Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:
Скачиваний:
97
Добавлен:
12.03.2015
Размер:
2.6 Mб
Скачать

N"* '0&*C*%$#, .("#$*"$(6 #%4%.$!'"(#$!. N#"('"08! %U #(#$*'4,JM!8! ,'4,J$#, D(3'!C"(#$! !("(' ' 2*+% 8%8)&*"0 ! ' &*#$'(&%, .("#$*"$0 E%$%&(E%""07 &*'"('%#!6 !(""(E( ()8%"*, G.#$&*.@!!, *##(@!*@!!-

3!##(@!*@!! ! $.3. O.#D%&!8%"$*4F"(% (D&%3%4%"!% G$!7 D*&*8%$&(',

"*D&!8%&, D(3'!C"(#$%6 !("(' ' 8%8)&*""(6 2*+%, ,'4,%$#, #4(C"(6 D&()4%8(6. L(G$(8- 34, 7*&*.$%&!#$!.! 9>O !#D(4F+-J$ -#4('"0%

.(G22!@!%"$0 #%4%.$!'"(#$!. L( &%.(8%"3*@!! 9SL:1 ' .*5%#$'% 8%&0 #%4%.$!'"(#$! D&!",$ D($%"@!(8%$&!5%#.!6 .(G22!@!%"$ #%4%.$!'"(#$!

K APot,B , .($(&06 (D&%3%4,%$ «#D(#()"(#$F !("(#%4%.$!'"(E( G4%.$&(3* ($4!5*$F &*+4!5"0% !("0 ' !7 #8%H*""(8 &*#$'(&%». X%8 8%"FH% '%4!5!"* K APot, B 34, D*&0 !("(' ! ! ", $%8 )(4%% 3*""06 G4%.$&(3 5-'#$'!$%4%" . !+8%"%"!J *.$!'"(#$! !("(' ! D( #&*'"%"!J # !("*8! ".

%$&(4(E!5%#.(6 (#"('(6 34, &*#5%$* .(G22!@!%"$(' #%4%.$!'"(#$! #4-C!$ -&*'"%"!%, #',+0'*JM%% D($%"@!*4 9>O ! *.$!'"(#$F

.(".-&!&-JM!7 !("(' !, " ! # ' &*#$'(&%:

E ' const &

2,3RT

lg[a

 

& K Pot

(a

 

)ZA / ZB & K Pot

(a )ZA / ZC ].

 

 

A

B

(1.2)

 

ZA F

A,B

 

A,C

C

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O$( -&*'"%"!% &%*4!+-%$#, 3'-8, #D(#()*8!:

1.9+8%&%"!%8 D($%"@!*4* ' &*#$'(&*7, #(3%&C*M!7 !("0 !, " ! #.

2.9+8%&%"!%8 D($%"@!*4* ' &*#$'(&*7, #(3%&C*M!7 #8%#F !("(' !+",

!+# ! $.3.

X*M% 3&-E!7 !#D(4F+-J$ 8%$(3 #8%H*""07 &*#$'(&(', (#"('*""06 "* !+8%&%"!! D($%"@!*4* G4%.$&(3* ' &*#$'(&*7 # D(#$(,""(6

.("@%"$&*@!%6 8%H*JM%E( !("* " ! D%&%8%""(6 .("@%"$&*@!%6 (D&%3%4,%8(E( !("* !. <(5.* D%&%#%5%"!, 4!"%6"07 -5*#$.(' D(4-5%""(6 +*'!#!8(#$! (&!#.1.2) 3*%$ '%4!5!"- aA , D( .($(&(6 &*##5!$0'*J$:

11

K

Pot

%a

 

"zA

zB

 

A,B

' #

A

aB !

 

 

 

$

 

.

(1.3)

Y, 8K

Y:=f(lg :)

YK=f(lg K)

&*::

5

4

3

2

1

T!#. 1.2. ND&%3%4%"!% .(G22!@!%"$* #%4%.$!'"(#$! D( 8%$(3- #8%H*""07 &*#$'(&(' ( K = const)

9"(E3* !#D(4F+-J$ 8%$(3 ($3%4F"07 &*#$'(&(' (&!#. 1.3). N" (#"('*" "* !+8%&%"!! D($%"@!*4* G4%.$&(3* ' &*#$'(&*7, #(3%&C*M!7 $(4F.( !(" !

! $(4F.( !(" ". L( G.#D%&!8%"$*4F"08 3*""08 (.&!'0% ! b

#(($'%$#$'%""() "*7(3,$ .(G22!@!%"$ #%4%.$!'"(#$! 3'-8, #D(#()*8!:

1. =*7(3,$ *.$!'"(#$! : ! K, D&! .($(&07 G4%.$&(3 D&!()&%$*%$ (3!"*.('06 D($%"@!*4 ' &*#$'(&*7 ! ! ". K G$(8 #4-5*%:

KAPot,B ' ! .

(1.4)

"

 

2. =*7(3,$ D($%"@!*40 $! ! $", D&!()&%$*%80% G4%.$&(3(8 ' &*#$'(&*7 !("(' ! ! " # (3!"*.('(6 *.$!'"(#$FJ, ! D( 2(&8-4%:

lg KAPot,B '

EB ( EA

& (1(

zA

)lg aA

(1.5)

2,3RT / ZAF

 

 

 

zB

 

'05!#4,J$ .(G22!@!%"$ #%4%.$!'"(#$!.

12

& :,K

: 5

3 K

1

T!#. 1.3. ND&%3%4%"!% .(G22!@!%"$* #%4%.$!'"(#$! D( 8%$(3-

($3%4F"07 &*#$'(&('

A*#B3)*('(",#& 0#*#1$!*)%$)1# >?@ – +*'!#!8(#$F O?> G4%.$&(7!8!5%#.(6 @%D!, #(3%&C*M%6 9>O ! (D&%3%4%""06 G4%.$&(3 #&*'"%"!,, ($ 4(E*&!28* *.$!'"(#$! D($%"@!*4(D&%3%4,JM%E( !(""(E(

.(8D("%"$*. L&! D(#$&(%"!! E&*3-!&('(5"(E( E&*2!.* O?> &%.(8%"3-%$#, "*"%#$! "* (&3!"*$-, * #(3%&C*"!% !(""(E( .(8D("%"$* (' '!3% ($&!@*$%4F"(E( 4(E*&!28* *.$!'"(#$! !4! .("@%"$&*@!!) – "* *)#@!##- # -'%4!5%"!%8 #(3%&C*"!, !(""(E( .(8D("%"$*.

?!*D*+(" .("@%"$&*@!6, ' .($(&(8 +*'!#!8(#$F D($%"@!*4*

G4%.$&(3* ($ lgaX 4!"%6"*, "*7(3!$#, ' D&%3%4*7 ($ "%#.(4F.!7 8(4%6 3(

10-6 8(4F/383, !"(E3* 3( 10-10 8(4F/383. Q!"%6"06 -5*#$(. 4%C!$ ()05"( ' !"$%&'*4% *.$!'"(#$%6 (!4! .("@%"$&*@!6) 8%C3- 10-5 ! 10-1 , 5$( D( D(&,3.- '%4!5!"0 D&!)4!+!$%4F"( #(($'%$#$'-%$ ()4*#$! .("@%"$&*@!6 ($ 8E/#83 3( "%#.(4F.!7 $0#,5 8E/383. 9"$%&'*4 (D&%3%4,%807 .("@%"$&*@!6 3%4*%$ D($%"@!(8%$&!5%#.!% #%"#(&0 D(4%+"08! 34, &%H%"!, 8"(E!7 G.(4(E!5%#.!7 D&()4%8 ((D&%3%4%"!% 2$(&!3(' ' D&!&(3"07 '(3*7,

(D&%3%4%"!% !("(' G4%.$&(4!$(' ' )!(4(E!5%#.!7 C!3.(#$,7 ! 3&.).

13

&=-#%4%.$!'"0% G4%.$&(30 &*)($*J$ ' 3!*D*+("% &= ($ 0 3( 12.

<&%)('*"!, . &*)(5%8- 3!*D*+("- (D&%3%4,J$#, .(".&%$"(6 +*3*5%6.

=*D&!8%&, 34,

!+8%&%"!, -&('", E4J.(+0 ' .&('! &*)(5!6 3!*D*+("

8%$(3* 3(4C%"

'.4J5*$F '#% +"*5%"!, .("@%"$&*@!! E4J.(+0, .($(&0%

'#$&%5*J$#, .*. - +3(&('07 4J3%6, $*. ! - 3!*)%$!.(', $.%. #(#$*'4,$F ($

0,2 3( 20 m (' !3%*4F"(8 #4-5*% ($ 0,1 3( 50 m ).

L&! .("@%"$&*@!! "!C% 10-5

5*#$( "*)4J3*%$#, ($.4("%"!% ($

"%&"#$('#.(E( "*.4("*. K G$(6 ()4*#$! #%"#(& $%&,%$ 5-'#$'!$%4F"(#$F .

(D&%3%4,%8(8- !("-.

 

C*3$)D,# /*#B3)*('(",(:

0#*#1$!*)%$)1) )4) 3/4('(:

1(E22)7)!,$ – +"*5%"!% D%&'(6 D&(!+'(3"(6 E&*3-!&('(5"(6 7*&*.$%&!#$!.! D&! 3*""(8 #(3%&C*"!! *"*4!+!&-%8(E( .(8D("%"$*. N"* G.#D%&!8%"$*4F"( (D&%3%4,%$#, .*. ($"(H%"!% !+8%"%"!, O?> G4%.$&(3"(6 #!#$%80 . !+8%"%"!J *.$!'"(#$!, '0&*C%""(6 ' %3!"!@*7 %&:

S ' )E)pX . (1.6)

<%(&%$!5%#.! .&-$!+"* E&*3-!&('(5"(6 7*&*.$%&!#$!.! 5!#4%""( &*'"* .(G22!@!%"$- =%&"#$*:

2,303 RT/zF,

E3% R – 8(4,&"*, E*+('*, D(#$(,""*,, 8,314 ?C·8(4F-1·1-1; ' – *)#(4J$"*, $%8D%&*$-&*, 1; F – D(#$(,""*, P*&*3%,, 9,65·104 14.

K *"*4!$!5%#.(6 7!8!! +"*5%"!% .(G22!@!%"$* =%&"#$* ()05"( D&!'(3,$ ' 8!44!'(4F$*7 (8B). L&! 298 1 34, (3"('*4%"$"07 !("(' S = 59,16, 34, 3'-7'*4%"$"07 S = 29,58, $&U7'*4%"$"07 – 19,72. X%8 )4!C% +"*5%"!% S . $%(&%$!5%#.(8-, $%8 4-5H% G4%.$&(3. L&!",$(, 5$( ($.4!. D($%"@!(8%$&!5%#.(E( #%"#(&* – "%&"#$('#.!6 !4! )4!+(. ' $(8 #4-5*%,

%#4! "*.4(" E&*3-!&('(5"(6 +*'!#!8(#$! ($4!5*%$#, ($ $%(&%$!5%#.(6 '%4!5!"0 "% )(4%%, 5%8 "* ± 1 - 2 8B. =!C% G$(E( !"$%&'*4* +*'!#!8(#$F

14

"*+0'*%$#, #-)-"%&"#$('#.(6, '0H% – E!D%&-"%&"#$('#.(6. K "%.($(&07 #4-5*,7 -3*U$#, !#D(4F+('*$F 34, *"*4!+* #%"#(&0, '07(3,M!% +* &*8.! "%&"#$('#.(6 +*'!#!8(#$!. =* D&*.$!.% '#$&%5*J$#, "!+.!% '%4!5!"0 "*.4("*. 9"(E3* # D(8(MFJ D&%3'*&!$%4F"(E( .("3!@!("!&('*"!, (' $%5%"!% (3"(E( - 3'-7 5*#(') #%"#(&"(6 8%8)&*"0 ' &*#$'(&% !##4%3-%8(E( !("* -3*U$#, D(4-5!$F "%&"#$('#.!6 "*.4(" G4%.$&(3"(6 2-".@!!.

*!B!4 (F,#*3G!,)& – *.$!'"(#$F (.("@%"$&*@!,) (D&%3%4,%8(E( !("*, D&! .($(&(8 *"*4!$!5%#.!6 #!E"*4 ' 3'* &*+* )(4FH% 2("('(E(. O$( #(($'%$#$'-%$ #4-5*J, .(E3* ($.4("%"!% ($ -&*'"%"!, =%&"#$* #(#$*'4,%$

18/z 8K (59/z·lg2 = 18/2 D&! 25û>). L&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!, (D&%3%4,%$#, .*. $(5.* D%&%#%5%"!, 4!"%6"(E( -5*#$.* E&*3-!&('(5"(6 +*'!#!8(#$! ! )*+('(6 4!"!!, #(($'%$#$'-JM%6 $(6 ()4*#$! .("@%"$&*@!6, ' .($(&(6 #!E"*4 "% '(+"!.*%$ (&!#. 1.4).

Y, 8K

 

 

&

5

4

3

T!#.1.4. ND&%3%4%"!% D&%3%4* ()"*&-C%"!,

L&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!, 9>O +*'!#!$ ($ 8"(E!7 2*.$(&('. <%(&%$!5%#.! (" (D&%3%4,%$#, &*#$'(&!8(#$FJ G4%.$&(3"(*.$!'"(E( '%M%#$'* 8%8)&*"0 ' *"*4!+!&-%8(8 &*#$'(&%. L&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!, 8(C"( #"!+!$F, !#D(4F+-, 34, #$*"3*&$!+*@!! )-2%&"0% &*#$'(&0 !("(' 8%$*44*.

15

1(8D4%.#(()&*+-JM!% &%*E%"$0 8(E-$ -'%4!5!'*$F D&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!,.

=*D&!8%&, O?<: 8(C%$ &%*E!&('*$F # .&!#$*44(8 LaF3

2$(&!3#%4%.$!'"(E( G4%.$&(3*, ()&*+('*$F .(8D4%.# # !("(8 La3+,

(#'()(C3*, #(($'%$#$'-JM%% .(4!5%#$'( !("(' F ( .

K D&!#-$#$'!! 8%H*JM!7 !("(' D&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!, -7-3H*%$#,.

N)05"(, $%(&%$!5%#.!6 D&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!, "% 3(#$!E*%$#, !+-+* #!4F"( &*+)*'4%""07 &*#$'(&(' ! "%()&*$!807 D&(@%##(' *3#(&)@!! !("(' "*

#$%".*7 #(#-3('. =*63%""06 D&%3%4 ()"*&-C%"!, 8(C"( -4-5H!$F, %#4! $(5"%% D&(.*4!)&('*$F &*#$'(&0, #(($'%$#$'-JM!% .&!'(4!"%6"(8-

-5*#$.- E&*3-!&('(5"(6 +*'!#!8(#$!.

H*!-& ($14)1# – G$( '&%8,, "%()7(3!8(% 34, $(E(, 5$()0

*"*4!$!5%#.*, #!#$%8* !4! -#$&(6#$'( D&!H4! ' #(#$(,"!% &*'"('%#!, # (D&%3%4,%808 '%M%#$'(8. N"( ()05"( #(#$*'4,%$ #%.-"30 ! 8!"-$0.

=*D&!8%&, 34, D(4-5%"!, '(#D&(!+'(3!807 &%+-4F$*$(' D&! (D&%3%4%"!!

.("@%"$&*@!! "!$&*$-!("(' "%()7(3!8( G4%.$&(3 (D-#$!$F ' *"*4!+!&-%806 &*#$'(& "* 30 #. K&%8, ($.4!.* ' 5 8!". ()05"( #5!$*%$#, 3(D-#$!808.

Y#4! 9>O D%&%'%#$! !+ &*#$'(&* # *.$!'"(#$FJ (D&%3%4,%8(E( !("*

1 ' &*#$'(& # *.$!'"(#$FJ $(E( C% !("* 2, $( D($%"@!*4 9>O 8%",%$#, ($ !#7(3"(E( +"*5%"!, Y1 3( +"*5%"!, Y2 "% 8E"('%""(, * D(#$%D%""(.

1(8!##!, D( "(8%".4*$-&% *"*4!$!5%#.(6 7!8!! 9SL:1 (D&%3%4,%$ 2*.$!5%#.(% '&%8, ($.4!.* .*. '&%8,, ' $%5%"!% .($(&(E( Y9>O !+8%",%$#, ($ '%4!5!"0 Y1 3( '%4!5!"0 Y1 + 0,9(Y2-Y1) $.%. 3(#$!E*%$ 90% '%4!5!"0 ()M%E( !+8%"%"!, (($ Y1 3( Y2). L&! D-)4!.*@!! 3*""07 ( '&%8%"! ($.4!.* 9>O "%()7(3!8( -.*+0'*$F:

V#(#$*' !##4%3-%8(E( &*#$'(&*,

V-#4('!, D%&%8%H!'*"!, &*#$'(&*,

V-#4('!, D&%3'*&!$%4F"(6 ()&*)($.! G4%.$&(3*,

16

V$%8D%&*$-&-.

K&%8, ($.4!.* +*'!#!$ ($ $!D* G4%.$&(3*, D&!#-$#$'!, 8%H*JM!7 !("(', $%8D%&*$-&0, ($ 7*&*.$%&* !+8%"%"!, .("@%"$&*@!6 – -'%4!5%"!, !4! -8%"FH%"!,.

=* '&%8, ($.4!.* '4!,J$ #4%3-JM!% 2*.$(&0:

VD(#$(,""*, '&%8%"! !+8%&!$%4F"(E( -#$&(6#$'*;

V3!22-+!, (D&%3%4,%8(E( !("* 5%&%+ #4(6 8%8)&*"0;

V#.(&(#$F &%*.@!! D%&%"(#* +*&,3* 5%&%+ E&*"!@- &*+3%4* 8%8)&*"*-&*#$'(&;

V#.(&(#$F ()8%""(6 &%*.@!! 8%C3- (D&%3%4,%808 !("(8 ' 8%8)&*"% ! 8%H*JM!8 !("(8 ' !##4%3-%8(8 &*#$'(&%;

V#.(&(#$F -#$*"('4%"!, 3!22-+!(""(E( '"-$&!8%8)&*""(E(

D($%"@!*4*;

V3!22-+!, (D&%3%4,%8(E( !("* ' 8%8)&*"-;

V&*#$'(&%"!% G4%.$&(3"(*.$!'"(E( '%M%#$'* 8%8)&*"0 ' !##4%3-%8(8 &*#$'(&%.

H*!-& G)D,). >%"#(&0 8(E-$ G.#D4-*$!&('*$F#, ' $%5%"!% (E&*"!5%""(E( '&%8%"!. L(3 '&%8%"%8 C!+"! D("!8*J$ 8*.#!8*4F"06 #&(. 7&*"%"!, #%"#(&*, E($('(E( . G.#D4-*$*@!! (' )-2%&"(8 &*#$'(&%,

.(&&%.$(&% !(""(6 #!40). 9"(E3* +* '&%8, C!+"! D&!"!8*J$ $($ #&(. G.#D4-*$*@!! #%"#(&*, D(#4% .($(&(E( %E( ($.4!. D*3*%$ "* +*3*""-J '%4!5!"- ("*D&!8%&, "* 5%). L&! G$(8 D%&!(3!5%#.! !+8%&,J$ ($.4!. #%"#(&* D&! %E( "%D&%&0'"(8 !#D(4F+('*"!! ! D(#$(,""(8 .("$*.$% # (D&%3%4,%808 '%M%#$'(8. R* '&%8, C!+"! D&!"!8*J$ ! 8*.#!8*4F"06 #&(. 7&*"%"!, #-7(E( #%"#(&* ' +*'(3#.(6 -D*.('.%. =*D&!8%&,

E*&*"$!6"06 #&(. G.#D4-*$*@!! G4%.$&(3(' 2!&80 «O.(8» #(#$*'4,%$ 9

8%#,@%' # "*5*4* G.#D4-*$*@!! G4%.$&(3*, "( "% )(4%% 24 8%#,@%' # 8(8%"$* ($E&-+.! D($&%)!$%4J.

17

6*!:2 8($!,7)#4# – 8%34%""(% "%8("($(""(% !+8%"%"!% '( '&%8%"! D($%"@!*4*, "*)4J3*%8(% ' &*#$'(&% D(#$(,""(E( #(#$*'* D&! D(#$(,""(6 $%8D%&*$-&%. N" ()-#4('4%" !+8%"%"!%8 ' #$&-.$-&% D('%&7"(#$! G4%.$&(3* ! &*#$'(&%"!%8 !("(' !("(()8%""!.* !4! !("(2(&* ' !##4%3-%8(8 &*#$'(&%. N)05"( +"*5%"!% 3&%62* 8%"FH%, 5%8

± 2 8K ' #-$.!. X%8 8%"FH% 3&%62, $%8 4-5H% G4%.$&(3.

*#')45,(%$5, '(%8*()D'(B)-(%$5

>%"#(& 3(4C%" ()%#D%5!'*$F 3(#$*$(5"-J 34, D(#$*'4%""(6 +*3*5! D&*'!4F"(#$F, '(#D&(!+'(3!8(#$F.

" ())*+,*(*+-- ( %,.)/,01 2-3/- 456!7 8%-/,039* (:,1;9<-, *,%/-0= - )>)?0 @,0-3 8%- 8%,1)(* +:,0-- %,?;:A* *)+ B-/-@,(.)C) 0 :-? .

*#')45,(%$5 (accuracy) – #$%D%"F )4!+(#$! 8%C3- D(4-5%""08 &%+-4F$*$(8 ! !#$!""08 +"*5%"!%8. L&*'!4F"(#$F ,'4,%$#, .*5%#$'%""(6 7*&*.$%&!#$!.(6 ! '.4J5*%$ .(8)!"*@!J .(8D("%"$(' #4-5*6"07 D(E&%H"(#$%6 ! ()M-J #!#$%8*$!5%#.-J D(E&%H"(#$F.

>%$),,#& '!4)"),# (true value; Z). K%4!5!"*, .($(&*, 7*&*.$%&!+-%$ "%.!6 D*&*8%$&, (3"(+"*5"( (D&%3%4U""06 ' -#4('!,7, #-M%#$'-JM!6 ' $( '&%8,, .(E3* 3*""06 D*&*8%$& &*##8*$&!'*%$#,. O$( !3%*4F"*, '%4!5!"*,

.($(&-J 8(C"( 3(#$!5F $(4F.( ' $(8 #4-5*%, .(E3* -#$&*"%"0 '#% !#$(5"!.! D(E&%H"(#$%6 !+8%&%"!, ! '0)&*"* '#, E%"%&*4F"*, #('(.-D"(#$F.

?4, 7*&*.$%&!#$!.! D&*'!4F"(#$! &%+-4F$*$* *"*4!+* (!+8%&%"!,)

&%.(8%"3-%$#, '%4!5!"* D(E&%H"(#$! &%+-4F$*$* (error of result; e).

K%4!5!"* &%+-4F$*$* 8!"-# !#$!""(% +"*5%"!% ('%4!5!"* #( +"*.(8):

e = xi – Z,

E3% Z – !#$!""(% +"*5%"!%.

18

X*#$( !#D(4F+-J$ ($"(#!$%4F"-J D(E&%H"(#$F (relative error, er).

L(E&%H"(#$F, 3%4%""*, "* !#$!""(% +"*5%"!%:

er = e/ Z,

.($(&-J 5*#$( '0&*C*J$ ' D&(@%"$*7 (percentage relative error; er (%).

L(4-5*J$ -8"(C%"!%8 '%4!5!"0 ($"(#!$%4F"(6 D(E&%H"(#$! "* 100%.

H(%8*()D'(B)-(%$5 (precision). >$%D%"F )4!+(#$! 8%C3- "%+*'!#!808! &%+-4F$*$*8! !+8%&%"!6 *"*4!+*, D(4-5%""08! D&! !#D(4F+('*"!! G.#D%&!8%"$*4F"(6 8%$(3!.! D&! (E('(&%""07 -#4('!,7.

X%8 8%"FH% #4-5*6"*, D(E&%H"(#$F G.#D%&!8%"$*, '4!,JM*, "* &%+-4F$*$, $%8 $(5"%% 3*""*, 8%$(3!.*. %&* '(#D&(!+'(3!8(#$! – #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%.

I$14(,!,)! (deviation; d). T*+"!@* 8%C3- "*)4J3*%8(6 '%4!5!"(6 ! *&!28%$!5%#.!8 #&%3"!8 '0)(&.!, . .($(&(6 ("* D&!"*34%C!$:

di = xi ( x .

?*!B,!! #*)2-!$)"!%1(!, %*!B,&& '!4)"),# (arithmetic mean, average, x ). >-88* '#%7 +"*5%"!6 #%&!! "*)4J3%"!6, 3%4U""*, "* 5!#4( "*)4J3%"!6 (!+8%&%"!6, *"*4!+('):

x*xi

=n .

L&%3%40 #-88!&('*"!, ($ 1 3( n.

?$#,B#*$,(! ($14(,!,)! (standard deviation). N)(+"*5%"!%W S –

'0)(&(5"(% #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%, ! [ - #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%.

N@%"!'*%$#, .*. D(4(C!$%4F"06 .'*3&*$"06 .(&%"F '%4!5!"0, D(4-5*%8(6 D&! 3%4%"!! #-880 .'*3&*$(' &*+"(#$%6 '#%7 G4%8%"$(' '0)(&.! ! #&%3"%E( G$(6 '0)(&.! "* 5!#4( #$%D%"%6 #'()(30 (5!#4( !+8%&%"!6 8!"-# %3!"!@*). T*##5!$0'*J$ D( #4%3-JM%6 2(&8-4%W

19

 

2

+ xi

(

(+ x ) 2

 

 

 

i

 

 

+ d i

2

 

 

 

s '

'

 

n

 

.

n ( 1

n ( 1

 

 

 

 

 

!"!8*4F"(% 5!#4( "*)4J3%"!6, .($(&(% "%()7(3!8( 34, D(4-5%"!, D&!%84%8(6 (@%".! #$*"3*&$"(E( ($.4("%"!,, &*'"( 6.

6)%8!*%)& (variance; V !4! [2). 1'*3&*$ #$*"3*&$"(E( ($.4("%"!,.

I$,(%)$!45,(! %$#,B#*$,(! ($14(,!,)! (rolative standard deviation; sr !4! [r). >$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!%, 3%4%""(% "* #&%3"%%

'0)(&.!W

s sr ' x .

?0(B)-(%$5 (repeatability). >$%D%"F #(E4*#('*""(#$!, D(4-5%""07 D&! D(8(M! (3"(E( ! $(E( C% 8%$(3* !4! !3%"$!5"(E( *"*4!+!&-%8(E( 8*$%&!*4* ' (3!"*.('07 -#4('!,7 ((3!" ! $($ C% !#D(4"!$%4F, $($ C% D&!)(&, $* C% 4*)(&*$(&!, ! "%+"*5!$%4F"0% !"$%&'*40 8%C3- !+8%&%"!,8!). %&* #7(3!8(#$! – #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!% #7(3!8(#$!

(repeatability standard deviation).

('$(*&!-(%$5 (reproducibility). >$%D%"F #(E4*#('*""(#$! "%+*'!#!807 &%+-4F$*$(', D(4-5%""07 D&! D(8(M! (3"(E( ! $(E( C% 8%$(3* !4! !3%"$!5"(E( *"*4!+!&-%8(E( 8*$%&!*4*, "( D&! &*+"07 -#4('!,7 (&*+"0% !#D(4"!$%4!, D&!)(&0, 4*)(&*$(&!! ! (!4!) #D-#$, &*+4!5"0% !"$%&'*40 '&%8%"!. %&* D('$(&,%8(#$! – #$*"3*&$"(% ($.4("%"!% D('$(&,%8(#$! (reproducibility standard deviation).

T%+-4F$*$0 *"*4!+* D&%3#$*'4,J$ ' '!3% E&*"!@0 3('%&!$%4F"(E( !"$%&'*4*.

A*#,)7= B('!*)$!45,(/( ),$!*'#4# (confidence levels about the mean). >!88%$&!5"0% E&*"!@0 3('%&!$%4F"(E( !"$%&'*4* (±#) 34, (@%".! #&%3"%E(, ' .($(&(6 # '%&(,$"(#$FJ 1-, D(D*3*%$ 8*$%8*$!5%#.(% (C!3*"!%

20

Соседние файлы в папке электр. хим