Закхаров Тренажер неличные формы глагола для студентов-кхимиков 2014

The other conditions being equal, the acceleration will be the same.

Если все остальные условия будут равны, ускорение будет од-

ним и тем же;

б) если оборот стоит в конце предложения, то его перевод начинается с союзов типа причем, а, и, так как или присоединяется бессоюзно, например:

These data must be taken into account, the effect of interconnections being by no means negligible.

Эти данные должны быть приняты во внимание, так как эф-

фектом взаимосвязи ни в коем случае нельзя пренебрегать;

в) оборот может вводиться служебным словом with, которое не переводится, перевод следует начинать с союза, подходящего по смыслу, например:

With the model reconstructed we may start rethinking of the whole process.

Так как модель сконструирована заново, мы можем начать сно-

ва обдумывать весь процесс.

Дополнение с причастием в русском переводе образует дополнительное придаточное предложение, вводимое союзом что или

чтобы.

Подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + (as) Participle I, II

Active

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We know the problem having been solved long ago.

Мы знаем, что эту проблему давно уже решили.

We know them being invited to all our meetings.

Мы знаем, что их приглашают на все наши собрания.

We have the experiment carried out.

Нам уже провели эксперимент.

Подлежащее с причастием в русском переводе образует придаточное дополнительное предложение с союзами что, чтобы, как. Сказуемое выносится вперед и оформляется в главное предложение (обычно в неопределенно-личное), подлежащее английского предложения становится подлежащим русского придаточного предложения, а причастие – его сказуемым.

Подлежащее + сказуемое + (as) Participle I, II

Глагол-характеристика, обычно Passive, выносится вперед, образует главное предложение

Образуют придаточное предложение

They were seen leaving the laboratory.

Видели, как они уходили из лаборатории.

The problem was recognized by many scientists as being of great importance.

Многие ученые признавали, что эта проблема имеет огромное значение.

I. УПРАЖНЕНИЕ

Переведите предложения из списка «Причастные обороты» на русский язык, используя следующий алгоритм:

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определить основу предложения, вид причастного оборота; записать в соответствующую колонку таблицы; перевести.

Перед выполнением упражнения заготовьте матрицу таблицы по образцу или скачайте по ссылке: http://clck.ru/8aKHS или http://clck.ru/8aKMQ

Сравните свой вариант определения типа причастного оборота и перевода предложения с вариантом авторов, приведенным на с. 41-46.

Причастные обороты

II.  УПРАЖНЕНИЕ

Найдите в списке «Причастные обороты» и запишите в соот-

ветствующую ячейку таблицы порядковый номер предложений.Ключи смотрите на с. 46.

Таблица «Причастные обороты»

Список «Причастные обороты»

1. The sodium atom has eleven electrons, the eleventh one occupying a position in the third shell.

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2.We dislike the problem being treated in this way.

3.This phenomena is postulated as having arisen from excessive

heating.

4.Oxygen combines with most elements, the product formed being called an oxide.

5.The gas being colorless, we did not notice its formation.

6.We know the problem having been solved long ago.

7.The problem was recognized by many scientists as being of great importance.

8.The idea can be pronounced true if tested by experience.

9.The liquid being heated to a very a high temperature, the substance it contained dissolved entirely.

10.Remarks which were considered as being wrong are in fact cor-

rect.

11.They thought the reactions as being of the first order.

12.Chlorine is fairly soluble in water, the solution having the same color as the gas.

13.Acetic acid is a weak acid, only a fraction of its molecules being ionized in aqueous solution.

14.We have the device repaired.

15.The chemist is usually inclined to regard the appearance of this product as signifying that the reaction is over.

16.Molecules of hydrogen chloride being decomposed, single atoms of hydrogen and chlorine are liberated.

17.When speaking about the new projects the lecturer showed a

map.

18.Bohr recognized the substance as having a condensed-ring sys-

tem.

19.Oxygen is slightly heavier than air, one liter of it weighing 1.429 gram at 00 and 769 mm pressure.

20.We may think of this molecule as being just like one of the ben-

zene.

21.The method considered as involving two stages has been tested at a pilot plant.

22.This may be taken as being the result of overheating.

23.A solution of sodium chloride being electrolyzed, hydrogen is liberated at the cathode.

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24.The reaction may be written as proceeding by the following mechanism.

25.A barometer is an instrument measuring atmospheric pressure.

26.These data must be taken into account, the effect of interconnections being by no means negligible.

27.With water being cooled, the rate of the reaction was slow.

28.Only those substances which can be considered as being mixtures have a depressed melting point.

29.The results were interpreted by Arnauch as pointing to the formula mentioned.

30.Mercury is used in barometers, having a great specific gravity.

31.The choice having been made, all the other alternatives have been rejected.

32.Selenium and tellurium possess a number of allotropic forms, those of selenium having been studied extensively.

33.When frozen water is a colourless solid.

34.Active centers are not to be envisaged as occupying fixed positions on the surface.

35.Only the first choice was hard to make, the rest of the choices causing no trouble.

36.This method, previously mentioned as affording good results, is being widely used.

37.Many of the compounds burn, the molecules being completely disrupted, and the individual atoms combining with oxygen.

38.All the equipment removed, the explorers stopped working.

39.Magnesium chloride being heated with mercuric oxide, magnesium oxide and mercuric chloride are formed.

40.Hydrogen being the lightest of elements, its density is the smallest of all substances.

41.The formula of a compound being known, we can calculate its molecular weight.

42.Phosphorus is almost insoluble in water, 0.00033 g dissolving in a liter of ice water.

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ЧЕТВЕРТЫЙ ШАГ. ГЕРУНДИЙ

(GERUND)

Дешграмма2 «Формы герундия»

X0 = ВИД

В отличие от причастия герундий, кроме глагольных признаков, обладает признаками существительного, так как перед ним могут находиться притяжательное местоимение или определение (обычно в виде существительного в притяжательной форме), предлог. Поэтому герундий рекомендуется переводить либо существительным, обозначающим процесс, либо глаголом, чаще инфинитивом,

а иногда деепричастием.

Saying is one thing and doing is another.

Сказать – это одно, а сделать – это другое.

By doing nothing we learn to do ill.

Не делая ничего, мы учимся делать зло.

Синтаксические функции герундия

1. Подлежащее.

Defining problems precisely requires patience.

Точное определение задач требует терпения.

2. Определение.

Memory is the process of selective forgetting.

Память – это процесс выборочного забывания.

3. Обстоятельство (герундий в отличие от причастия всегда имеет предлог).

Through obeying learn to command.

2 См. Приложение 2.

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4. Дополнение.

The turbulent flow of gases produces cooling.

Турбулентное течение газов вызывает охлаждение.

We succeeded in obtaining the explicit form of the component.

Нам удалось получить ясную форму этого компонента

Формальные признаки герундия

Перед герундием (в отличие от причастия) могут стоять:

1)предлог (by, in, of, without, on, instead of, in addition to, for, after, before и др.); by measuring;

2)притяжательное местоимение (mу, your, her, his, its, our, their); mу coming, his being sent;

3)существительное в притяжательном падеже; this scientist's studying.

I. УПРАЖНЕНИЕ

Перевести предложения из списка «Герундий 1» на русский язык, используя следующий алгоритм:

определить главные члены предложения, герундий, форму, залог, одну из функций: подлежащее, определение, обстоятельство, дополнение;

записать в соответствующую колонку таблицы;

перевести.

Перед выполнением упражнения заготовьте матрицу таблицы по образцу или скачайте по ссылке: http://clck.ru/8aKHS

Сравните свой вариант определения функций герундия и перевод предложения с вариантом авторов, приведенным на с. 46-51.

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Список «Герундий 1»

1.Comparing these distances with the time of the fall will show that the distance varies directly as the square of the time.

2.We discussed motion of rotation about a fixed axis without inquiring into the causes of the motion.

3.Within the reactor vessel are structural grids for holding the reactor core and solid reflectors.

4.Boiling occurs when vapour is formed both at the bottom of the vessel and at the top.

5.Charging by induction was discovered by Epinus.

6.Both the transmitting and receiving of radio communications depend on electricity.

7.Connecting the two terminals in a closed circuit leads to a steady flow of current from one terminal to the other.

8.Air cooling instead of water cooling would also reduce the weight of the engine.

9.Using tungsten for the filament greatly improved the incandescent

lamp.

10.There are two common methods for measuring angular velocity.

11.In physics energy is defined as capacity for doing work.

12.In the process of boiling, heat is constantly added to the liquid.

13.This process of overcoming the attractive forces between the molecules of a substance is called melting or fusion.

14.The magnetic lines of force are not the only means of showing the presence and direction of the magnetic field.

15.Nuclear reactors are used as research tools, as systems for producing radioisotopes, and most prominently as energy sources.

16.The very first nuclear reactors were built for the express purpose of manufacturing plutonium for nuclear weapons.

17.Protecting the personnel against radioactive radiation holds an important place in the scheme of things at the atomic power plant.

18.On entering the lens the rays are bent toward the normal as before and on leaving they are bent away from the principal axis.

19.After all the ice has been melted, the temperature will again begin rising.

20.Adding heat does not always cause a rise in temperature.

21.Magnetism has long stopped being a problem.

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22.After introducing new technology in that branch of industry some changes must be made as soon as possible.

23.Liquids are capable of conducting heat.

24.By dropping two balls of different size but of the same material from the tower of Pisa, Galileo found as a result of this experiment that heavy objects don’t fall faster than light ones.

25.Other substances as glass, for example, soften gradually on being heated.

26.On charging the electroscope positively, we find that the light doesn’t affect the rate of discharge of the electroscope.

27.The simplest process of producing metal articles is that of casting the molten metal into a suitable mold.

28.Radiation is usually detected by measuring the amount of ioniza-

tion.

29.Magnetic lines do not end on magnetic poles but continue passing from the south to the north pole.

30.Not all light is capable of ejecting electrons from all metal sur-

faces

31.Both are capable of operating at very high temperature, since graphite has an extremely high sublimation temperature and helium is completely inert chemically.

32.A metallic conductor becomes heated and continues developing heat as long as the current is sent through it.

33.Neutrons lose energy most efficiently by colliding with light atoms such as hydrogen, deuterium, beryllium , and carbon.

34.As the velocity of a falling body increases, the air resistance becomes greater and greater until at last the velocity stops increasing and remains constant due to air resistance.

35.On melting a solid body, a change of state takes place at a definite temperature.

II. Упражнение

Найдите в списке «Герундий 2» и запишите в соответствующую ячейку таблицы порядковый номер предложений.

Ключи смотрите на с. 52.

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