- •Федеральное агентство по образованию
- •Preface
- •Credits
- •Table of contents
- •Unit 1 what is science?
- •Part 1: principles of effective reading
- •Skimming: for getting the gist of something
- •Detailed reading: for extracting information accurately
- •Text a the discovery of X-rays
- •Text b call for tolerance towards some 'stem cell tourism'
- •Text c general guidelines
- •Model of a presentation
- •Part 2: oral or written?
- •The academic audience
- •Levels of formality
- •The range of formality Technical → Formal → Informal → Colloquial
- •Part 3: what is science?
- •What is science?
- •Part 4: technology: pros & cons
- •Part 5:listening for academic purposes
- •Part 6: grammar review
- •Parts of speech
- •Task 40. Fill in the blank with the form of the noun in parentheses that is appropriate to the grammatical context of the sentence and the meaning of the passage as a whole.
- •Diabetes: Beyond the Basics
- •The Computer Jungle
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
- •Unit 2 science to life: between the lines
- •Part 1: how effectively can you read?
- •Reading skills for academic study
- •Using the title
- •Part 2: paragraph development and topic sentences
- •Text a Science and Technology
- •Text c Research: Fundamental and Applied, and the Public
- •Part 3: scientists' brain drain Task 16. You are going to read a magazine article (Text a). Choose the most suitable heading from the list (1 – 9)for each part (a – j)of an article
- •Text a highlights of the north
- •Text b bio tech brain drain: are too many talented scientists leaving the southeast?
- •Part 4 reading skills for success
- •Reading skills for success: a guide to academic texts
- •Collocations
- •Part 5: listening for academic purposes
- •Going Digital: The Future of College Textbooks?
- •Part 6: grammar review sentence structure
- •1. Simple sentence:
- •2. Compound sentence:
- •3. Complex sentence:
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
- •Unit 3 order of importance
- •Part 1 academic vocabulary
- •C a social occasion to which people are invited in order to eat, drink and enjoy themselves
- •A a way of dealing with a problem, an answer
- •Part 2 Coherence
- •The importance of stupidity in scientific research
- •Consumerism is 'eating the future'
- •Now fly me to the asteroids as well
- •Cohesion: Using Repetition and Reference Words to Emphasize Key Ideas in Your Writing
- •Repetition of Key Words
- •Rotation may solve cosmic mystery
- •Part 3 writing & speaking fundamentals
- •Article 1 shapefile technical description
- •Article 2
- •Article 3
- •Article 4 disposable containers for a disposable society
- •Article 5 knowledge, theory, and classification
- •The table of the useful vocabulary
- •Part 4: listening for academic purposes
- •Part 5:grammar review (punctuation)
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
- •Text a mistakes and negligence
- •(1) Changing Knowledge
- •(2) Discovering an Error
- •Part 2 Comparison and Contrast
- •Part 3 listening for academic purposes
- •Recognising lecture structure
- •1. Introducing
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
- •Unit 5 research misconduct
- •A Breach of Trust
- •Task 4.Study the second case.
- •Treatment of Misconduct by a Journal
- •Part 2 reading skills for academic study: note-taking
- •How to take notes
- •Part 3 preparing an abstract
- •Abstract 1 The hydrodynamics of dolphin drafting
- •Abstract 2 Recomputing Coverage Information to Assist Regression Testing
- •Abstract 3 Methods for determining best multispectral bands using hyper spectral data
- •Abstracts and introductions compared
- •Introduction
- •Introduction
- •Text a The Biosphere: Its Definition, Evolution and Possible Future
- •Introduction
- •Text b The Environment: Problems and Solution
- •Text d The Biosphere: Natural, Man-Disturbed and Man-Initiated Cycles
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes Giving background information
- •Showing importance/Emphasising
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
- •The Selection of Data
- •Lexical & grammar review
- •Part 2 avoiding plagiarism
- •3. Plagiarism!
- •4. Plagiarism is bad!!
- •5. The importance of recognizing the plagiarism
- •Is It Plagiarism?
- •Literal
- •Part 3 evaluating sources
- •Sample mla Annotation
- •Sample apa Annotation
- •Task 22. Analyse an extract of the following annotated bibliography. Define its format.
- •Ethics in the physical sciences course outline and reference books
- •Philosophy
- •The life of a scientist
- •Ethics for scientists
- •A few cautionary notes on saving Web materials
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
- •The Race to Publish
- •Part 2 how to read an academic article
- •Article 1
- •50 Million chemicals and counting
- •Article 2 sun is setting on incandescent era
- •How to read a scientific article
- •Part 3 how to write an academic article
- •Publication Practices
- •Restrictions on Peer Review and the Flow of Scientific Information
- •Guidelines for Writing a Scientific Article
- •Part 4 listening for academic purposes
- •Vocabulary sheet (to be filled with useful words and expressions of the Unit)
Text a mistakes and negligence
All scientific research is susceptible to error. At the frontiers of knowledge, experimental techniques often are pushed to the limit, the signal can be difficult to separate from the noise, and even the question to be answered may not be well defined. In such an uncertain and fluid situation, identifying reliable data in a mass of confusing and sometimes contradictory observations can be extremely difficult.
Furthermore, researchers sometimes have to take risks to explore an innovative idea or observation. They may have to rely on a theoretical or experimental technique that is not fully developed, or they may have to extend a conjecture into new realms. Such risk taking does not excuse sloppy research, but it should not be condemned as misguided.
Finally, all researchers are human. They do not have limitless working time or access to unlimited resources. Even the most responsible researcher can make an honest mistake in the design of an experiment, the calibration of instruments, the recording of data, the interpretation of results, or other aspects of research.
Despite these difficulties, researchers have an obligation to the public, to their profession, and to themselves to be as accurate and as careful as possible. Scientific disciplines have developed methods and practices designed to minimize the possibility of mistakes, and failing to observe these methods violates the standards of science. Every scientific result must be carefully prepared, submitted to the peer review process, and scrutinized even after publication.
Beyond honest errors are mistakes caused by negligence. Haste, carelessness, inattention—any of a number of faults can lead to work that does not meet scientific standards or the practices of a discipline.
Researchers who are negligent are placing their reputation, the work of their colleagues, and the public’s confidence in science at risk. Errors can do serious damage both within science and in the broader society that relies on scientific results.
Though science is built on the idea that peers will validate results, actual replication is selective. It is not practical (or necessary) to reconstruct all the observations and theoretical constructs made by others. To make progress, researchers must trust that previous investigators performed the work in accordance with accepted standards.
Some mistakes in the scientific record are quickly corrected by subsequent work. But mistakes that mislead subsequent researchers can waste large amounts of time and resources. When such a mistake appears in a journal article or book, it should be corrected in a note, erratum (for a production error), or corrigendum (for an author’s error). Mistakes in other documents that are part of the scientific record—including research proposals, laboratory records, progress reports, abstracts, theses, and internal reports—should be corrected in a way that maintains the integrity of the original record and at the same time keeps other researchers from building on the erroneous results reported in the original.
(From On Being a Scientist: Third Edition http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12192.html)
Task 5. Choose 10 unknown words from the text and say what technique you have used to understand their meaning. Write down the words their explanations and examples with them into your glossary. Discuss your findings with the partners
Task 6. Match the words from the left column with their probable meaning in the right column. Be careful! There are a few extra meanings on the right.
1. susceptible 2. realms 3. haste 4. corrigendum 5. scrutinize 6. erratum 7. sloppy 8. condemn |
a. express very strong disapproval of sth (sb) b. easily influenced (by) c. mistake in printing or writing d. not careful or thorough enough e. too much speed, often with bad or unwanted results f. quick movement or action g. an area of activity h. examine very closely and carefully i. something to be made correct j. able to have or be changed by k. show the guilt of a person |
Task 7. Study the given cases (1&2) from On Being a Scientist: Third Edition http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12192.html. Discuss them with the partners. Prove your opinion.