Добавил:
Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Банкова НумералсНумберс Анд Фигурес ин Профессионал 2011

.pdf
Скачиваний:
1
Добавлен:
12.11.2022
Размер:
1.02 Mб
Скачать

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ ЯДЕРНЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ «МИФИ»

О.К. Банкова, Н.А. Некрасова

Numerals, Numbers And Figures

In Professional Environment

Рекомендовано УМО «Ядерные физика и технологии» в качестве учебно-методического пособия для студентов высших учебных заведений

Москва 2011

УДК 811.111(075) ББК 81.2я7 Б 23

Банкова О.К., Некрасова Н.А. Numerals, Numbers And Figures In Professional Environment: Учебно-методическое пособие. М.: НИЯУ МИФИ, 2011. – 96 с.

Данное пособие составлено в соответствии с Государственным образовательным стандартом по английскому языку и соответствует программе обучения студентов всех специальностей факультета «Управления и экономики высоких технологий» НИЯУ МИФИ. Содержит краткое изложение грамматических и лексических правил и особенностей употребления числительных в речи, художественной, специальной научно-технической и экономической литературе, в периодических изданиях. В него включены задания на аудирование, чтение, пересказ и упражнения на двусторонний перевод.

Пособие предназначено для студентов 15 курсов всех специальностей указанного факультета и может быть использовано в качестве как основного, так и дополнительного материала к существующим учебным курсам. Рассчитано как для работы в аудитории, в том числе мультимедийных классах, так и для самостоятельной работы студентов на всех этапах обучения английскому языку.

Подготовлено в рамках Программы создания и развития НИЯУ МИФИ.

Рецензент канд. филол. наук, доц., заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков МГАВТ Р.Э. Мусагулова

ISBN 978-5-7262-1583-9

© Национальный исследовательский

 

ядерный университет «МИФИ, 2011

Оригинал-макет изготовлен С.В. Тялиной

Подписано в печать 15.11.2011. Формат 60×84 1/16 Уч.-изд. л. 6,0. Печ. л. 6,0. Тираж 340 экз. Изд. № 5/17. Заказ № 103.

Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ». 115409, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 31.

ООО «Полиграфический комплекс «Курчатовский». 144000, Московская область, г. Электросталь, ул. Красная, д. 42.

− 2 −

 

CONTENTS

 

Предисловие.............................................................................................

4

General knowledge ..................................................................................

6

1.

The spoken form of 0...........................................................................

8

2.

Imperial units ........................................................................................

9

3.

Dates ...................................................................................................

10

4.

Sport ....................................................................................................

11

5.

Money.................................................................................................

12

6.

Math, science and business ...........................................................

13

7.

Roman numerals...............................................................................

14

Exercises...................................................................................................

14

I. Listening and speaking.......................................................................

14

II. Reading ................................................................................................

25

III. Communication activities ................................................................

33

IV. Writing and translation .....................................................................

39

Reading the news ...................................................................................

44

1.

Women's work / The wages of equality:

 

 

A world of unfinished business........................................................

44

2.

Music business finds little to sing about ........................................

48

3.

Spotlight: A wedding planner for a new Japan.........................

53

4.

Cross-cultural training: How much difference

 

 

does it really make? .........................................................................

57

5.

Retiring to cheaper climes Caveat emptor ................................

62

6.

Cityscape: Street chef in a city that loves its food ....................

66

7.

Stressed executives flee the pressure ...........................................

71

8.

Swedes step ahead on ethnic harmony .....................................

76

9.

Film: The audience speaks Spanish but

 

 

not at the multiplex ..........................................................................

80

10. Is Internet auctioneer an arena for criminals?............................

85

Reading in special interest areas ........................................................

90

I. 2D and 3D shapes ...............................................................................

90

II. Unit prefixes ..........................................................................................

91

III. Graphs..................................................................................................

92

− 3 −

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Данное пособие написано в соответствии с программой по иностранным языкам факультета «Управления и экономики высоких технологий» НИЯУ (МИФИ) .

Тема пособия – употребление числительных в повседневной жизни и таких специальных областях, как научно-техническая и экономическая литература.

Пособие содержит объяснение и закрепление необходимого грамматического и лексического материала, задания на аудирование, чтение, пересказ и перевод с русского языка на английский. Его можно использовать как сборник упражнений при работе в классе, как справочную литературу, а также для работы студентов в мультимедийных классах.

Целью данного пособия является предоставление дополнительного материала в рамках существующих на Гуманитарном факультете программ по английскому языку.

Пособие состоит из 4 глав.

I. Теоретическая часть (глава “General Knowledge”) содержит объяснения грамматических правил и дает лексические примеры использования числительных в повседневной жизни.

II. Глава “Exercises” состоит из 4 разделов, каждый из которых посвящен отработки конкретных речевых навыков:

1.Listening and speaking; 2. Reading; 3. Communication activities; 4.Writing and translation .

III.Глава “Reading the news” посвящена особенностям употребления числительных в газетном материале.

IV. Глава “Reading in special interest areas” содержит информа-

цию, которая специфически присуща научным-техническим статьям широкого профиля.

Авторы рекомендуют использовать данное пособие на всех этапах обучения английскому языку во всех институтах Гуманитарного факультета «Управления и экономики высоких технологий» НИЯУ (МИФИ).

− 4 −

THE NUMERAL falls into

Cardinal numbers

Ordinal numbers

Fractional numbers

answer the question

answer the ques-

(numerator/denominator)

“How many?”

tion “Which?”

Decimal fractions

 

 

(decimal point is used)

PRONUNCIATION AND FORMS

VIDEO http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=edXQ39BdpCk

1. Cardinal numbers

CARDINAL AND ORDINAL NUMBERS Go to

http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/numbers.php and make sure you know how cardinal and ordinal numbers are formed.

2. Ordinal numbers

ORDINAL NUMBERS QUIZ Go to

http://www.english-zone.com/grammar/numbers2.html and make sure you have no problems with ordinal numbers.

3. Fractions, decimals, percentages

NUMBERS AND THE NUMBER SYSTEM Go to

http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/maths/mathsB6.htm for basic information.

− 5 −

GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

Note how certain numbers are pronounced and written:

100 = a (one) hundred

200, 300, etc. = two hundred, three hundred, etc.

101 – 199, 201 – 299, etc. = a (or one) hundred and one, etc 1,623,457 – one million, six hundred and twenty-three thousand, four

hundred and fifty-seven

All cardinal numerals may turn into nouns:

Two million people live here. – Millions of people took part in the campaign.

They read two dozen books. – They read dozens of books., etc

Note how cardinals are used as attributes:

(they come before the noun and are normally singular): e.g.

a fifteen-minute walk a six-week waiting list a ten-pound note

a three-metre drop

a forty-five minute tape a six-month-old baby a five-star hotel

a hundred-watt bulb

a six-billion-dollar loan

a two and a half litre bottle, etc.

If ordinal numbers denote order or position and modify nouns, they are usually preceded by the definite article:

e.g.

It was the fourth day of the journey.

The one hundred and twenty-fifth page was missing.

There are two questions to be answered. The first is ‘Who should do what?’

If the meaning of an ordinal number is “an additional one”, “one more”, the indefinite article is used:

− 6 −

e.g.

Soon I’ll start learning a second foreign language. You are like a second family to me.

Everyone was allowed a second helping.

A second pheasant flew up. Then a third and a fourth.

Miscellaneous

Note how the language works in these sentences: 1.

Take the five bus. = Take bus № 5. The 5.00 o’clock (train) is 5 min late.

The lecture will take place in Room 5. = …in room № 5 Open your books at page 5.

This picture is on page 5. This T-shirt is a thirty-eight. He wears size forty shoes.

His shoes are nines and he takes a size 15 collar. (British sizes) She is dress size 12 and she takes size 5 shoes. (British sizes) He lives at (№) 123, Oxford Street.

The car was riding at a speed of 30 mph. = The car was doing 30 mph.

At a height of 3,000 meters it is difficult to breathe.

2.

‘A number of’ things is used with a plural form of a verb. ‘The number of’ things is used with a singular form of a verb. e.g.

A number of key issues remain unresolved.

A large/small number of women are taking up self-defense. The number of electricity consumers has risen by 50 %. The exact number of members is not known.

3.

When talking about money, time, distance, speed or weight use a singular form of a verb.

e.g.

Three hundred pounds is a lot of money. Ten years is a long time.

90 mph is much too fast.

− 7 −

4.

When you talk about part of a single thing, you use a singular form of a verb.

When you talk about part of a group of things, you use a plural form of a verb.

e.g.

Half of our work is to design programmes.

More than two-thirds of the globe’s surface is water. Two fifths of the forest was removed.

Two fifths of the dwellings have more than two people per room. A quarter of the students were seen individually.

5.

When you ask for things in shops, etc. say only what you want followed by please.

e.g.

Single to London, please. One of those peaches, please. Two of those, please.

A small piece of that, please. Two halves of bitter, please.

Two nineties, please. (This means two 90 pence fare on, e.g. the bus) Two black coffees, please.

Half a pound of these, please.

Is there a buffet car on the 7.15, please? Which platform does the 8.13 go from, please?

1. THE SPOKEN FORM OF 0

nought – before a decimal point: 0.66 – nought point six; 0.001 – nought point oh oh one; 0.326 – nought point three two six

oh [ou] – in telephone numbers: 67 0138 – six seven oh one three eight

after a decimal point: 5.03 – five point oh three in bus numbers: №701 – Get the seven oh one.

in hotel room numbers: I’m in Room 206. – two oh six in years: 1905 – nineteen oh five

− 8 −

zero – in temperatures nil – in football scores love – in tennis scores

2. IMPERIAL UNITS

http://www.cimt.plymouth.ac.uk/projects/mepres/book8/bk8i17/bk8_ 17i4.htm

The lists below contain a number of useful conversion facts and remind you of some of the relationships in the imperial system.

8 km 5 miles

 

1 m 40 inches

1 lb = 16 ounces

30 cm 1 foot

1 stone = 14 lb

2.5 cm 1 inch

1 mile = 1760 yards

1 kg 2.2 lbs

1 yard = 3 feet

1 litre 1.75 pints

1 foot = 12 inches

1 gallon 4.5 litres

1 gallon = 8 pints

450 g 1 lb

 

NB!

 

lb = pound

 

in = inch

 

oz = ounce [auns]

 

ft = foot

 

pint [paint]

 

Approximations:

You can think of 5 kilometres = 3 miles, one metre = 1 yard,

30 cm = 1 foot,

1 kilo = 2 pounds,

1 pound = 12 kilo

The USA does not use the metric system.

Canada and Australia use the metric system. Road signs are in kilometers, weights are in grams/kilograms. Gasoline is sold in litres. Temperatures are in degrees Celsius (or Centigrade)

− 9 −

Britain is changing to the metric system. Since 1995 all shops must use metric weights. But miles are still used for distances and road signs. In conversations people use Fahrenheit temperatures, but TV weather forecasts are in Celsius.

32 °F – thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit = 0 °C – zero degrees centigrade/Celsius

212 °F = 100 °C

98.6 °F = 37 °C

NB!

Celsius [′selsjəs]

Centigrade [′sentigreid]

Fahrenheit [′færənhait]

3. DATES

When you write dates in numbers, the American style is ‘month – day – year’.

So, in the USA and Canada, 5/12 is May 12th. On US immigration cards, they ask you to write the date in the international style.

The international style is ‘day – month – year’.

So, in Britain, Australia and in most other countries in the world, 5/12 is December 5th.

You can write December 5 or December 5th.

You usually say December the fifth. In the USA you can also say December fifth.

Years

1996 – nineteen ninety-six

1900 – nineteen hundred

1905 – nineteen hundred and five / nineteen “oh” five 2000 – two thousand

2001 – two thousand (and) one/ two hundred and one / twenty “oh” one

2067 – twenty sixty-seven

− 10 −