8.Если бы он был здесь сейчас, он мог бы быть довольным.

9.Если бы он вмешался тогда, все могло бы измениться.

10.Если бы вы не вмешались они, возможно, спорили бы долго. 11.Если бы театр был ближе, мы смогли бы пойти пешком.

12.Если бы Борис знал лучше английский, он смог бы получить хорошую работу.

USING “MIXED TIME” IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Frequently the time in the “if clause” and the time in the “result clause” are different: One clause may be in the present and the other in the past. Notice that past and present times are mixed in the sentences in the following examples:

(b) CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be

Exercise 28. Change the following statements into conditional sentences.

1.I’m hungry now because I didn’t eat dinner. But … if I’d eaten dinner, I wouldn’t be hungry now.

2.The room is full of flies because you left the door open. But … .

3.You are tired this morning because you didn’t go to bed at a reasonable hour last night. But … .

4.I didn’t finish my report yesterday, so I can begin a new project today. But …

5.Helen is sick because she didn’t follow the doctor’s orders. But … .

6.I’m not you, so I didn’t tell him the truth. But … .

7.I don’t know anything about plumbing, so I didn’t fix the leak in the sink myself. But … .

8.I received a good job offer from the oil company, so I won’t seriously consider taking the job with the electronics firm. But … .

Exercise 29. Produce mixed conditional sentences from the following prompts.

Example: I love you. That’s why I married you.

If I didn’t love you, I wouldn’t have married you.

1.But I don’t know the answer! That’s why I asked you!

2.We’re in this mess now because you didn’t warn me in time.

3.You spent hours choosing a tie to wear, so we’re standing here in the cold, waiting for the next bus.

4.You’re so insensitive; you didn’t notice he was upset.

5.You weren’t invited because you’re always so rude to people.

6.You didn’t listen to my advice, so now you’re in prison.

7.You’ve got no sense. For example, you didn’t take that job last year.

8.I’m not a rich man now because I didn’t buy those shares when they were cheap.

Exercise 30. Translate the sentences.

1.Если бы он был более опытным, он не сделал бы такой ошибки.

2.Если бы вы позвонили ему вчера, сейчас бы вы не волновались.

3.Если бы вы извинились перед ним тогда, он бы сейчас на вас не сердился.

4.Если бы вы повторили этот материал, вы не чувствовали бы себя сейчас таким беспомощным.

5.Если бы Эни не была такой легкомысленной, этого бы не произошло.

6.Если бы он был более энергичным, работы была бы давно сделана.

7.Если бы вы тогда над ним не подшутили, вы бы сейчас могли бы быть друзьям.

8.Если бы я знал английский, то вчера я бы помог вам сделать перевод.

9.Если бы вы видели этот фильм, мы могли бы его сейчас обсудить.

10.Если бы он был хорошим шофером, он не попал бы тогда в аварию. 11.Если бы он не был таким рассеянным, он бы не забыл этого.

12.Если бы он не был таким упрямым, мы бы решили эту проблему вчера. 13.Если бы он не был таким подозрительным, он бы не вел себя так

странно на вчерашней встрече.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES WITHOUT IF

In the negative, not follows the subject. It is not contracted with the auxiliary verb:

CORRECT: Had I not seen it with my own eyes, I wouldn’t have believed it. INCORRECT: Hadn't I seen it with my own eyes …

Exercise 31. Give the sentences with the same meaning by omitting “if” from the conditional sentences.

1.The other team committed a foul, but the referee didn’t see it. If the referee had seen it, our tem would have won the game. Had the referee seen it, our team would have won the game.

2.Your boss sounds like a real tyrant. If I were you, I would look for another job.

3.You really should learn how to use a computer, you could have finished the work in half the time.

4.I’ll be out of my office until 2:00. If you should need to reach me, I’ll be in the conference room.

5.We would have won the game if Thompson had caught the ball.

6.If Thompson had not dropped the ball, we would have won the game.

7.The artists and creative thinkers throughout the history of the world have changed all of our lives. If they had not dared to be different, the history of civilization would have to be rewritten.

8.If Tom had told the truth about his educational background, he probably wouldn’t have gotten the job with the accounting firm. I suspect his boss will figure it out and fire him one of these days.

9.I know you’re getting discouraged and are planning to drop out of school.

However, if you were to finish your education, many more career

opportunities would be open to you.

10.I’m glad I went to the meeting. If I hadn’t been there, my proposal probably would not have been accepted.

Exercise 32. Translate the sentences.

1.Were he not so stubborn, he wouldn’t be so difficult to deal with.

2.Had you interfered, nothing might have happened.

3.Had he enough courage, he would interfere.

4.Should you make a stop-over in London, visit the Tate Gallery.

5.Were I in your place, I would tell her what I think of it.

6.Had you given any proof, I would have believed every word you said.

USING UNLESS

Exercise 33. Rephrase the sentences using unless.

Example: If we don’t leave now, we’ll miss the start of the film.

Unless we leave now, we’ll miss the start of the film.

1.If you don’t wear your coat, you’ll be cold.

2.I’ll phone you, if you don’t phone me first.

3.He won’t receive the letter tomorrow if you don’t post it before 1 o’clock today.

4.I won’t go to school tomorrow if I don’t feel better.

5.I can’t write to you if you don’t give me your address.

6.Your cough won’t get better if you don’t stop smoking.

7.You’ll fail your exam if you don’t work harder.

8.She spends Sundays in the garden if the weather isn’t awful.

9.He will not let you go if he isn’t forced to do so.

10.You wouldn’t believe it, if you didn’t see it.

CONJUNCTIONS THAT CAN BE USED IN THE PLACE OF “IF”

“If” and “unless” are not the only ways of beginning conditional clauses. You can also use “as/so long as”, “only if”, “provided (that)”, “providing (that)”.

These expressions are all used to indicate that one thing only happens or is true if another thing happens or is true, i.e. of one situation depends on another.

(b)I’ll go to the party provided you go too.

(c)Providing they remained at a safe distance, we would be all right.

(d)I will come only if nothing is said to the press.

“if”, “unless”, “so/as long as” – если только при условии, что … “provided/providing (that)” – при условии

“If only” adds emphasis to hypothetical situations, with past events it adds a sense of regret. The second part of the sentence is often left out.

If only I had enough time!

If only I hadn’t drunk too much, this wouldn’t have happened!

We can also use suppose or supposing instead of if, especially in unreal conditions. Suppose/supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do?

“*suppose/supposing (that)” – если, если бы, в случае

“What if” and “say” can be used in the sense of “Let us suppose”:

What if/say he gets home before us and can’t get in? What will he do then?

What if/say you were to run out money? What would you do?

We can abbreviate a condition if we begin a new sentence with “If so”, “In that case”, or “If not”, or if we continue with in which case:

He may be busy. If so, (In that case), I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

Exercise 34. Choose the correct word or expression.

Example: We’ll have a picnic tomorrow unless/provided it rains.

1.Unless/Provided you tell the truth, everything will be all right.

2.In Britain you can marry at the age of sixteen unless/providing you have your parents permission.

3.He won’t forgive you unless/as long as you say you’re sorry.

4.Unless/Providing you lend me the money, I won’t be able to go on holiday.

5.I’ll buy the car unless/as long as it’s not too expensive.

Exercise 35. Rewrite the sentences without “if”, using the words in brackets.

Example: If we don’t take a taxi, we’ll be late. (unless).

Unless we take a taxi, we’ll be late.

1.If you don’t go now, I’ll be very angry. (unless)

2.If you help me now, I’ll help you later. (provided)

3.If they don’t offer me a better job, I’ll leave the company. (unless)

4.I’ll stay up and watch the film if it isn’t on too late. (as long as)

5.If you were in my place, what would you do? (supposing)

USING AS IF/AS THOUGH