Методичка. Англ. Часть I

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ЗДРАВООХРАНЕНИЯ РФ

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ

МОСКОВСКАЯ МЕДИЦИНСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ им. И.М. СЕЧЕНОВА

Кафедра иностранных языков

МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

по переводу специальной литературы для студентов заочного отделения фармацевтического факультета

Часть I

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

Москва, 2004

Методическое пособие составлено в соответствии с программой по английскому языку для студентов фармацевтических институтов и фармацевтических факультетов медицинских вузов, утвержденной в 2000 году Департаментом образовательных медицинских учреждений и кадровой политики Минздрава РФ.

Авторы-составители:

заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков, доцент

Марковина И.Ю.

доцент

Федорова Л.Н.

Максимова З.К.

© — Московская медицинская академия им. И.М. Сеченова, 2004

I.DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1.This textbook consists of six lessons and six grammar models. 2. Leucippus and his pupil Democritus were the greatest materialists of ancient times. 3. Tomorrow we shall have lectures on chemistry and physics. 4. Chemistry plays a very important part in modern life. 5. The greatest result of Mendeleyev’s work was the discovery of the Periodic Law and Periodic Table of Elements. 6. He will study at the Institute and work in the laboratory as an assistant. 7. My brother received a secondary education in school 5 in

Moscow. 8. Lomonosov discovered a new science which he called physical chemistry. 9. The students read the text aloud and wrote down the new words. 10. All organic substances in animal and vegetable world contain hydrogen.

II.ANALYZE THE SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN.

1.Chemistry as a science was born thousands of years ago in the process of man’s practical activities. 2. We do not know any branch of industry which is not connected with chemistry. 3. The first research institutes and laboratories played a great part both in the development of Russian chemical science and industry. 4. Democritus taught that all bodies in nature consist of small particles. 5. Mendeleyev showed that the chemical elements are a regular system based on the laws of nature. 6. Lomonosov considered chemistry his “main profession” but he was at the same time the first outstanding physicist. 7. The development of the chemical industry will make it possible to utilize the natural wealth of the country to the greatest effect and is necessary condition for the further technical progress of all branches of the national economy.

B I R T H OF C H E M I S T R Y

Chemistry like other sciences was born in the process of man’s practical activities. Thousands of years ago people already knew how to obtain many useful materials. In the writings of ancient philosophers we read that the universe consists of a small number of simple substances. Some Greek philosophers taught that all fundamental substances come from water. Others were of the opinion that the basic substance of the universe was air. Still others thought that it was fire.

In the Vth century B.C. Empedocles added one more fundamental substance – earth

– to be the three pointed above and called all these substances elements. In the same century Democritus – the greatest materialist of ancient times – tried to explain the structure of matter. According to Democritus, all bodies in nature consist of minute solid indivisible particles which he called atoms.

In its further development we shall see that philosophy considers all phenomena as abstract properties of substance. This philosophy was grounded on the teachings of Aristotle (384 – 322 B.C.). Aristotle taught that the basis of all material was prima material which is eternal and its quantity in nature is unchangeable.

E X E R C I S E S

I. ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

size, to ground, to obtain, shape, matter, various, substance, very old, minute, fundamental, to receive, ancient, different, basic, to found, small.

II. GIVE ANTONYMS TO THE FOLLOWING WORDS: useful, changeable, minute, ancient, divisible, solid.

III. GIVE THE DERIVATIVES OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS:

to use, to change, to write, philosophy, material, to develop, to teach, active, practical, basic.

IV. STATE WHAT PART OF SPEECH THE UNDERLINED WORDS BELONG TO TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN:

1. We shall die without air. 2. Open all the windows and air the laboratory. 3. The ground

was hard because of the frost. 4. The teacher grounded his students in chemistry. 5. I’ll come in a minute. 6. All the bodies in nature consist of minute indivisible particles.

V. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What do we read in the writings of ancient philosophers? 2. What did some Greek philosophers teach? 3. What are the basic substances of the universe? 4. What greatest materialists of ancient times do you know? 5. What did Democritus try to explain? 6. When did Democritus live? 7. Does philosophy consider all phenomena as abstract properties of substance? 8. What was such a philosophy grounded on? 9. How did Aristotle explain the basis of material? 10. Is material unchangeable according to Aristotle?

VI. TRANSLATE FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH:

1. Демокрит был величайшим ученым материалистом древнего времени. 2. Согласно Демокриту все вещества состоят из крошечных твердых невидимых частиц. 3. Аристотель считал, что количество материи в природе неизменно. 4. Люди знали, как получать полезные вещества в природе много лет назад. 5. Химия возникла в процессе практической деятельности человека. 6. Преподаватель объяснил химические свойства этого элемента.

VII. TRANSLATE WITH A DICTIONARY:

According to Democritus all bodies in nature consist of atoms. They are so small that we cannot see them. Atoms are different in shape and size but they all consist of the same matter. There is nothing in the world but atoms and space between them. The difference between substances will depend solely on differences in the number, shape and arrangements of the atoms they consist of. Atoms explain the contraction of bodies (when cooled), their expansion (when heated), mixing with water (when dissolved) and other phenomena. Changes of all kinds consist merely in combination and separation of atoms.

The materialistic teachings of Democritus were more advanced than the views of his contemporaries but did not receive general recognition.

LESSON 2

BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY (continued)

MODEL № 2

CONTINUOUS ACTIVE

I. DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES:

1. The doctor was sitting up the whole night with the sick boy. 2. Now the professor is speaking about chemical elements. 3. When the assistant entered the laboratory the students were working at their tables. 4. The plants which we use in this test were growing in special cultures. 5. He was watching the experiment with great interest. 6. She is asking for you on the telephone. 7. Comrade Petrov is in the laboratory: he is working at the quantitative analysis.

II. ANALYSE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Chemistry was developing during the process of man’s practical activities thousands of years ago when people had already learned how to obtain useful materials. 2. She is preparing for her practical lesson in organic chemistry that will take place in our chemical laboratory tomorrow at 5. 3. Chemical industry products, particularly synthetic materials, are finding ever wider application with each year in the manufacture of textiles, garments, footwear and other consumer goods. 4. When I entered the laboratory the students were sitting at the long tables and preparing medical preparations for qualitative and quantitative analysis; some of them were detecting the presence of minerals in different products and compounds.

T E X T

BIRTH OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry as a collection of various information arose at the beginning of our era (A.D.) in Alexandria. Here also arose the idea of transmitting base metals into gold, which came with the Arabs. It retarded the progress of chemistry for a long time. In the history of chemistry we know this period as the period of alchemy.

The Middle Ages in Europe are passing in fruitless attempts to materialize this idea. Alchemy was never widespread in Russia. Until the XVII century, Russian practical

chemistry was developing independently of Western Europe.

Only in the XVII century, chemistry began to found its conclusions on precise experiments. The founder of this new theory was the outstanding English chemist Robert Boyle (1627 – 1691). Boyle considered that the purpose of chemistry is to discover the structures of bodies, and the means of study is chemical analysis.

The further period in the history of chemistry is marked by the so-called phlogiston theory founded by the German chemist Stahl. According to Stahl’s theory, all combustible substances contain a common flammable principle of materia ignea which he called phlogiston.

Chemistry was freed of phlogiston theory only in the latter half of the XVIII century by the great Russian scientist M. Lomonosov. Lomonosov developed corpuscular theory of the structure of substance in which he anticipated the present-day theory of atoms and molecules.