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Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Optics Handbook Of Optical Materials_Weber_2003.pdf

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2.11.2 Laser Glasses

Compositions of commercial laser glasses are rarely published. Most current glasses are similar to the following:

•Silicate glasses of the Li2O-CaO-SiO2 or Li2O-Na2O-SrO-SiO2 type. Examples of these glasses include the Schott LG-680, Kigre Q-246, and Hoya LSG-91H. These

glasses generally have excellent physical properties and, because of their high Li2O content, can be strengthened by ion exchange. Therefore, these glasses can be very

resistant to thermal shock.

•Potassium-barium-phosphate glasses with a high cross section for stimulated emission. Examples of these glasses include Schott LG-760, Hoya LGH-80, and Kigre Q-98.

These glasses are often modified with Na2O, Li2O, Al2O3, etc. to produce a glass with a near-zero optical distortion. Examples of these athermal glasses include Schott LG-

LG-760, Hoya LGH-8, and Kigre Q-98.

•Lithium-aluminum-phosphate glasses with a relatively high thermal shock resistance for high average power applications. These glasses can usually be ion exchanged to further improve their resistance to breakage. Examples of these glasses include Schott APG-1 and Hoya HAP-4.

•Fluorophosphate glasses feature a low nonlinear refractive index which reduces spatial beam breakup due to small scale self-focusing. An example is Schott LG-810.

In addition to commercial laser glasses, a large number of different glasses have been used in experimental lasers. Below is a summary of the range of spectroscopic properties that

have been obtained for the 4F3/2–4I11/2 transition of Nd3+. For additional data of glass lasers, see the Handbook of Lasers (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000), p. 161.

Spectroscopic Properties for Nd3+ Observed in Different Glasses at 295 K

	Refractive	Cross	Peak	Effective	Radiative
Host	index	section	wavelength	linewidth	lifetime
glass	(nd)	(pm2)	( m)	(nm)	( s)
Oxides
Silicate	1.46–1.75	0.9–3.6	1.057–1.088	34–55	170–1090
Germinate	1.61–1.71	1.7–2.5	1.060–1.063	36–43	300–460
Tellurite	2.0–2.1	3.0–5.1	1.056–1.063	26–31	140–240
Phosphate	1.49–1.63	2.0–4.8	1.052–1.057	22–35	280–530
Borate	1.51–1.69	2.1–3.2	1.054–1.062	34–38	270–450
Halides
Beryllium fluoride	1.28–1.38	1.6–4.0	1.046–1.050	19–29	460–1030
Aluminum fluoride	1.39–1.49	2.2–2.9	1.049–1.050	28–32	540–650
Heavy metal fluoride	1.50–1.56	2.5–3.4	1.048–1.051	25–29	360–500
Chloride	1.67–2.06	6.0–6.3	1.062–1.064	19–20	180–220
Oxyhalides
Fluorophosphate	1.41–1.56	2.2–4.3	1.049–1.056	27–34	310–570
Chlorophosphate	1.51–1.55	5.2–5.4	1.055	22–23	290–300
Chalcogenides
Sulfide	2.1–2.5	6.9–8.2	1.075	21	64–100
Oxysulfide	2.4	4.2	1.075	28	92

Properties of Hoya Laser Glasses

	Glass designation	LHG-5	LHG-8	LHG-80
	Glass type	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Nd-doped
		phosphate	phosphate	phosphate
	Lasing Properties
	Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1054	1054	1054
	Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	4.1	4.2	4.8
	Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	0.217	0.223	0.255
	Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.0015	0.0015	0.0015
	Fluorescence linewidth
	FWHM (nm)	22.0	21.8	20.2
	Effective (nm)	–	–	–
	Fluorescence lifetime ( s)	290	315	320
	at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	3.2	3.1	3.1
	Optical properties
	Refractive index at
	lasing wavelength (nm)	1.5308	1.5200	1.5329
633		1.5391	1.5279	1.5415
	587 nm, nd	1.5410	1.5296	1.5429
	Abbe value	63.5	66.5	64.7
	Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.28	1.13	1.24
	Temperature coefficient of refractive index,
	dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	–0.4	–5.3	–3.8
		–0.4	–5.3	–3.8
	Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
	w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	4.2	0.6	1.8
	Stress optical coefficient (nm/cm/kgf/cm2)	2.26	1.93	1.77
	Thermal Properties
	Coefficient of thermal expansion,
	dl/dT (10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	8.4	11.2	10.2
	(100–300°C)	9.8	12.7	13.0
	Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	0.77	0.58	0.63
	Specific heat (J/g K)	0.71	0.75	0.63
	Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	455	485	402
	Other Properties
	Density (g/cm3)	2.68	2.83	2.92
	Young’s modulus, E (kgf/mm2)	6910	5110	5100
	Poisson’s ratio	0.237	0.258	0.267
	Knoop hardness (kgf/mm2)	429	350	342

Properties of Hoya Laser Glasses—continued

Glass designation	LSG-91H	HAP-4	LEG-30
Glass type	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Er-doped
	silicate	phosphate	phosphate
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1062	1054	1535
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	2.7	3.6	0.77
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	0.144	0.197	–
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.0015	0.0015	–
Fluorescence linewidth
FWHM (nm)	27.4	27.0	32.0
Effective (nm)	–	–	–
Fluorescence lifetime ( s)	300	350	8.7
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	3.0	3.2	–
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.5498	1.5331	1.527
632.8 nm	1.5590	1.5416	1.5402
587 nm, nd	1.5611	1.5433	1.5419
Abbe value	56.6	64.6	65.4
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.58	1.25	1.22
Temperature coefficient of refractive index, dn/dT
(20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	1.6	1.8	–3.0
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	6.6	5.7	2.2
Stress optical coefficient (nm/cm/kgf/cm2)	2.16	2.44	–
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion, dl/dT (10–6/°C)
(20–40°C)	9.0	7.2	9.6
(100–300°C)	10.5	8.5	10.9
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	1.03	1.02	–
Specific heat (J/g K)	0.63	0.71	0.55
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	465	486	515
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.81	2.70	3.09
Young’s modulus, E (kgf/mm2)	8890	7020	5640
Poisson’s ratio	0.237	0.236	0.26
Knoop hardness (kgf/mm2)	590	470	346

Properties of Kigre Laser Glasses

Glass designation	Q-88	Q-98	Q-100
Glass type	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Nd-doped
	phosphate	phosphate	phosphate
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1054	1053	1054
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	4.0	4.5	4.4
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	–	–	–
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.0008	0.0008	0.0008
Fluorescence linewidth
FWHM (nm)	21.9	21.1	21.2
Effective (nm)	26.3	25.5	25.1
Fluorescence lifetime ( s)	326	308	357
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	–	–	–
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.504	1.516	1.508
632.8 nm	1.513	1.524	1.514
587 nm, nD	1.515	1.526	1.519
Abbe value	67.5	68.2	69.2
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.08	1.08	1.02
Temperature coefficient of refractive index, dn/dT
(20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	–3.2	–5.1	–6.8
	–3.2	–5.1	–6.8
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	2.3	0.8	–0.4
Stress optical coefficient (nm/cm/kgf/cm2)	2.1	1.8	2.0
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion dl/dT
(10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	10.9	11.4	12.5
(100–300°C)	–	–	–
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	0.69	0.52	0.60
Specific heat (J/g K)	0.84	0.72	0.75
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	458	450	350
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.63	2.83	2.60
Young’s modulus, E (kgf/mm2)	6181	5110	5477
Poisson’s ratio	0.243	0.256	0.267
Knoop hardness (kgf/mm2)	320	290	310

Properties of Kigre Laser Glasses—continued

Glass designation	Q-246	MM-2	QE-7S
Glass type	Nd-doped	Er-doped	Er-doped
	phosphate	phosphate	phosphate
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1054.5	1535	1.535
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	3.5	0.8	0.8
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	0.186	–	–
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.0015	–	0.002
Fluorescence linewidth
FWHM (nm)	23.0	55	30
Effective (nm)	26.65
Fluorescence lifetime ( s)	350	7900	8000
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	2.0	–	–
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.526	1.53	1.531
632.8 nm	1.535	–	–
587 nm, nD	1.537	1.54	1.542
Abbe value	67.7	–	–
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.13	–	–
Temperature coefficient of refractive index, dn/dT
(20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	1.2	-3.8	6.3
	1.2	-3.8	6.3
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n–1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	5.2	3.3	0.3
Stress optical coefficient (nm/cm/kgf/cm2)	2.2	2.1
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion dl/dT
(10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	7.6	7.3	11.4
(100–300°C)	–	8.4	–
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	0.83	0.85	0.82
Specific heat (J/g K)	0.84		0.80
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	450	506	462
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.64	2.70	2.94
Young’s modulus, E (kgf/mm2)	7242	7100	7210
Poisson’s ratio	0.239	0.24	0.24
Knoop hardness (kgf/mm2)	315	435	556

Properties of Kigre Laser Glasses—continued

Glass designation	QX/Nd	QX/Er	QX/Yb
Glass designation
Glass type	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Nd-doped
	phosphate	phosphate	phosphate
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1054	1535	1025-1060
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	3.8	0.8	1.4
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	–	–	–
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	–	–	–
Fluorescence linewidth	–	–	–
FWHM (nm)	27.2	55.0	56.5
Effective (nm)	–	–	–
Fluorescence lifetime (µs)	353	7900	2000
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	–	–	–
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.53	1.521	1.52
632.8 nm	–	–	–
589.3 nm, nD	1.538	1.538	1.535
Abbe value	66.0	64.5	61.1
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.17	1.22	1.22
Temperature coefficient of refractive index dn/dT
(20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	−0.4	0	0
	−0.4	0	0
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	5.1	3.3	3.3
Stress optical coefficient (10-6 mm2/N)	2.1	2.3	2.3
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion dl/dT
(10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	7.2	8.2	8.3
(20–100°C)	8.4	9.4	9.5
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	0.85	0.85	0.85
Specific heat (J/g K)	–	–	–
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	–	–	–
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.66	2.90	2.81
Young’s modulus, E (103 N/ mm2)	7100	6700	6700
Poisson’s ratio	0.24	0.24	0.24
Knoop hardness (kgf/mm2)	503	435	435

Properties of Schott Laser Glasses

Glass designation	LG-700	LG-750	LG-760
Glass designation
Glass type	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Nd-doped
	phosphate	phosphate	phosphate
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1053	1053.5	1053.5
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	3.7	4.0	4.2
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	0.195	0.212	0.223
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.0015	0.0020	–
Fluorescence linewidth
FWHM (nm)	22.3	21.5	19.6
Effective (nm)	26.6	25.5	23.6
Fluorescence lifetime ( s)	350	360	350
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	2.0	2.0	2.0
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.504	1.516	1.508
632.8 nm	1.513	1.524	1.514
587 nm, nd	1.515	1.526	1.519
Abbe value	67.5	68.2	69.2
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.08	1.08	1.02
Temperature coefficient of refractive index dn/dT
(20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	–3.2	–5.1	–6.8
	–3.2	–5.1	–6.8
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	2.3	0.8	–0.4
Stress optical coefficient (nm/cm/kgf/cm2)	2.1	1.8	2.0
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion dl/dT
(10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	10.9	11.4	12.5
(100–300°C)	–	–	–
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	0.69	0.52	0.60
Specific heat (J/g K)	0.84	0.72	0.75
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	458	450	350
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.63	2.83	2.60
Young’s modulus, E (103 N/mm2)	6181	5110	5477
Poisson’s ratio	0.243	0.256	0.267
Knoop hardness (N/mm2)	320	290	310

Properties of Schott Laser Glasses–continued

Glass designation	LG-660	LG-670	LG-680
Glass type		(ED-2)	(ED-3)
	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Nd-doped
	silicate	silicate	silicate
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1057	1061	1061
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	2.0	2.7	2.9
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	0.106	0.144	0.155
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.002	<0.003	0.002
Fluorescence linewidth
FWHM (nm)	24.9	27.8	28.2
Effective (nm)	33.3	34.4	34.7
Fluorescence lifetime ( s)	480	330	>350
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	1.4	1.4	2.0
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.509	1.561	1.560
632.8 nm	1.517	1.570	1.568
587 nm, nd	1.519	1.572	1.570
Abbe value	58.2	57.5	57.7
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10-13 esu)	1.34	1.41	1.6
Temperature coefficient of refractive index
dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	1.1	2.9	2.9
	1.1	2.9
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	6.5	8.0	8.1
Stress optical coeff. (546 nm) (nm/cm/N/mm2)	29	21.0	20
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion dl/dT
(10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	10.7	9.26	9.3
(100–300°C)	12.2	10.3	–
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	1.05	1.35	1.35
Specific heat (J/g K)	0.72	0.92	0.92
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	395	468	468
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.60	2.54	2.54
Young’s modulus, E (103 N/mm2)	69.4	90.1	9190
Poisson’s ratio	0.233	0.242	0.242
Knoop hardness (N/mm2)	4415	5876	599

Properties of Schott Laser Glasses—continued

Glass designation	APG-1	LG-810	LG-812
Glass type	Nd-doped	Nd-doped	Nd-doped
	phosphate	fluoro-	fluoro-
		phosphate	phosphate*
Lasing Properties
Peak laser wavelength (nm)	1054.5	1051	1051
Stimulated emission cross section (pm2)	3.5	2.6	2.7
Specific gain coefficient (cm–1/J/cm3)	0.186	0.138	0.15
Loss at lasing wavelength (cm–1)	0.0015	<0.002	0.005
Fluorescence linewidth
FWHM (nm)	23.0	26.1	22
Effective (nm)	26.65	31.0	–
Fluorescence lifetime (µs)	350	470	400
at [Nd3+] (1020 / cm3)	2.0	1.4	2.86
Optical properties
Refractive index at
lasing wavelength (nm)	1.526	1.429	1.428
632.8 nm	1.535	1.434	–
587 nm, nd	1.537	1.435	1.435
Abbe value	67.7	91	91.0
Nonlinear refractive index, n2 (10–13 esu)	1.13	0.52	0.5
Temperature coefficient of refractive index
dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	1.2	−7.7	−7.7
Temperature coefficient of optical path length,
w = CTE (n – 1) + dn/dT (20–40°C) (10–6/°C)	5.2	−1.4	−1.4
Stress optical coeff. (546 nm) (nm/cm/N/mm2)	2.2	9.3	9.3
Thermal Properties
Coefficient of thermal expansion dl/dT
(10–6/°C) (20–40°C)	7.6	14.5**	14.5**
(100–300°C)	–	16.5	–
Thermal conductivity (W/m K)	0.83	1.06	1.06
Specific heat (J/g K)	0.84	0.71	0.71
Glass transformation temperature, Tg (°C)	450	395	401
Other Properties
Density (g/cm3)	2.64	3.19	3.19
Young’s modulus, E (103 N/mm2)	7242	75.3	75.3
Poisson’s ratio	0.239	0.275	0.275
Knoop hardness (N/mm2)	315	3237	330

* Properties are not final. ** −30–+70°C

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