2O4

4.58

–

 

–

–

CdF2

6.64

–

 

(111)-p

4.4 (20)

CdGa2O4

–

–

 

None

Insoluble

CdIn2O4

7.00

–

 

None

–

CdO

8.24

3

(Mohs)

(111)

–

CdTe

6.20

56

 

(110)-p

Very slightly soluble

Cs2KLaF6

3.95

–

 

None

Slightly soluble

Cs2NaYF6

4.397

–

 

None

Slightly soluble

CsBr

4.44

19.5

None

124 (25)

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Isotropic Crystalline Materials—continued

Cubic

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

CsCaF3

4.123

–

–

Slightly soluble

CsCdF3

5.62

–

–

–

CsCl

3.9

–

None

186 (20)

CsF

4.638

–

(100)-p

367 (18)

CsI

4.510

1–2 (Mohs)

None

44 (0)

CsSrF3

4.299

–

–

–

Cu2O

6.11

3.5 (Mohs)

(111)-i

Insoluble

CuBr

4.77

21

–

Very slightly soluble

CuCl

4.14

2.5 (Mohs)

(110)-p

6.1 × 10–3

CuI

5.68

2.5 (Mohs)

(110)-p

–

GaAs

5.316

721

(111)-p

<5 × 10–3 (25)

GaP

4.13

–

(111)-p

Insoluble

GaSb

5.619

–

(111)-p

Insoluble

Gd2Ti2O7

6.52

1114

None

Insoluble

Gd3Ga5O12

7.02

6.5–7(Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Gd3Sc2Al3O12

5.82

7.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Gd3Sc2Ga3O12

–

7.0 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Ge

5.35

800

(111)

Insoluble

Hg2Sb2O7

–

–

None

Insoluble

HgSe

8.266

–

–

Insoluble

HgTe

–

–

–

–

InAs

5.66

330

(111)-p

Insoluble

InP

4.8

430

(111)-p

Insoluble

InSb

5.78

225

(111)-p

Insoluble

K2Mg2(SO4)3

2.83

3.5 (Mohs)

None

Slightly soluble

K2NaAlF6

2.99

2.5 (Mohs)

None

Slightly soluble

K2NaGaF6

3.34

–

None

Slightly soluble

K3AlF6

–

–

None

Soluble

KBr

2.75

7.0(200)

(100)-p

65.2 (20)

KCaF3

2.709

–

–

–

KCdF3

4.264

–

–

–

KCl

1.984

9.3(200)

(100)-p

34.7 (20)

KF

2.48

2 (Mohs)

(100)-p

92.3 (18)

KI

3.12

5

(100)-p

144 (20)

KMgF3

3.15

2.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

KTaO3

7.015

–

–

Insoluble

KY3F10

4.312

4.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

La3Lu2Ga3O12

–

7.0 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Li2BeF4

2.289

–

–

–

Li2CdCl4

2.956

–

–

–

Li2MgCl4

2.119

–

–

–

LiAl5O8

3.625

–

None

Insoluble

LiBaF3

5.242

–

–

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Isotropic Crystalline Materials—continued

Cubic

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

LiBr

3.464

–

 

(100)-p

145 (4)

LiCl

2.068

–

 

(100)-p

63.7 (0)

LiF

2.635

110

(600)

(100)-p

0.27 (18)

LiGa5O8

5.819

–

 

None

Insoluble

LiI

4.076

–

 

(100)-p

168 (20)

Lu2O3

9.426

–

 

–

–

Lu2Ti2O7

7.31

1264

 

None

Insoluble

Lu3Al5O12

6.695

7.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Lu3Ga5O12

7.828

7.0 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

Lu3Sc2Ga3O12

–

7.0 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

LuScO3

–

–

 

–

Insoluble

Mg2TiO4

3.546

–

 

–

Insoluble

Mg3Al2Si3O12

3.58

7.5 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

MgAl2O4

3.58

1140 (1000)

None

Insoluble

MgGa2O4

5.37

7.0 (Mohs)

None

Insoluble

MgO

3.58

690

(600)

(100)-p

6.2 × 10–4

MnO

5.44

5.5 (Mohs)

(100)-p

Insoluble

Na2BiMg2V3O12

4.388

–

 

–

–

Na2BiZn2V3O12

4.919

–

 

–

–

Na2CaSiO4

2.821

–

 

–

Insoluble

Na2GdMg2V3O12

4.115

–

 

–

–

Na2LuMg2V3O12

4.332

–

 

–

–

Na2YMg2V3O12

3.668

–

 

–

–

Na3Li3Al2F12

2.77

2

(Mohs)

(011)-i

–

Na3Li3Ga2F12

3.20

2

(Mohs)

None

–

Na3Li3In2F12

3.54

2

(Mohs)

None

–

Na3Li3Sc2F12

2.66

2

(Mohs)

None

–

Na3Sc2V3O12

3.342

–

 

–

–

Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2

2.27

5.5 (Mohs)

(110)-i

Insoluble

NaBr

3.203

–

 

(100)-p

91 (20)

NaCdMg2F7

3.968

–

 

–

–

NaCdZn2F7

4.838

–

 

–

–

NaCl

2.165

18

(200)

(100)-p

39.8 (0)

NaF

2.588

60

 

(100)-p

4.2 (18)

5NaF-9YF3

4.22

2

(Mohs)

None

Insoluble

NaI

3.667

–

 

(100)-p

179 (20)

Pb(NO3)2

4.530

–

 

–

–

Pb2Sb2O7

–

–

 

None

Insoluble

PbF2

8.24

200

 

(111)-p

0.064 (20)

PbS

7.5

2.5–2.75 (Mohs)(100)-p

6.6 × 10–5

PbSe

8.10

–

 

(100)-p

Insoluble

PbTe

8.164

–

 

(100)-p

Insoluble

Rb2KGaF6

3.751

–

 

None

–

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

Physical Properties of Isotropic Crystalline Materials—continued

Cubic

Density

Hardness

Cleavage

Solubility (ºC)

material

(g/cm3)

(kg/mm2)

plane

(g/100 g H2O)

Rb2NaInF6

4.302

–

 

None

–

RbBr

3.35

–

 

(100)-p

98 (5)

RbCaF3

3.632

–

 

–

–

RbCl

2.80

–

 

(100)-p

77 (0)

RbF

–

–

 

(100)-p

367 (18)

RbI

3.55

1.0 (Mohs)

(100)-p

152 (17)

RbZnF3

5.007

–

 

–

–

Sb2O3

5.50

2–2.5 (Mohs)

(111)-i

Insoluble

Sc2O3

3.840

–

 

–

Insoluble

Si

2.33

1150

 

(111)

Insoluble

β-SiC

3.214

2880

 

–

Insoluble

β-SiC (CVD)

3.21

2540

 

–

Insoluble

Sr3Al2O6

4.136

–

 

–

–

Sr3Gd(PO4)3

–

–

 

–

Insoluble

Sr3In2Ge3O12

5.632

–

 

None

Insoluble

Sr3La(PO4)3

–

–

 

–

Insoluble

Sr3Sc2Ge3O12

4.838

–

 

None

Insoluble

Sr6Nb2O11

5.0

–

 

–

Insoluble

Sr6Ta2O11

6.088

–

 

–

Insoluble

SrF2

4.24

130

 

(111)-p

0.012 (20)

SrSnO3

6.432

–

 

–

Insoluble

SrTiO3

5.122

595

 

None

Insoluble

SrVO3

5.46

–

 

–

–

ThO2

9.86

600

 

None

Insoluble

Tl(Br,I)

7.371

40

(500)

None

–

Tl(Cl,Br)

7.192

39

(500)

None

<0.32 (20)

Tl2O3

10.35

–

 

–

Insoluble

TlBr

7.557

12

(500)

None

0.05 (25)

TlCl

7.604

13

(500)

None

0.32 (20)

Y2O3

5.01

875

 

–

1.8 x 10–5 (20)

Y2Ti2O7

4.987

1099

 

None

Insoluble

Y3Al5O12

4.56

135

(200)

None

Insoluble

Y3Ga5O12

5.79

7.0 (Moh)

None

Insoluble

Y3In2Ga3O12

6.03

–

 

None

Insoluble

Y3Sc2Al3O12

4.55

–

 

None

Insoluble

Y3Sc2Ga3O12

5.184

7.0 (Moh)

None

Insoluble

Zn4B6O13

4.19

–

 

–

–

ZnAl2O4

4.62

7.5 (Moh)

None

Insoluble

ZnGa2O4

6.089

7.0 (Moh)

None

Insoluble

β-ZnS

4.09

178

 

(110)-p

6.9 × 10–4 (18)

β-ZnS (CVD)

4.04

178

 

–

–

ZnSe

5.42

137

 

(110)-p

0.001(25)

ZnSiAs2

4.747

–

 

–

Insoluble

© 2003 by CRC Press LLC

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