1 часть / электр. хим / electrods
.pdfB&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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91
92
B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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HFI F&2+. J86!+3</ +&4"'#+#/ $#'#$-" $# +1 = 10, "0"+8." 4 I@B=. |
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(#/*,!(4##%+&:8.K0/ |
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&3&,0:0+8!/<! +&4"'#+< *+#*84(&." &:#" ' "!9!30! 10-15 /03. |
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0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+. !"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0. |
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1&'!4(8 '<48?!33#7# 3& '#:$8G! #$3#+#$3#7# *+#4!-33#7# #%+&:;& |
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• 4!5'% |
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30 /03. @&." 4/!40 #"4"#-"A4-, #"%0+&." *#+;0. 3&$#4&$#93#5 C0$(#4"0, |
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(#3;!3"+&;05 0,1-1000 |
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NaCl. 0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+. |
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B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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Cu2! |
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#%,89!30! 4 $#%&'(&/0 #(04,0"!,!5), *!+!'#$ (#/*,!(43<G 4#!$03!305 /!$0 ' |
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• ;251.2 '!(. |
0#33#! 4#4"#-30!. )*+!$!,!30. 3! /!?&." 100-(+&"3<5 0:%<"#( Zn(II), Ni(II), |
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Cd(II), 200-(+&"3<5 0:%<"#( |
Al(III), 100-(+&"3<5 0:%<"#( Pb(II), 20-(+&"3<5 |
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0:%<"#( Cr(III) 0 Fe(III) *+0 4##"3#?!300 1Q1 |
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HFI Cu2+. =3&,0:0+8!/<5 +&4"'#+ 4/!?0'&." ' #"3#?!300 1:1 4 %86!+3</ |
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Cu2+ -4!,!("0'3<5 E,!("+#$. D#"!3;0#/!"+09!4(#! (#/*,!(4#3#/!"+09!4(#! |
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• J8!51.2 '!(. |
"0"+#'&30! Cu 2! 0 Zn 2! . |
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3%/D'%1-52#$-, |
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93
94
B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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• J8!51.2 '!(. |
!"#$ *+!$3&:3&9!3 $,- #*+!$!,!30- ' $0&*&:#3! (#3;!3"+&;05 0,06 – 635 |
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3%/D'%1-52#$-, |
/7/$/3 Cu 2! ' *+048"4"'00 100-(+&"3#7# 0:%<"(& Fe(III), Cr(III), 10-(+&"3#7# |
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0"!-*'!(#8' - |
0:%<"(& Pb(II) 0 1000-(+&"3#7# 0:%<"(& Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II). 2 (&9!4"'! |
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3%/D'%1-52#$-, |
/&4(0+8.K0G '!K!4"' *+0/!3-." NaF. |
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'%11 |
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M=N;@N> |
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NO |
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• 4-8D2'%& '!(% |
:&'040/#4"0. D+-/&- *#"!3;0#/!"+0-. |
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$#%&'#( S |
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= 0,03 – 0,1. |
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• J8!51.2 '!(., |
&4(0+#'&30! &30#33<G D=2 ''!$!30!/ E('0'&,!3"3#7# (#,09!4"'& |
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• )!(. |
D+0 3!%#,A?#/ 4#$!+C&300 Cl -0#3#' %!: *#$7#"#'(0 *+#'#$-" #*+!$!,!30! |
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30"+&"-0#3#' ' '#$!, *+-/&- *#"!3;0#/!"+0-. |
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B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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I(4"+&(;0- NO3 0: *+#%< +&4"'#+#/ CuSO4 $,- /&4(0+#'&30- HCO3 0 Cl–- |
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0#3#'. 2,0-30! NO2 84"+&3-." $#%&',!30!/ 48,A6&/03#'#5 (04,#"< ' H2SO4, |
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• 4!5'. |
*#$&',!30- ',0-30- /!?&.K0G *+0/!4!5. F/!4A *!+!/!?0'&." 30 /03. 0 |
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60,A"+8.", 84"&3&',0'&." 3!#%G#$0/<! :3&9!30- +1, 0#33#5 40,< 0 84"+&3-." |
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/!?&.K!! ',0-30! Cl–, NO2 , CO32 |
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)*+!$!,-." #"$!,A3# NO3 0 48//8 NO3 0 NO2 |
*+0 +1 4-8. 10"+0"-0#3< |
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• 4!5'. - |
#(04,-." KMnO4 ' (04,#5 4+!$!. H:%<"#( MnO4 |
8$&,-." $!54"'0!/ MnSO4. |
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#8!51.2 '!(. |
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S |
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= 0,015 – 0,036. D+-/&- *#"!3;0#/!"+0-, /!"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0. |
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M=N;@N> |
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NO |
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95
96
B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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D#4,!$#'&"!,A3#! 0:/!+!30! *#"!3;0&,#' HFINO3 |
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0 HFINO2 . >&49!" 4 |
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*+0/!3!30!/ (#E660;0!3"#' 4!,!("0'3#4"0. H3"!+'&, #*+!$!,-!/<G |
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• JA2#D |
(#3;!3"+&;05 10–4–10–2 NO3 |
0 NO2 *+0 /#,A3#/ 4##"3#?!300 1:1. D+-/&- |
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*#"!3;0#/!"+0-, /!"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0. S |
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= 0,15. |
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:EJ=<> @Q:N@ |
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NOx |
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D#7,#K!30! +&4"'#+#/ R12>)4, 4#$!+C&K0/ 12)2. )*+!$!,!30! |
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• )!*(+, |
#%+&:#'&'?0G4NO3 -0#3#' |
/!"#$#/ *#"!3;0#/!"+09!4(#7# "0"+#'&30-. |
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M8'4"'0"!,A3#4"A – 3·10–4%. |
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D#7,#K!30! +&4"'#+#/ N&)1, #(04,!30! $# NO3 |
4 *#/#KA. PbO2 ' |
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• ).,/!01.2 |
*#$(04,!33#/ +&4"'#+! Na2SO4. !"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0, /!"#$ |
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3%*. NO - NO2 |
$#%&'#(. M8'4"'0"!,A3#4"A 150-200 /7//3 NO2. |
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B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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98'4"'0"!,A3#7# ( #(40$&/ &:#"&. B#93# 84"&3#',!33<5 #%N!/ &3&,0:0+8!/#7# |
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• )!*(+, |
'#:$8G& *+#(&90'&." 4# 4(#+#4"A. 2,//03 9!+!: *#7,#"0"!,A3#! 84"+#54"'#, |
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:&*#,3!33#! +&4"'#+#/, 4#$!+C&K0/ N&12>)4, N&21>)4, HgCl2, KCl, K2Cr2O7. |
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R *#,89!33#/8 +&4"'#+8 $#%&',-." ' 4##"3#?!300 1:10 (04,#"3<5 %86!+3<5 |
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0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+. !"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0. |
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HFINO3 . B#93# 84"&3#',!33<5 #%N!/ &3&,0:0+8!/#7# 7&:& *+#(&90'&." 4 |
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*#/#KA. '&(88/3#7# 3&4#4& 9!+!: 3&7+!"8. $# 190ºF "+8%(8, :&*#,3!338. |
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(+04"&,,09!4(0/ PbO2. F#$!+C0/#! "+8%(0 0:',!(&.", 4/!?0'&." 4 "'!+$</ |
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• <.A!'.2 3%*. |
PbF2 0 $04"0,0+#'&33#5 '#$#5 0 3&7+!'&." 30 /03. *+0 100ºF. F84*!3:0. |
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#G,&C$&.", ;!3"+06870+8.". )"%0+&." &,0('#"38. 9&4"A 3&$#4&$#93#5 |
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SCN |
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97
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SCN -HFI /#C3# *+0/!3-"A *+0 +1 = 2 – 12 ' $0&*&:#3! (#3;!3"+&;05 0,6 – |
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• )!(% |
600 /7/$/3. H#3< *!+!G#$3<G /!"&,,#' #%+&:8." (#/*,!(4< 4 +#$&30$-0#3&/0 |
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0, 4,!$#'&"!,A3#, *#30C&." 0G (#3;!3"+&;0. ' +&4"'#+!; 84"+&3-." |
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/!?&.K!! ',0-30! E"0G 0#3#' *+#'!$!30!/ &3&,0:& *+0 +1 = 8 – 9. |
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JRFGS@N> |
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SO2- |
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• )!(% |
D#"!3;0#/!"+09!4(#! "0"+#'&30! 4 |
HFI-Pb2+. D+#%8 &3&,0:+8!/#5 '#$< |
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4/!?0'&." 4 0:#*+#*&3#/ ' #"3#?!300 1:4. !"#$ L+&3&. |
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JRFGS=<> |
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S2- |
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D+#%8 &3&,0:0+8!/#5 '#$< 4/!?0'&." 4 +&'3</ #%N!/#/ |
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• )!(% |
*+#"0'##(04,0"!,A3#7# |
%86!+3#7# |
+&4"'#+&, |
4#$!+C&K!7# |
NaOH, |
[2] |
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&4(#+%03#'8. (04,#"8, I@B=. !"#$ 7+&$80+#'#93#5 :&'040/#4"0. |
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D#"!3;0#/!"+09!4(#! "0"+#'&30!. )%+&:!; 4/!?0'&." ' #"3#?!300 1:100 4 |
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• 4!5'% |
%86!+3</ +&4"'#+#/ |
(*+#"0'##(04,0"!,A3</). B0"+&3"#/ 4,8C0" 30"+&" |
[2] |
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(&$/0-. D#7+!?3#4"A 0:/!+!30- I@F S 0,1 /'. |
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B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
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2 |
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3 |
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• 4"-"!(1.2 |
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D+-/&- *#"!3;0#/!"+0- 3& 6#3! &3"0#(40$&3"3#7# %86!+&, |
4#$!+C&K!7# |
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I@B=, NaOH 0 &4(#+%03#'8. (04,#"8 4 +1=12. )*+!$!,!30! *+#'#$-" *+0 |
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'!(. |
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[5] |
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(#3;!3"+&;00 H2ST6 /7/$/3. Sx " 0,07 . |
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• 4/%#8!'.2 '!(. |
D+-/&- *#"!3;0#/!"+0- 3& 6#3! %86!+3#7# +&4"'#+&, 4#$!+C&K!7# NaOH, |
[5] |
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&4(#+%03#'8. (04,#"8 0 I@B=. |
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• J2"+#!(2"O%P-2 |
D#4,!$#'&"!,A3#! *#"!3;0#/!"+09!4(#! "0"+#'&30! +&4"'#+#/ AgNO3. |
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"%#8'!". S2-, S O2- |
F3&9&,& |
#*+!$!,-." |
S O2- |
0 |
48//8 |
S2– 0 *#,048,A60$-0#3#'. U&"!/ |
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2 |
3 |
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2 |
3 |
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[5] |
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0!/-#+/DB-(--!1. |
*#,048,A60$38. 4!+8 4'-:<'&." 48,A60"#/ 3&"+0- 0 '3#'A "0"+8." +&4"'#+#/ |
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AgNO3. |
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D#"e3;0#/!"+09!4(#! "0"+#'&30! +&4"'#+#/ Pb(NO3)2 4 04*#,A:#'&30!/ |
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• )!(. |
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(+04"&,,09!4(#7# HFI- |
S2–. 2/!4"# &4(#+%03#'#5 (04,#"< *+0/!3-,0 ' (&9!4"'! |
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&3"0#(40$&3"& +&4"'#+: 1 NaOH, 1,5 M N2H4. )"3#40"!,A3&- *#7+!?3#4"A |
[6] |
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#*+!$!,!30- 0,1-2 /7/$/3 S2– – 3! *+!'<?&,& 10%. |
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• :8/!O21-&, |
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0!5'. |
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%86!+3</ |
+&4"'#+#/, |
2 |
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NaOH. |
D#"!3;0#/!"+009!4(#! |
"0"+#'&30! |
[2] |
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30"+&"#/ (&$/0-. D#7+!?3#4"A 0:/!+!30- I@FS0,1 /'. |
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99 |
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100
B&%,0;& 4.1 (*+#$#,C!30!)
1 |
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2 |
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3 |
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JL;:):<:;:< |
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H2S |
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D#7,#K!30! 4/!4A. 0,1 NaOH, 20% (#%) 7,0;!+03&, 0,01 |
I@B= 0 1%-5 |
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• )!*(+, |
&4(#+%03#'#5 (04,#"<. D+-/&- *#"!3;0#/!"+0-. )*+!$!,!30. 3·10–6% |
H2S ' |
[5] |
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#%N!/! 4,5 $/3 3! /!?&." SO2, NO2, NH3, HCN. |
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• :8,!(&P-2 3%*. |
D#7,#K!30! H2S %86!+3</ +&4"'#+#/ 0,1 |
NaOH + |
1%-5 +&4"'#+ |
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(0-"!/-*1.2, |
&4(#+%03#'#5 (04,#"<. D+#"#93#-03C!(;0#33<5 &3&,0:. |
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[5] |
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$!$#!'., 0252?) |
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=3&,0:0+8!/<! 407&+!"< ':'!?0'&." 0 '<(8+0'&." ' 4"&3$&+"3<G |
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• J-3%"281.? |
84,#'0-G |
*+0 *#/#K0 4*!;0&,A3#7# 84"+#54"'&. |
)%+&:#'&'?054- |
$</ |
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(.A |
*+#*84(&." 9!+!: *#7,#K&.K05 +&4"'#+ (2 |
NaOH 0 0,02 |
&4(#+%03#'&- |
[2] |
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(04,#"&). |
0(+#*+#;!44#+3<5 0#3#/!+. L+&$80+#'#93&- :&'040/#4"A. |
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SN:;=<> F– |
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@0&*&:#3 0:/!+-!/<G (#3;!3"+&;05 0,05-10 /7/$/3 ' *+048"4"'00 &;!"&"3#- |
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• )!(. 0-8D2'%&, |
;0"+&"3#7# |
%86!+& 4 +1=5. @,- 30'!,0+#'&30- ',0-30- 0#33#7# 4#4"&'& |
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0"-"!(1%& |
0:/!+!30- |
*+#'#$-" ' *+048"4"'00 0,005 |
+-+& |
MgSO4. |
)"3#40"!,A3&- |
[8] |
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*#7+!?3#4"A 3! *+!'<?&!" 15%. |
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