Методичка. Англ. Часть I

EXERCISES:

I.ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF ANTONYMS:

organic, to compose, coloured, to decompose, dependent, impure, inorganic, free, heavy, pure, colourless.

II. FORM ADJECTIVES FROM THE FOLLOWING NOUNS:

abundance, freedom, colour, odour, heat, purity, taste, combustion, respiration.

III.UNDERLINE THE SUFFIXES IN THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND STATE WHAT PART OF SPEECH THE WORD BELONGS TO:

abundant, atmospheric, colourless, odourless, industrial, chiefly, mixture, evolution, respiration, tasteless, combustion, mercury, external, identical.

IV. STATE WHAT PART OF SPEECH THE UNDERLINED WORDS BELONG TO AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Nuclear energy may be used to heat and light our homes. 2. Oxygen is a light gas. 3. I saw the silver spoon on the table. 4. Silver is a chemical substance. 5. Animals can be found throughout the world. 6. The animal kingdom is more varied than that of the plants. 7. Organic substances may be found in plant and animal organisms. 8. Oxygen may support combustion. 9. I hope to have your support. 10. Oxygen can be found in the free state, as well as in the combined form. 11. He could state the facts very clearly.

V.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.Where may oxygen be found in the free state? (in the combined form?) 2. What are the properties of oxygen? 3. Can oxygen be prepared in the laboratory? 4. How can we prepare oxygen in the laboratory? 5. Is oxygen produced for industrial purposes? 6. What kind of oxygen can be prepared by the electrolysis? 7. What is the most characteristic feature of oxygen? 8. What do you call combustion? 9. Does potassium chlorate decompose? 10. Are nitrates rich in oxygen?

V.TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1.Элемент кислород можно обнаружить в свободном состоянии в воздухе. 2. Кислород – бесцветный газ, не имеющий вкуса и запаха. 3. В атмосфере может содержаться 23,2 % кислорода по весу. 4. Мы можем получить кислород в условиях лаборатории. 5. Кислород немного тяжелее воздуха. 6. В промышленности кислород можно получить из жидкого воздуха. 7. Самой характерной чертой кислорода является его способность соединяться со многими элементами.

VII. TRANSLATE WITH A DICTIONARY:

We can find graphite as a black lustrous mineral. Natural graphite usually contains from 3 to 5 per cent of ash, but may be purified by extracting it with potash and with hydrochloric acid. Graphite may be produced artificially by the crystallization of carbon from cast iron. The carbon usually separates first in the form of a carbide of iron, but decomposes into iron and graphite on prolonged annealing. In presence of silicon the carbide of iron must be less stable and graphite is usually formed instead. Iron which contains its carbon in the form of graphite is called grey cast iron. The most remarkable property of graphite is its softness. Under a pressure of about 50 atmospheres it will flow like a liquid. Because of its softness and blackness it is used in the manufacture of pencils. Graphite possesses a marked electrical conductivity.

VIII. TRANSLATE WITHOUT A DICTIONARY:

The element oxygen occurs in the free state as a gas. Oxygen is a colourless and tasteless gas. Its molecular formula is O2. It supports combustion and respiration. Its functions in respiration make it the most important element from the biological point of view. It may occur in the earth’s crust in a very large quantity (about 50 per cent). Oxygen can be obtained by heating some metallic oxides, such as oxides of mercury, silver, gold and platinum metals. We can obtain oxygen from water by electrolysis and from air. All modern processes for the preparation of oxygen in the laboratory must use salts rich in oxygen: chlorates, bromates, iodates, nitrates.

LESSON 5

HYDROGEN

MODEL № 5

To be + Participle II of the given verb

INDEFINITE PASSIVE

I. DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Latin is usually learned in the first year. 2. Students who live in the country are given hostel accommodations. 3. Oxygen is found not only in water but also in various minerals and rocks. 4. The students of the third year will be examined in biological chemistry in spring. 5. The experiment was performed by Comrade Ivanov who got excellent mark for it. 6. This boy will be examined by the doctor tomorrow. 7. Oxygen is produced from potassium chlorate, as well as by the electrolysis of water.

II. ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Organic substances are comparatively readily decomposed by heating and many of them are combustible. 2. It was concluded that oxygen could be obtained from water when electrolysis was performed. 3. A certain number of organic substance were known to man and used by him in ancient times. 4. Any two of the hydrogen atoms are connected with each other. 5. It was found that in free state hydrogen occurred in volcanic gases and it could also be found in different minerals and in the atmosphere. 6. The determination of the activity coefficients was a very difficult task as individual ionic activities were not defined.

T E X T

H Y D R O G E N

In the free state as the gas H2 hydrogen occurs in volcanic gases as well as in different minerals, rocks and the atmosphere.

Hydrogen occurs, however, chiefly in combination with other elements, with oxygen in the form of water, H2O, which covers such a large part of the surface of the earth. Hydrogen may be found in combination with carbon as hydrocarbons which make up the petroleum or mineral oil. Hydrogen is contained in all organic substances in the animal and vegetable world, in coal. All acids and alkalies contain hydrogen.

Hydrogen is prepared: 1) from water, 2) from acids such as sulphuric acid, H2SO4 and hydrochloric acid, HCl, 3) from alkalies such as caustic soda, NaOH. Pure hydrogen is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas. It does not support respiration, but it is not poisonous.

Its molecular formula is H2. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known. It is a good conductor of heat as compared with other gases. It is a combustible gas but it does not support combustion. Hydrogen gas is made in small quantities in the laboratory by placing granulated zinc in a bottle fitted with a stopper with two holes – one to take a funnel tube, the other to take a tube for conducting away the gas. The zinc is covered with water, and sulphuric acid is added a little at a time through the tube until the gas begins to come off.

16. alkali [ lkəla ]

17. soda [ soudə]

18. mineral [ m nərəl]

19. zinc [z ŋk]

20. bottle [ bɔtl]

21. stopper [ stopə]

22. funnel tube [ f nəl tj b]

ADJECTIVES AND OTHER PARTS OF SPEECH

23.volcanic [vɔl k n k]

24.sulphuric [s l fjur k]

25.hydrochloric [ ha drou kl r k]

26.caustic [ k st k]

27.poisonous [ po zənəs]

28.granulated [ gr njule t d]

29.through [θr ]

E X E R C I S E S

I.ARRANGE THE FOLLOWING WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

to unite, to do, to place, to combine, through, by means of, to make up, to come off, to prepare, to put, mainly, to compose, to take place, chiefly.

II. FORM PAST PARTICIPLES FROM THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

to take, to come off, to know, to place, to cover, to fit, to make, to conduct.

III.TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING GROUPS OF WORDS INTO RUSSIAN:

1.a mineral, mineral. 2. acid, acidity. 3. molecule, molecular. 4. to poison, poison, poisonous. 5. combustion, combustible. 6. to taste, taste, tasteless. 7. to colour, colourless, coloured. 8. to conduct, conductor. 9. odour, odourless. 10. to light, light, lightest, lightly.

11.surface, to surface. 12. chief, chiefly.

IV. FORM ADJECTIVES FROM THE FOLLOWING NOUNS:

colour, taste, odour, poison, sulphur, mineral, dilution, molecule, respiration, light, atmosphere, explosion, chief, combustion, alkali.

V.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.Can hydrogen be found in the free state? 2. Does hydrogen occur in combination with oxygen? 3. In what way is it combined with carbon? 4. Is hydrogen in all acids and alkalies? 5. How is hydrogen prepared? 6. What are the properties of hydrogen? 7. Is combustion supported by hydrogen? 8. Does it conduct heat? 9. How is hydrogen obtained in the laboratory? 10. Is sulphuric acid added for this purpose?

VI. TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH:

1. В свободном состоянии водород встречается в вулканических газах. 2. Водород в сочетании с кислородом образует воду. 3. Водород можно получить из воды, кислот и щелочей. 4. Чистый водород является газом без вкуса, цвета и запаха. 5. Водород не поддерживает дыхания. 6. Его можно зажечь, но он не поддерживает горения. 7. Водород можно приготовить в лаборатории.

VII. TRANSLATE WITH A DICTIONARY:

Hydrogen gas is colourless and odourless. It can be lighted and its flame is very hot and melts ordinary glass. It is combustible but does not support combustion. When a lighted taper is plunged into a jar of hydrogen the gas burns with a blue flame at mouth of the jar, and the taper is extinguished. When two volumes of hydrogen are mixed with one volume of oxygen, an explosive mixture is formed.

When hydrogen burns in the air it unites with oxygen and leaves nitrogen behind. It may therefore be said that water oxide is formed when hydrogen burns in the air. Hydrogen is obtained by the action of dilute sulphuric acid on metallic iron.

VIII. TRANSLATE WITHOUT A DICTIONARY:

Oxygen may be prepared by the fractional distillation of liquid air by the electrolysis of water. If it is prepared by the first method, the gas will contain a small portion of argon and nitrogen; if it is prepared by the second method it will contain a small proportion of hydrogen. It is contained in metal cylinders. Oxygen occurs as a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas which supports combustion. The addition of 1 per cent or more carbon dioxide to oxygen stimulates the respiratory centre if it is often used, the addition of much over 2 per cent of carbon dioxide causes difficulties in respiration.

I. DEFINE THE PREDICATES AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1. The properties of nitrogen are being studied by Russian chemists. 2. During the experiment some sulphuric acid was being added to the bottle with granulated zinc. 3. The rooms were being aired all evening. 4. While the solution was being prepared the teacher was explaining how to use it. 5. For this test a special funnel tube is being used. 6. This large chemical plant was being built all summer. 7. While I was looking into the bottle the zinc was being covered with water.

II. ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1. Mendeleyev Periodic Table was long being spoken of as one of the greatest discoveries of the 19th century. 2. Much attention is being paid to research work in our country and especially in the field of chemistry. 3. While potassium chlorate was being heated it was decomposing into oxygen and potassium chloride. 4. When nitrogen is being cooled for a long time under high pressure it becomes a liquid. 5. The teacher said that the experiment was being made in room 5 from 12 till 2. 6. This chemical plant for the production of nitrogen was being built by our engineers in close cooperation with chemists.

T E X T

N I T R O G E N

Nitrogen occurs in nature in the free state being the chief component of air, which contains about 78 per cent nitrogen by volume.

Nitrogen plays a very important role in nature. As a constituent of proteins, it is found in the body of every plant and animal. Proteins constitute the most important parts of cells, namely, the protoplasm and the nucleus. The wonderful changes which proteins are undergoing in plant and animal cells form the basis of all vital processes. Thus life is impossible without protein.

Nitrogen may be prepared: 1) from air by removal of oxygen, 2) from nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen which is obtained from air is called atmospheric nitrogen. Nitrogen which is obtained from compounds is called chemical nitrogen. Pure nitrogen is a colourless, odourless gas, very slightly soluble in water. It is a little lighter than air, the weight of one litre is 1.25 gr. When nitrogen is being cooled for a long time under high pressure it becomes a liquid which boils at – 195.8 °C and solidifies into a snow-like mass at 210 °C. Nitrogen is an inert element which at ordinary temperature is almost incapable to form compounds. While it is being heated it is combining quite readily with some metals, such as lithium, magnesium, titanium. Finally, at very high temperature nitrogen is combining directly with oxygen and hydrogen.

E X E R C I S E S

I.ARRANGE THE WORDS IN PAIRS OF SYNONYMS:

to constitute, readily, component, to compose, namely, that is, constituent, to undergo, to experience, removal, to go, elimination, easily.