- •Introduction
- •General
- •The purposes of the DCFR
- •Contents of the DCFR
- •Revision of the interim outline edition
- •The coverage of the DCFR
- •Structure and language of the DCFR model rules
- •How the DCFR relates to PECL, the SGECC PEL series, the Acquis and the Insurance Contract Group series
- •How the DCFR may be used as preparatory work for the CFR
- •Developments after this edition
- •Academic contributors and funders
- •The pan-European teams
- •The Study Group on a European Civil Code
- •Its Co-ordinating Group
- •The Study Group’s Working Teams
- •The Study Group’s Advisory Councils
- •The Acquis Group
- •The former Commission on European Contract Law
- •The Compilation and Redaction Team
- •Funding
- •Principles
- •The underlying principles of freedom, security, justice and efficiency
- •Freedom
- •Contractual freedom
- •Non-contractual obligations
- •Property
- •Security
- •Contractual security
- •Non-contractual obligations
- •Property
- •Justice
- •Contract
- •Non-contractual obligations
- •Property
- •Efficiency
- •Efficiency for the purposes of the parties
- •Efficiency for wider public purposes
- •Conclusion
- •Table of Destinations
- •Table of Derivations
- •Model Rules
- •Annex
- •Definitions
- •Accessory
- •Acquisition finance device
- •Act of assignment
- •Agent
- •Assets
- •Assignment
- •Authorisation
- •Authority
- •Avoidance
- •Advanced electronic signature
- •Barter, contract for
- •Beneficiary
- •Benevolent intervention in another’s affairs
- •Business
- •Claim
- •Claimant
- •Co-debtorship for security purposes
- •Compensation
- •Complete substitution of debtor
- •Condition
- •Conduct
- •Confidential information
- •Construction, contract for
- •Commercial agency
- •Consumer
- •Consumer contract for sale
- •Contract
- •Contractual obligation
- •Contractual relationship
- •Co-ownership
- •Corporeal
- •Counter-performance
- •Court
- •Creditor
- •Damage
- •Damages
- •Debtor
- •Default
- •Defence
- •Costs
- •Delivery
- •Dependent personal security
- •Design, contract for
- •Direct physical control
- •Distribution contract
- •Distributorship
- •Divided obligation
- •Divided right
- •Donation, contract for
- •Discrimination
- •Durable medium
- •Duty
- •Economic loss
- •Electronic
- •Electronic signature
- •Financial assets
- •Financial instruments
- •Fraudulent
- •Fundamental non-performance
- •Global security
- •Franchise
- •Good faith
- •Good faith and fair dealing
- •Goods
- •Gross negligence
- •Handwritten signature
- •Harassment
- •Immovable property
- •Incomplete substitution of debtor
- •Indemnify
- •Independent personal security
- •Indirect physical control
- •Individually negotiated
- •Ineffective
- •Insolvency proceeding
- •Incorporeal
- •Intangibles
- •Interest
- •Invalid
- •Joint obligation
- •Joint right
- •Juridical act
- •Keeper
- •Limited proprietary rights
- •Limited-right-possessor
- •Loan contract
- •Lease
- •Loss
- •Mandate
- •Mandate for direct representation
- •Mandate for indirect representation
- •Merger of debts
- •Merger clause
- •Monetary loan
- •Movables
- •Negligence
- •Non-economic loss
- •Non-performance
- •Notice
- •Not individually negotiated
- •Obligation
- •Motor vehicle
- •Overdraft facility
- •Owner-possessor
- •Ownership
- •Performance
- •Person
- •Physical control
- •Possession
- •Possession-agent
- •Prescription
- •Presumption
- •Price
- •Proceeds
- •Possessory security right
- •Processing, contract for
- •Producer
- •Property
- •Proprietary security
- •Proprietary security, contract for
- •Public holiday
- •Reasonable
- •Reciprocal
- •Recklessness
- •Rent
- •Reparation
- •Representative
- •Ratify
- •Requirement
- •Resolutive
- •Retention of ownership device
- •Revocation
- •Right
- •Sale, contract for
- •Services, contract for
- •Signature
- •Solidary obligation
- •Solidary right
- •Security right in movable asset
- •Standard terms
- •Storage, contract for
- •Subrogation
- •Substitution of debtor
- •Supply
- •Suspensive
- •Tacit prolongation
- •Termination
- •Textual form
- •Transfer of contractual position
- •Treatment, contract for
- •Trust
- •Term
- •Trustee
- •Truster
- •Unjustified enrichment
- •Valid
- •Void
- •Voidable
- •Withdraw
- •Working days
- •Writing
- •Withholding performance
- •Index
|
Principles |
|
The underlying principles of freedom, security, |
|
|
justice and efficiency |
|
|
1. |
The four principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
60 |
Freedom |
|
|
2. |
General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
61 |
Contractual freedom |
|
|
3. |
Freedom of contract the starting point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
62 |
4. |
Limitations with regard to third parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
63 |
5. |
Contracts harmful to third persons and society in general . . . . . . . . . . . . |
64 |
6. |
Interventions when consent defective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
7. |
Restrictions on freedom to choose contracting party . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
65 |
8. |
Restrictions on freedom to withhold information at |
|
|
pre-contractual stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
66 |
9. |
Information as to the terms of the contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
67 |
10. |
Correcting inequality of bargaining power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
67 |
11. |
Minimum intervention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
68 |
Non-contractual obligations |
|
|
12. |
Emphasis on obligations rather than freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
69 |
13. |
Freedom respected so far as consistent with policy objectives . . . . . . . . |
69 |
Property |
|
|
14. |
Limited scope for party autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
70 |
15. |
Recognition and enhancement of freedom in some respects . . . . . . . . . . |
70 |
Security |
|
|
16. |
General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
71 |
57
|
|
Principles |
Contractual security |
|
|
17. |
The main ingredients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . 72 |
18. |
Third party respect and reliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . . 73 |
19. |
Protection of reasonable reliance and expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 73 |
20. |
The principle of binding force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 74 |
21. |
Exceptional change of circumstances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 75 |
22. |
Certainty or flexibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 75 |
23. |
Good faith and fair dealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 76 |
24. |
Co-operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 77 |
25. |
Inconsistent behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 77 |
26. |
Enforcement of performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 77 |
27. |
Other remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 78 |
28. |
Maintaining the contractual relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 79 |
29. |
Other rules promoting security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 79 |
Non-contractual obligations |
|
|
30. |
Security a core aim and value in the law on |
|
|
non-contractual obligations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 80 |
31. |
Protection of the status quo: non-contractual liability |
|
|
arising out of damage caused to another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 80 |
32. |
Protection of the person . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 81 |
33. |
Protection of human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 81 |
34. |
Protection of other rights and interests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 81 |
35. |
Protection of security by the law on unjustified enrichment . . . . . |
. . . . . 82 |
Property |
|
|
36. |
Security a core aim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 82 |
37. |
Protection of reasonable reliance and expectations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 83 |
38. |
The provision of effective remedies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 84 |
39. |
Protection of the status quo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 84 |
Justice |
|
|
40. |
General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
. . . . . 84 |
58
Principles |
|
|
Contract |
|
|
41. |
Treating like alike . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
42. |
Not allowing people to rely on their own unlawful, |
|
|
dishonest or unreasonable conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
85 |
43. |
No taking of undue advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
87 |
44. |
No grossly excessive demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
87 |
45. |
Responsibility for consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
88 |
46. |
Protecting the vulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
88 |
Non-contractual obligations |
|
|
47. |
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
90 |
48. |
Not allowing people to gain an advantage from their own |
|
|
unlawful, dishonest or unreasonable conduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
90 |
49. |
No taking of undue advantage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
90 |
50. |
No grossly excessive demands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
91 |
51. |
Responsibility for consequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
91 |
52. |
Protecting the vulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
92 |
Property |
|
|
53. |
Importance of certainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
92 |
Efficiency |
|
|
54. |
General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
94 |
Efficiency for the purposes of the parties |
|
|
55. |
Minimal formal and procedural restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
94 |
56. |
Minimal substantive restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
57. |
Provision of efficient default rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
95 |
Efficiency for wider public purposes |
|
|
58. |
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
96 |
59. |
Information duties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
96 |
60. |
Remedies for non-performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
97 |
61. |
Other rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
98 |
Conclusion |
|
|
62. |
Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . |
99 |
59