Составитель

Нестерова С.А. – канд.пед.наук, доцент (ЧГАА)

Рецензенты Калугин - ст. преподаватель (ЧГАА)

Ответственный за выпуск Малятова Л.П. – зав. кафедрой иностранных языков

Методические указания как завершающий этап работы по английскому языку предназначены для студентов факультета ЭА СХП заочного обучения.

Цель - закрепление и углубление навыков перевода и усвоения лексики, связанной со специальной терминологией. Методические указания содержат контрольные задания и дополнительные тексты по специальности для самостоятельного чтения и перевода.

Объем грамматического материала включает грамматические явления, характерные для английской специальной литературы:

1)страдательный залог;

2)сложноподчиненные предложения;

4)инфинитивные обороты;

5)причастные обороты.

Контрольное задание дается в пяти вариантах. Выбирается один из пяти вариантов в соответствии с последней цифрой студенческого шифра: студент, шифр которого оканчивается на 1 или 2 готовит вариант I, на 3 или 4 - вариант II, на 5 или 6 - вариант III, на 7 или 8 – вариант IV, на 9 или 0 -вариант V.

ВАРИАНТ I

1. Перепишите текст, письменно переведите его на русский язык.

ELECTRIC CURRENT

1. The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. In other words, the flow of moving electrons is one form of the electric current. What can we say about the electron? We consider the electron to be a minute particle having an electric charge. This charge is negative. As these minute charges travel along a wire, that wire is said to carry an electric current.

2. In addition to travelling through solids, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements. Some liquids such as melted metals for example conducts current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.

3. The reader certainly remembers that a negatively charged electron moves to the positive end of the wire. It had been supposed to move in the wrong way, from the positive end of the circuit to the negative, long before the electrons were discovered. In fact, when a wire is carrying a current from left to right, the electrons in it are really flowing from right to left.

4.The electrons flowing in one direction only, the current is direct. The simplest source of power, for direct currents is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time.

5.The alternating current flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The alternating current used for power and lighting purposes goes through 50 cycles in one second.

6.One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa.

In fact, at least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is

alternating current. It finds a wide application for lighting, heating, industrial and other purposes.

II. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие грамматические обороты:

1)объективный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение) – 1 абзац;

2)субъективный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащие) – 1, 2 абзацы;

3)Независимый причастный оборот – 4 абзац.

III. Переведите на русский язык следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

electric current, direct current, alternating current, electric charge, negative charge, positive charge, effects of the electric current, source of power, low (high); voltage, circuit, moving electrons.

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув в каждом из них глагол – сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Alternаting voltage is increased when it is; necessary for a long - distance transmission and one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home.

2. We have already seen that energy of some kind must be employed to generate the electric current.

ВАРИАНТ II

2. Перепишите текст, письменно переведите его на русский язык.

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

1. The electric circuit is a complete path which carries the current from the

source of supply to the load and then carries it again from the load to the source.

2. Generally speaking, the current may pass through solid conductors, liquids, gases, vacuums or any combinations of these. It may flow in turn over transmission lines from the power station, through transformers, cables and switches, through lamps, heaters, motors and so on, back through other switches, transformers and transmission lines to the generator in the power station.

3.There are many kinds of circuits, such as open circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits and short circuits. If the circuit is broken or, as we generally say, "opened" anywhere the current stops everywhere. Hence, we break the circuit when we switch off our electric devices. The path along which electrons travel must be complete or no electric power can be supplied to the load, from the source. Thus, we dose the circuit when we switch on our electric lamp.

4.When electrical devices are connected so that the current is not divided at any point, they are said to be connected in series. Under such conditions the current flow is the same in all parts of the circuit. Quite the opposite, the parallel circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. We know this circuit to be divided in such a way that part of the current goes through one path and part through another.

5.We produce a short circuit or, as we sometimes call it, the "short" when we allow the current to return to the source of supply without control and without doing the work that we want it to do.

6.It is interesting to note that some substances like metals, for example, conduct electricity with ease; on the contrary, others, such as rubber, do not allow it to move freely. Thus, we obtain conductors and insulators, there being a marked difference between them, of course.

II. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие грамматические обороты:

1)объективный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение) – 4 абзац;

2)субъективный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащие) – 4 абзацы;

3)Независимый причастный оборот – 6 абзац.

III. Переведите на русский язык следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

source of supply, transmission line, power station, electrical device, electric power, to switch on (off), to conduct electricity, electric circuit, open circuit, closed circuit, series circuit, parallel circuit, short circuit.

IV. Перепишите предложения, подчеркнув в каждом из них глагол – сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.If an e.m.f. is applied to a path which allows the electrons to pass, they will move toward the point of higher potential, and then a current is said to flow in the circuit.

2.The current in a conductor can be detected due to the heat which it sets up when it is flowing through the wire.

ВАРИАНТ III

1. Перепишите текст, письменно переведите его на русский язык.

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

1.All substances have some ability to transmit electrons but they differ greatly in the ease with which electrons pass through them. For instance, a copper wire conducts electricity readily, glass conducts so little current that it is hardly measurable. Substances through which currents easily pass are known to be conductors. Substances strongly resisting the flow of current, we call them insulators. An insulator is also called a dielectric. It has very few free charges that are able to move under the influence of the electric field.

2.Almost all metals are good conductors of electricity but we consider

silver to be the best conductor of all. Copper comes next, it is followed by aluminum. Copper is our commonly used conductor. Some liquids also conduct electric currents. They even prove to be good conductors of electricity. Most gases conduct current under proper conditions of pressure and temperature. However, they are not as good electrical conductors as metals.

3.The most common materials used to resist electric flow are: glass, rubber, porcelain, paper, oil, cotton and silk. No ionized clean air is also considered to be a good insulator. It is often used for this purpose in electrical apparatus.

4.It would be quite wrong to think that conducting materials are the only materials to be used for the transmission of power. We need both conductors and insulators. We cannot do without the copper wire which conducts the electric power, that is, acts as a conductor. However, we have to use an insulator to prevent electrical losses.

5.In the transmission of power we generally employ the best conductor available in order that as little power as possible might be lost in heating the transmission line. For other purposes, however, the poorer conductors are often used because they possess other desirable properties.

II. Выпишите из текста предложения, содержащие грамматические обороты:

1)объективный инфинитивный оборот (сложное дополнение) – 2 абзац;

2)субъективный инфинитивный оборот (сложное подлежащие) – 1, 2, 3 абзацы;

3)Независимый причастный оборот – 1 абзац.

III. Переведите на русский язык следующие технические термины и словосочетания:

to conduct electricity, to transmit electrons, electric current, electric field, electric conductor, to resist electric flow, transmission of power, electrical loss, non - ionized air, conducting material, insulating material.