Методичка. Англ. Часть III

stipule onion sheath ligule existence

E X E R C I S E S

I.STATE THE FUNCTION OF THE INFINITIVE AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1.In horny sponges and corals the iodine is present in the skeletal protein as 3:5 di- iodo-rosine, and it is a very wide biological jump to vertebrates (including man) to find the same faculty for making this substance in the thyroid gland.

2.The dose of quinine to be given a person per day in order to suppress malaria is somewhat 0.1 gr.

3.We have discussed all the pharmaceutical terms to be included in the list of words to be learnt.

4.Group 5 headed by comrade V. began to work at the experiment to be discussed at the conference.

II.FORM ADVERBS FROM THE FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES:

definite, entire, artificial, evident, considerable, basic, direct.

III.FORM NOUNS FROM THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

to determine, to treat, to suppress, to subdivide, to describe, to extend, to radiate, to replace, to synthesize, to attach, to vary, to lack, to locate, to expose.

base, to lengthen, to expand, existence, horny, evident, direction.

V.ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.What are the two major branches of the seed plant?

2.What are the angiosperms subdivided into?

3.The usual type of thin leaf of a dicotyledon has several parts, hasn't it?

4.What is the blade?

5.Where are the veins situated?

6.What do veins bring to the leaf?

7.What do veins carry away from the leaf?

8.Do petioles vary in length in different species?

9.What can you say about stipules?

10.Are stipules present in all leaves?

VI. FIND ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS TO THE FOLLOWING RUSSIAN WORD COMBINATIONS:

голосемянные растения, покрытосеменные растения, в свою очередь, однодольный лист, двудольный лист, тонкий лист, сеть тонких линий, уносить синтезированные вещества, стебель растения, основание черенка.

The grasses and other monocotyledons very often have a rather well developed midrib with veins to extend parallel with it throughout the length of the blade.

Sometimes as in the leaf of such plants as bananas, or cannas, the veins are parallel with each other but extend away from the midrib at a wide angle. In others, as in the onion, there in no midrib.

In all of these, however, the parallel veining characteristic of the monocotyledons is evident.

In the grasses, the blade arises not from a petiole, but from a sheath to be thin structure that enwraps the stem. At the place where the sheath merges with the blade there is usually more or less definite collarlike extension called the ligule.

Any part of a plant to be supplied with water and carbon dioxide and which contains chlorophyll so located that it can be reached by light, may carry on photosynthesis. Of all plant structures, the broad, flat, comparatively thin blade is the most efficient organ of photosynthesis in existence.

It is so constructed that a greater part of surface in proportion to its actual volume is exposed to air and light, and it is thin enough to permit ample light to reach almost every cell. In addition, its internal structure is so organized that carbon dioxide and water can reach every cell.

L E S S O N 3

Model 3

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NOMINATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

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1.He is said to graduate from the Pharmaceutical Faculty this year.

2.The system of veins is known to bring water and minerals into the leaf.

3.Mendeleyev’s work “The Foundation of Chemistry” is considered to be of great importance even at present.

4.His experiment proved to be correct.

5.He seems to be unable to determine the average diameter of the leaf.

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ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1.The hybrid barks were found to consist of cells filled with microcrystals of calcium oxalate and the yellow dashes to be due to the large phloem fibres.

2.In 1869 Mendeleyev was known to present his Doctor’s work “About the Miscibility of Alcohol and Water”, and in 1869 to publish his famous “Periodical Dependence of the Properties of Elements upon their Atomic Weight”.

3.Buffer solutions appear to contain a large reserve of a substance which combines with the added hydrogen or hydroxyl ions, rendering them unionized and therefore ineffective, so that the pH value of the solutions is not greatly changed.

T E X T

STEMS

The stem occupies a position between the roots and leaves and appears to be primarily the framework which holds the leaves in a suitable position to carry on photosynthesis and the channel through which water, dissolved minerals and foods travel between the leaves and roots. Stems vary remarkably not only in length and size but in form. Some plants seem to grow upright, some sprawl over the ground, others take the form of vines and still others extend horizontally underground. Some plants develop little wood.

These are commonly referred to as herbaceous plants or simply as herbs. In contrast, other plants produce a great deal of wood.

Woody plants take the forms of trees, shrubs, and lianas.

Whatever the type of stem, whether it is woody or herbaceous, whether it grows in air or underground, or whether it is large or small, two characteristics set it off from roots. It always has nodes and either rudimentary or well-developed leaves and it has characteristic internal structures.

Usually at least one branch, or a bud which is an undeveloped branch, is to be found at each node in the angle. This angle is known as the axil (axilla) and the branch bud or bud is said to be axillary.

WORDS TO BE LEARNT

cortex pericycle unit xylem ray

lens edge storage space

E X E R C I S E S

I.POINT OUT THE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTIONS AND TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO RUSSIAN:

1.After the experiment was over, a solution of pure sodium phosphate was found to have pH value and thus the end point corresponded exactly to the reaction.

2.Santonica leaf is considered to have a midrib with numerous, pinnately arranged branches connecting it with two marginal veins, which run parallel to the margin at about one-third the distance from it to the midrib.

3.Combustion seems to be perfect when the combustible combines with all the oxygen that is capable of combining with.

4.The leaves are known to have green colour due to the presence of chlorophyll.

5.Santonica leaves are found to be linear, lanceolate with a rounded apex and an apiculus.

II.TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

to carry on, to carry away, to place, to replace, to wrap, to enwrap, to include, to exclude, to divide, to subdivide, to set, to set off, to fall, to fall off.

III.STATE WHAT PARTS OF SPEECH THE FOLLOWING WORDS BELONG TO AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

section, layer, rounded, suitable, lanceolate, remarkably, herbaceous, woody, internal,

to occupy, occupation, occupational to refer, reference

to compare, comparison, comparative, comparatively to complicate, complication, complex

to direct, director, direct, directly to transfer, transference

to store, storage.

V.TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING COMPLEX WORDS INTO RUSSIAN:

monocotyledon, dicotyledon, midrib, gymnosperm, angiosperm, framework, network, upright, underground, upward, downward, intercellular.

VI. FORM ADJECTIVES FROM THE FOLLOWING GROUPS:

wood, remark, herb, relation, length, occasion, horizon.

VII. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1.What position does the stem occupy?

2.What is the function of the stem?

3.Do stems vary in length, in form, and in size?

4.How do different plants grow?

5.What plants are commonly referred to as herbs?

6.What form do woody plants take?

7.What are the two characteristics of the stem?

8.What is to be found at each node in the angle?

9.What parts of the plant are known as auxiliary?

1.Стебель занимает место между корнем и листьями.

2.Стебель удерживает листья в нужном положении.

3.Вода и растворённые минеральные вещества поступают от корня к листьям по стеблю.

4.Стебли бывают разными по длине, размерам, форме.

5.Некоторые растения стелются по земле.

6.Древесные растения принимают форму деревьев, кустарников и лиан.

7.Стебель имеет характерную внутреннюю структуру.

If transverse sections of the stem of a wide variety of dicotyledons are compared by means of the microscope, they are found to be similar in many respects. Sizes of the various parts vary with species and age, but types of structures and relative positions are the same in all. Occupying the centre in each is the central pith around which is the wood, and beyond the wood is the bark.

What is commonly called the bark of a young stem is a combination of the epidermis, the cortex, the pericycle and the phloem. This appears to be a complicated group of tissues usually thought of as a single unit and called wood. The central pith occupies the centre and is surrounded by xylem.

X.TRANSLATE INTO RUSSIAN WITHOUT A DICTIONARY:

If a stem is cut lengthwise and the rays are examined with a hand lens or with a microscope they are found to be platelike layers of cells with their edges directed upward and downward. In other words, they are like thin blades thrust into the wood.

The function carried on by the rays are usually considered to be the transfer of the foods and water from cell to cell across the xylem with occasional temporary storage of starch.

In addition, intercommunicating intercellular spaces appear to permit the diffusion of such gases as oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the woody tissues.

L E S S O N 4

Model 4

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ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE

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1.I found the laboratory room to be occupied.

2.We know rhizome of iris to be white or yellowish.

3.The teacher ordered the reagent to be prepared.

4.They saw hydrochloric acid dissolve calcium oxalate.

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ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES AND TRANSLATE THEM INTO RUSSIAN:

1.We know the addition of silver nitrate to a solution of sodium chloride to cause precipitation of the silver as the white insoluble chloride.

2.Mendeleyev’s answers in chemistry were so brilliant and he displayed such knowledge and understanding of the modern tendencies in science that the professors present at the examinations believed him to remain at the Institute and to prepare his Master’s Degree.

3.When the experiment began the laboratory assistant ordered 1 volume of strong sulphuric acid to be added carefully, drop by drop, to an equal volume of water, keeping it well cooled, and then 1 volume of fuming nitric acid, keeping the mixture well cooled.

4.I saw him remove a portion of the white material from the surface, mount it into chloral hydrate, examine it microscopically, sketch a piece and record his conclusion as to its nature.

T E X T

ROOTS (Types of roots)

Different kinds of plants, and even the same kinds of plants growing under different conditions, may have roots which vary a great deal in size, appearance and behaviour in the soil and it is worthwhile to recognize some of these forms.

We consider them to be classified on different bases, and any one root may fit into several classifications, depending upon the basis which is being used.

Since we believe roots to originate in a number of ways they can be classified according to their origin. A plant embryo in the seed usually has embryonic root, which is commonly the first structure to elongate into the soil when germination takes place. This first root is called, appropriately, the primary root. Those which arise from it are sometimes known as secondary roots or simply as root branches.

We know normal roots to arise in only two ways. They may originate in seeds, that is, they may be primary roots, or they may form as branches which are organized in the pericycle of another root.

The term adventitious roots (adventitious, foreign, or coming from abroad) is applied to those that originate in any other manner.

WORDS TO BE LEARNT