Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Скачиваний:
97
Добавлен:
12.03.2015
Размер:
2.6 Mб
Скачать

.//0<"0.0<5?@$6 2/*!&"2.%6 ./.0%<&-"0, 2%2 !,%<$&/, 2:1), 1/&:() /0<"3%0' .&"15?@$* 0,"9/<%($-*, .B/,*5&$,/<%(()* $*/(/*:

QF/&$1"(0%0()4 %#$2&$3".2$4 &$7%(1 ($&$ &$7%(1)), 2%2 $

#$2&$3".2$4 ("40,%&'()4 !","(/.3$2, 1/&:"( $*"0' ./.0/-@5? $+ !/&-,()6 7,5!! :".025? !/&/.0'. =%+*", !/&/.0$ 1/&:"( .//0<"0.0</<%0' ,%+*",5 /!,"1"&-"*/7/ 2%0$/(%. 8"!/&-,()" 7,5!!$,/<2$ !,$ D0/* /9,%+5?0 <(";(?? /9/&/325 2//,1$(%#$/((/4 .B",) 2/*!&"2.%.

QF,$ 2//,1$(%#$$ $/(/< @"&/3()6 $ @"&/3(/+"*"&'()6 *"0%&&/< < 2%3".0<" 2//,1$($,5?@$6 7,5!! 9/&"" !,"1!/30$0"&'() %0/*) 2$.&/,/1%. M0/*%* %+/0% !,$.5@$ (":"&%0"&'()" DBB"20) !,/0/($+%#$$.

QK//,1$($,5?@$" 7,5!!) 1/&:() ,%.!/&%7%0'.- < .0,5205," &$7%(1% 0%2$* /9,%+/*, 30/9) !,$ 2/*!&"2.//9,%+/<%($$ . $/(/* *"0%&&% /9,%+/<)<%&.- !-0$3&"(()4 #$2&.

QH&- 1/.0$:"($- *%2.$*%&'(/4 $+9$,%0"&'(/.0$ E J 2 1<5+%,-1()* $/(%* /2,5:"($" $/(% *"0%&&% < 2/*!&"2." 1/&:(/ 9)0' 2%2 */:(/ 9/&"" "0/(2$*".

QW.0/43$</.0' 2/*!&"2.% 1/.0$7%"0.- +% .3"0 !/<);"($- 1$!/&'(/7/ */*"(0% !/&-,()6 7,5!! $/(/B/,%. K//,1$($,5?@$" 7,5!!)

. <)./2$* 1$!/&'()* */*"(0/* !,"1!/30$0"&'("" 1&- !","(/.% 1<56+%,-1()6 $/(/<.

F,/#".. 2/*!&"2.//9,%+/<%($- *":15 *%2,/#$2&$3".2$* &$7%(1/* $ 2%0$/(/* *"0%&&% (!",</(%3%&'(/ 7$1,%0$,/<%(()*) */:(/ !,"1.0%<$0' < <$1" 1<56 .0%1$4G

Q1"7$1,%0%#$- 2%0$/(%;

Q!","(/. 1"7$1,%0$,/<%((/7/ 2%0$/(% < !/&/.0' *%2,/#$2&$3".2/7/ &$7%(1%.

K%,9/($&'()" %0/*) 2$.&/,/1% =, =', C, C', (%6/1-@$".- < (%$9/&"" /02,)0)6 (%20$<()6) !/&/:"($-6, .!/./9() $($#$$,/<%0' 2/*!&"2.//9,%+/<%($" . $/(/* 2%&$- (,$.. 2.7).

41

=$.. 2.7. 0,5205,% <%&$(/*$#$(% (&) $ "7/ 2%&$"</7/ 2/*!&"2.% (9)

K/*!&"2.//9,%+/<%($" ./!,/</:1%"0.- ,%+,)</* </1/,/1()6 .<-+"4

1 $ 2, !/D0/*5 %0/*) 2$.&/,/1% R $ R' 0%2:" */750 53%.0</<%0' < 2//,1$(%#$$ 2%0$/(%. F/.&"15?@$" ("9/&';$" 2/(B/,*%#$/(()" $+*"("($- &$7%(1% !,$</1-0 2 /9,%+/<%($? (/<)6 </1/,/1()6 .<-+"4 . 53%.0$"* %0/*/< 2$.&/,/1% Q $ Q', +% .3"0 3"7/ */&"25&% 2/*!&"2.% !,$/9,"0%"0 /2/(3%0"&'(5? .B",$3".25? B/,*5.

42

2.5. 9"!20'+,& / 4+"#7!'%&7# 7!7:'.%.7#

Z(%3$0"&'()* 1/.0$:"($"* < /9&%.0$ E J . :$12$*$ *"*9,%(%*$ -<$&/.' $.!/&'+/<%($" !/&$<$($&6&/,$1% (F>X) !,$ $+7/0/<&"($$

."(./,()6 *"*9,%(. ="%7"(0) $ /,7%($3".2$" ,%.0</,$0"&$, $.!/&'+5"*)" 1&- !/&53"($- :$12$6 *"*9,%(, -<&-?0.- !&%.0$B$2%0/,%*$ 1&- F>X.

I($ !/($:%?0 0"*!",%05,5 .0"2&/<%($- F>X, 30/ !,$</1$0 2 /9,%+/<%($? 7/*/7"(()6, 7$92$6 $ !,/3()6 !&"(/2. F/&$*",()" *"*9,%() ./1",:%0 /2/&/ 70% !&%.0$B$2%0/,% $ ~30% F>X. K/&$3".0</ 0,"95"*/7/ $/(/B/,%

./.0%<&-"0 ~1% $ <2&?3%"0.- < 2/&$3".0</ !&%.0$B$2%0/,%. K/*!/("(0) *"*9,%() ,%.0</,-?0 < 0"0,%7$1,/B5,%(" (OAR) $ !,/+,%3()4 ,%.0</, <)&$<%?0 (% .0"2&-((5? !/<",6(/.0'. F/.&" $.!%,"($- OAR !/&53%?0 *"*9,%(5. >*".0/ OAR $(/71% $.!/&'+5?0 #$2&/7"2.%(/(. 8% !/&$*",()6 *"*9,%(%6 ,%+,%9/0%() 2/**",3".2$ 1/.05!()" !/0"(#$/*"0,$3".2$"

."(./,) (% $/() Mg2+, K+, Na+, Li+, Ba2+, NH4+, NO3-, HCO3- $ 1,. C(/7$"

.</4.0<% !/&$*",()6 *"*9,%( !/+</&-?0 $6 ,%..*%0,$<%0' 2%2 «7"&"<)"»

("gelled"), :$12$" $&$ «."03%0)"» ("entangled") :$12$" *"*9,%(). > ./.0%< 0%2$6 *"*9,%( <6/1$0 ,%.0</,"(()4 < .//0<"0.0<5?@"* ,%.0</,$0"&" ,"%7"(0, 2/0/,)4 ."&"20$<(/ <+%$*/1"4.0<5"0 . /!,"1"&-"*)* $/(/*.

F,$(#$!), &":%@$" < /.(/<" !/&$*",()6 *"*9,%(, 0" :" .%*)", 2%2 $ < :$12$6 *"*9,%(%6.

=%.!,"1"&"($" :$12/7/ $/(//9*"(($2% < F>X – !&"(2" !/2%+%(/ (% ,$.. 2.8.

=$.. 2.8. C$2,/B/0/7,%B$- .,"+% !/&$<$($&6&/,$1(/4 *"*9,%()

(Griffiths G.H., Moody G.J., Thomas J.D.R.//Analyst.- 1972. -97.-@. 420)

43

F/,) (+%0"*("()) ./1",:%0 2%&'#$"<5? ./&' 1/1"#$&B/.B/,(/4 2$.&/0), ,%.0</,"((5? < 1$/20$&B"($&B/.B/(%0".

E J . !/&$*",(/4 *"*9,%(/4 !,"1.0%<&"( (% ,$.. 2.9.

!&%.0$2/<)4 2/,!5.

<(50,"(($4 ,%.0</,

Ag/AgCl

D&"20,/1

0/(2%0/(2%- !/&-$*",(%- *"*9,%(%!/&$*",(%-

*"*9,%(%

=$..2.9. E J - %2+

2.6. A*!',+2+%0.20%&! @"!20'+,&

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

.//9@"($" /9 D&"20,/1" «0$!% !/2,)0/4 !,/</&/2$», ,%+,%9/0%((/7/ < &%9/,%0/,$$ 6$*$2%-%(%&$0$2% !,/B"../,% R,"4+",%. 8% !&%0$(/<5?

44

!,/</&/25 (%(".&$ *"*9,%((5? 2/*!/+$#$?, ./1",:%@5? F>X <

#$2&/7"2.%(/(" $ $/(//9*"(($2 – 2%&'#$"<5? ./&' 1/1"#$&B/.B/,(/4 2$.&/0) < 1$/20$&B"($&B/.B/(%0" (,$.. 2.10).

!&%0$(/<%- !,/</&/2%

!%,%B$(/<%- !&"(2%

!/&$*",(%- *"*9,%(%

!&%0$(/<)4 ;%,$2

=$.. 2.10. F",<)4 !,/</&/3()4 D&"20,/1 . (%("."(()* !/2,)0$"*

J0% ,%9/0% &"7&% < /.(/<5 #"&/4 /9&%.0$ «0<",1/2/(0%20()6»

."(./,/<, < 0/* 3$.&" 0%2$6 *$2,/D&"20,/(()6 5.0,/4.0<, 2%2 $/(."&"20$<()" !/&"<)" 0,%(+$.0/,) (E FO).

,"1$ OKJ <)1"&-?0 D&"20,/1) . 0<",1)*$ 2,$.0%&&$3".2$*$ *"*9,%(%*$, .0"2&-(()" D&"20,/1) . 0<",1)* <(50,"(($* 2/(0%20/*, . *"*9,%(%*$ (% /.(/<" F>X - *%0,$#. > OKJ $.!/&'+5?0 < 2%3".0<"

.59.0,%0% .","9,/, *"1', 7,%B$0, %&?*$($4 $ 1,. 8%!,$*",, 1&- ./+1%($- OKJ (% <(50,"((?? !/<",6(/.0' 2,$.0%&&$3".2/4 *"*9,%() $+ *%0",$%&% 0$!% AgX + Ag2S (%(/.-0 0/(2$4 .&/4 *"0%&&$3".2/7/ .","9,%, 2 ("*5 !,$!%$<%?0 *"0%&&$3".2$4 !,/</1. O%2$" *"*9,%() /9&%1%?0 .*";%((/4 $/((/-D&"20,/((/4 !,/</1$*/.0'?. > (%.0/-@"" <,"*- ("0 "1$(/7/ !/16/1% 2 /9]-.("($? *"6%($+*% B5(2#$/($,/<%($- 0%2$6 ."(./,/<.

45

I1($* $+ ("1/.0%02/< OKJ -<&-?0.- < ,-1" .&53%"< (".0%9$&'(/.0' !/0"(#$%&/< </ <,"*"($, ("1/.0%0/3(%- .6/1$*/.0' $ </.!,/$+</1$*/.0' +(%3"($4 !/0"(#$%&/<. F/D0/*5 /.(/<()*$ */*"(0%*$ !,$ ./+1%($$ OKJ -<$&$.' <)9/, D&"20,/(()6 !,/</1($2/< $ <)-<&"($" B%20/,/<,

/9".!"3$<%?@$6 .0%9$&'(/.0' 0%2$6 ."(./,/<.

8"2/0/,)" 6%,%20",$.0$2$ 0<",1/2/(0%20()6 D&"20,/1/< . *"*9,%(()* !/2,)0$"* !,$<"1"() < ,%9/0" (K5&%!$( M.E., C%0",/<% P.M.,

K5&%!$(% P.A. O<",1/2/(0%20()" !/0"(#$/*"0,$3".2$" ."(./,) . !&%.0$B$#$,/<%(()*$ !/&$<$($&6&/,$1()*$ *"*9,%(%*$.//Z%</1.2%- &%9/,%0/,$-. H$%7(/.0$2% *%0",$%&/<. - 2002. - O.68, ^12. - .3-11).

2.7. 9"!20'+,&, +:'.0#7&! 2 .%#+%.7 # .%#+%%&7

2+74"!2/.7 7!0.""+*

K%0$/() 9/&';$(.0<% 0-:"&)6 *"0%&&/< /9,%+5?0 /0,$#%0"&'(/ +%,-:"(()" 2/*!&"2.) . ,-1/* /,7%($3".2$6 $ ("/,7%($3".2$6 &$7%(1/<.

M($/(/."&"20$<()" D&"20,/1) 9)&$ !/&53"() (% /.(/<" :$12$6 %($/(//9*"(($2/< – ./&"4 %*$(/< $ 3"0<",0$3()6 %**/($"<)6 /.(/<%($4.

>!",<)" 9)&/ !/2%+%(/, 30/ *"*9,%(()" D&"20,/1) (% /.(/<" ,%.0</,/< 0,$2%!,$&%**/($"<)6 ./&"4 < 1"2%(/&" /9,%0$*) /0(/.$0"&'(/ %($/(/<

ClO4 , SCN-, I-, NO3-, Br-, Cl-. M 1&- %($/(/< CH3COO-, SO24 $ PO34

/0*"3"(% 0/&'2/ .!/./9(/.0' *"*9,%() ,"%7$,/<%0' (% $+*"("($" 2/(#"(0,%#$$ !/.&"1($6 < 3$.0)6 ,%.0</,%6 .//0<"0.0<5?@$6 ./&"4.

I0*"3"(% !,-*%- .<-+' D&"20,/1(/4 ."&"20$<(/.0$ . D2.0,%2#$/((/4 $+9$,%0"&'(/.0'? ./&"4 3"0<",0$3()6 %**/($"<)6 /.(/<%($4 < /,7%($3".2/* ,%.0</,$0"&". 5@".0<5"0 ,-1 %($/(/< < !/,-12" 5*"(';"($- $6 D&"20,/1(/4 $ $/(/(//9*"((/4 ."&"20$<(/.0$:

ClO4- > SCN- > BF4- > I- > NO3- > Br- > Cl- > CH3COO- > F- > H2PO4- >

SO42- .

(2.10)

46

J0/0 ,-1 2/,,"&$,5"0 . D(",7$"4 7$1,%0%#$$ %($/(%, /95.&/<&"((/4 <"&$3$(/4 +%,-1% $ ,%1$5.%.

K/(.0%(0% ,"%2#$$ /9*"(% KM/X /.(/<(/7/ M- $ *";%?@"7/ X--

%($/(/< (% 7,%($#" </1(/7/ ,%.0</,% (<) $ /,7%($3".2/4 *"*9,%() (/)

KM(I) + X(>)- U KX(I) + M-(>) (2.11)

/!$.)<%"0.- .//0(/;"($"*G

K A / X

[ KX

( O ) ][ A( B )

]

 

#

 

 

 

(2.12)

 

( O ) ][ X ( B )

 

 

[ KA

]

 

$/!,"1"&-"0.- $+*"("($"* .</9/1(/4 D(",7$$ A$99.% (\G0/9*.),

<2&?3%?@"4 .</9/1(5? D(",7$? 7$1,%0%#$$ (\G07), ./&'<%0%#$$ (\G0.) $ D&"20,/.0%0$3".2/7/ <+%$*/1"4.0<$- (\G0D&.) . 2%0$/(/* K+:

\G0/9*. = [\G07(A-) - \G07(X-)] – [\G0c(A-) - \G0c(X-)] - \G0D&.(KX(/)) -

\G0D&.(KM(I))].

 

 

 

(2.13)

F,$

(".!"#$B$3".2/*

<+%$*/1"4.0<$$

,%.0</,$0"&-

$

$/(//9*"(($2% . %($/(%*$ +(%3"($- \G0

/!,"1"&-"0.- !",<)* 3&"(/*

 

 

#$%

 

 

 

5,%<("($- (2.13), 6%,%20",$+5?@$* 7$1,%0%#$? %($/(/< $ $6 !/&/:"($" < ,-15 D2.0,%2#$$ (2.10).

F/.&"1/<%0"&'(/.0' < D0/* ,-15 $+*"(-?0 +% .3"0 5<"&$3"($-

.!"#$B$3(/.0$ <+%$*/1"4.0<$- $/(//9*"(($2 – %($/( $&$ /,7%($3".2$4 ,%.0</,$0"&' – %($/(. 8%!,$*",, 1&- /!,"1"&"($- 2%,9/(%0- $ 7$1,/2%,9/(%0-$/(/< !,$ !/&53"($$ *"*9,%() < "" ./.0%< <</1-0

.!"#$B$3".2$" ,%.0</,$0"&$ – 2"0/(). > (%.0/-@"" <,"*- /!$.%( #"&)4 ,-1 %($/(."&"20$<()6 D&"20,/1/< . ."&"20$<(/.0'?, (" .//0<"0.0<5?@"4 ,-15 (2.10).

F,$ <)9/," :$12$6 %($/(//9*"(($2/< < 2%3".0<" JM> ("/96/1$*/ 53$0)<%0' <"&$3$(5 +%,-1% %#$1/2/*!&"2.%, 0$! 2//,1$(%#$$ &$7%(1%,

.0",$3".2$" B%20/,), ./&'<%0%#$? $ 1,.

47

A+-';2 4.7. B2 !"&2,(/ #"C&.('+ 2(%( # .#-&.(/%(.8(+-.D E(F&

G2#<&. 1978. – 172 .

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

A+-';2 4.7.,

@(%#.#-& >.0.

B2 !"&2,(/

#+3(.+.() ,-+!.H=

(

"+32(=

%+!&<<#-

(* 2&"$#.&!.H=,

+"; #3+"I&F(=

( C&<#C+.(3.H=

"& !-#"#-.J#.+,2, 4*3--# J#.+,2#C# C# ;.(-+" (!+!&. 1999. – 215 .

 

 

 

F/<);"((/"

.,/1.0</ !",<$3()6 %&2$&%*$(/< 2

I2 , 8

I

3

-

 

 

 

 

 

 

3

 

 

$/(%*, >ZM !/+</&$&/ ./+1%0' (% /.(/<" D0$6 %($/(//9*"(($2/< E

J (%

8 I

3

$ 8=I2 - $/(), /0&$3%?@$".- <)./2/4 $+9$,%0"&'(/.0'?.

 

 

 

 

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E+53"() B/.B%0()" ./&$ !",<$3()6 %&2$&%*$(/< < 2%3".0<"

D&"20,/1(/%20$<()6 <"@".0<. F,$ D0/* (%41"() </+*/:(/.0$ .($:"($-

!,"1"&% /9(%,5:"($- /!,"1"&"($- B/.B%0 – $/(/<

$ 5<"&$3"($-

."&"20$<(/.0$ E J. >)9/, JM> /95.&/<&"(

($+2/4

,%.0</,$*/.0'?

B/.B%0% %&2$&%*$(%, 0%2 2%2 !,$*"(-"*)" %*$() . 3$.&/* %0/*/< 57&",/1% /0 12 1/ 15 /9&%1%?0 9/&';/4 7$1,/B/9(/4 3%.0'? !,$ /9,%+/<%($$ %../#$%0/<. > D0/* .&53%" /9,%+5?0.- 9/&"" 5.0/43$<)" %../#$%0), 30/ !,$</1$0 2 +(%3$0"&'(/*5 .($:"($? !,"1"&% /9(%,5:"($- B/.B%0–$/(/<.

7.7. K&"(2#-, >.0. @(%#.#-&, 4.7, A+-';2. B<+2!"#3.#&2!(-.H+

-#) !-& L# L&!#- &<2(<&%(.#- 9"( .(I+.(( 9"+3+<& #$.&";I+.(/ L# L&!#-.//M2". =(%. I;".. – 1995. – >.61, ?7. – @. 39 – 41.

>)9/, !",<$3(/7/ %&2$&%*$(% !/10<",:1"( 2%&/,$*"0,$3".2$*$

$..&"1/<%($-*$. H&- !",<$3(/7/ %&2$&%*$(% D(0%&'!$- !,/#"..% /9,%+/<%($- %../#$%0% . B/.B%0–$/(/* \8 ,%<(-&%.' 74,3 2H:/*/&', % 0,"0$3(/7/ – 15 2H:/*/&'.

!/./9(/.0' &$7%(1/< 2 $+9$,%0"&'(/*5 2/*!&"2.//9,%+/<%($? . %($/(%*$ !/+</&$&% 0%2:" ./+1%0' #"&)4 ,-1 E J (% /.(/<" :$12$6 %($/(//9*"(($2/<, /9,%0$*)6 2 %($/(()* 2/*!&"2.%* *"0%&&/<. I1($*$

$+ !",<)6 D&"20,/1/< 0%2/7/ 0$!% 9)&$ E J (% ZnCl2

, PdCl2 .

4

4

48

"&"20$<(/.0' :$12/.0()6 $ !&"(/3()6 E J /95.&/<&"(% ,%+(/.0'? .</9/1()6 D(",7$4 !","./&'<%0%#$$ $/(/< !,$ !","6/1" $+ </1(/4 B%+) < *"*9,%((5?. > $/(/*"0,$$ < 2%3".0<" !/0"(#$//9,%+5?@$6 $/(/< !,"$*5@".0<"((/ $.!/&'+5?0 #$%($1()",

7%&/7"($1()" $ ,/1%($1()" %($/(()" 2/*!&"2.) *"0%&&/< (0%9&. 2.3).

O%9&$#% 2.3. B%."#0#$!/2#! 6.'.20!'#/0#2# =>9, +:'.0#7&6 2 7!0.""+2+74"!2/%&7 .%#+%.7 (E.E. NC#"#-, N.O. 1&=%&.P2#, 7.Q.

R;<+-(', @.E. Q#%&2#, 7.7. 1&!P2#// 8##"3(.&,(#..&/ =(%(/. – 2002. – >.28,

?10. – @. 751 – 754)

 

[$("4()4

8$:($4

 

 

 

 

 

$(0",<%&

 

 

 

 

 

!,"1"&

=%9/3$4

K/DBB$#$"(0) ."&"20$<(/.0$

M($/(

D&"20,/1(/4

/9(%,5:"($-,

1$%!%+/(

 

 

KAPot,B

 

B5(2#$$,

 

 

 

*/&'/1*3

 

 

 

 

 

*/&'/1*3

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

2

3

4

 

 

5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

2·10-6(Cl-), 7·10-6(Br-),

Au(CN)2-

2.5·10-1-2.5·10-5

7·10-7

2-12

2·10-3(I-), 3·10-2(Ag(CN)2-),

 

 

 

 

6·10-2(ClO

4

)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10-4(SCN-), 6·10-2 (Au(CN)2)-,

Au(CN)4-

1·10-2-2.0·10-6

1·10-6

2-12

3.3·10-5(I-),

 

1,2·10-3(Ag(CN)2-),

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6·10-3(ClO4-)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

10-5(Cl-), 2·10-4(CN-),

Ag(CN)2-

1,0·10-1-2,5·10-6

1,0·10-6

6,5-12

3·10-2(Br-), 9·10-12(SCN-),

 

 

 

 

33,5(Au(CN)2-), 2.5(ClO4-)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ni2+, Sn2+, Bi3+, Cd2+, Fe2+ !

PbI3-

1,0·10-4-1,0·10-5

3,5·10-6

6-7

"!#$%& '() 10-*($& +" ),-.&*!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

49

/$-0. 2.3. (+*+ 1$ )!)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<10-5(Cl-, Br-, Ni2+),

BiI4-

3,0·10-4-1,0·10-6

 

5,6·10-7

 

 

<3

5·10-5(I-), 0.7(SCN-, Hg2+),

 

 

 

2,2(Cu2+),

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,5·10-2(Pb2+), 10-2(Cd2+)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1,0·10-3-2,0·10-6

 

 

 

 

 

 

10-6(Br-, NO3-),

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3·10-6(Ni2+, Co2+),

PbBr3

 

 

1,0·10-6

 

0-7

$ 2+ ! 0,013

 

 

10-5(Zn2+), 3·10-5(Cu2+),

 

 

KBr

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

"!#$%& I-, S2O32-, S2-, Hg2+

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<5·10-5(Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-,

 

 

3,0·10-2-2,0·10-6

 

 

 

 

 

 

SCN-), ! "!#$%& Ni2+, Pb2+,

CdBr 42

$ 2+ ! 0,23

 

8·10-8

 

2-9

Cu2+, Sn2+ '() 10-*($& +"

 

 

KBr

 

 

 

 

 

 

),-.&*!, 4)05 + "!#$!&

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hg2+

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<5·10-5(Cl-, Br-, I-, SCN-),

HgI

 

2,0·10-4-10-7

 

8·10-8

 

9-14

10-5(Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Fe2+),

3

 

 

2·10-4 (Ag+), 4.5·10-4(Bi3+),

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

5·10-5(Pb2+)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<10-3(Cu2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, Ag+,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bi3+, Cd2+, Cr3+, Mn2+),

Zn(SCN) 2

1,0·10-1-1,0·10-5

 

6·10-6

 

2-7

4·10-3(Hg2+),

 

4

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

9·10-3(Co2+), 2·10-2(Fe3+), 10-5

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Cl-), 10-4(Br-)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

60!*&(+7. '+7+- +8+ &)'$

$ $ )+

.! *+"'0!*4. "!&$00+9 1$4&+

+-0$7$%& +'(!7!0! .")

'(!)":;!4&9$")

'!(!7 *$&)+ -4!0!*&)9 .")

<0!*&(+7$").

=(+>!44 '!(!9+7$

"!&$00$

9

!+-?+7)".@ $ )+ .@

*+"'0!*4 0!8*+ 7+4&)8$!&4A ':&!" 7+-$90! )A * )440!7:!"+": ($4&9+(: 4++&9!&4&9:%;!8+ ($4&9+($ 0)8$ 7$. B &!? )1!4*+" $4'!*&! <&$ +'!($>)A $ $0+8)1 $ 4&$-)0),$>)) (C )0) )+ +@ 4)0..

B +&0)1)! +& DE6, +-($&)".? * '(+4&." $ )+ $", $ $0)&)1!4*)! ?$($*&!()4&)*) DE6 - ML mn 40+F ." +-($,+" ,$9)4A& +& *+ >! &($>))

50

Соседние файлы в папке электр. хим