Учебное пособие 1860

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Such aspects of the situation have different degrees of importance for each communicative situation and, respectively, higher or less degree of necessity of their presence in the context of the verb.

It is necessary to emphasize that, presenting the results of such analysis to future translators, we form their anticipating abilities on the highest level – on the level of a text, where linguistic information is reduced mainly to semantic elements, and formal uniformity is absent.

So, the members of the paradigm “casualties” can be separate statements, and constructions within a statement, participial, nominative and prepositional-nominative constructions. As for the content, it is organized through the lexicon related to one thematic series: serious injury; superficial injury; minor injury; killed; dead; survivals. The lexical group, describing an aircrash place, is presented below; it exemplifies a syntactic heterogeneity: crashed into a lake; hit a rock and crashed into a glade on the hill; into water; at the Amderna airfield on the polar Karskoe sea etc.

The thematic group “cause” reveals no syntactic uniformity of lexico-phraseological representatives: pilot's error; a technical fault; the plane's engine had cut out; after one wing separated in flight; was short down; ran out of fuel; adverse weather conditions etc. It is possible to attribute the description of various degrees of damages of a plane to the data of results of an accident: aircraft is a write-off; the tail section is recognizable; undercarriage damaged; wings broke away etc.

Conclusion.

The research has shown how effectively the national language corpus data can be used for the lexicon-syntactic analysis of special military lexicon. So, in a right-hand position of the adjective “aerial” a lot of event nouns referring to combat in the air are found. The adjective “airborne” compared to the adjective “aerial” is used not only in an attributive, but also in a predicative position. Predicative “airborne” in combination with verbal clusters acts, as a rule, as nominal predicate having the meaning “to take off, to mount to air”, “to be, to remain, to keep in the air”. In attributive function “airborne” is combined with the nouns referring to Airborne units of all levels. In an attributive position the noun “fighter” refers to the models of a plane. In a left-hand position the verb “overfly” functions as a subject to the nouns denoting aircraft or people controlling them. At the level of a sentence the verb “overfly” in most cases serves the situations, in which the presence or absence of a right to perform a given action by the air forces of one country over the territory of the other and, respectively, the issue of permission or prohibition of such is discussed. The importance of lexico-syntactic analysis of the sections of speech bigger than a statement is emphasized through the example of the analysis of the paradigm of the verb “crash”. Therefore, collocation potential, formal and semantic valency of lexical units having various syntactical positions in the statement has been revealed.

The analysis of English military lexical units is carried out on the basis of rich collection of data taken from the British National Corpus. The research gives insight into representations of collocation potential of chosen lexical units. It also reveals the dependence of combinatory potential of lexemes from their syntactical positions. The research has shown that the method of lexico-syntactical analysis provides the means of anticipating elements of utterance relative to each other. Cliche elements of speech have been revealed through the given method; they have been organized into paradigms, the awareness of which promotes the development of probabilistic anticipating skills of future military translators. The lexico-syntactical analysis of units of military lexicon carried out on the basis of extensive data of British National Corpus is an effective tool of describing of studying English military lexicon and it broadens the frontiers of further research.

References

[1] Zaharov V.P., Bogdanova S.Ju. Korpusnaja lingvistika: uchebnik dlja studentov gumanitarnyh vuzov / V.P. Zaharov, S.Ju. Bogdanova. – Irkutsk: IGLU, 2011. – 161 s.

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[2]McEnery T., Hardie A. Corpus Linguistics. Method, theory, and practice // T. McEnery, A. Hardy. - Cambridge University Press, 2012.

[3]Nesselhauf N. Collocations in a learner Corpus / N. Nesselhauf // Studies in Corpus Linguistics. - 2005. - Vol. 14.

[4]Rykov V.V. Korpus tekstov kak realizacija ob#ektno-orientirovannoj para-digmy / V.V. Rykov // Personal'nyj sajt kursa lekcij i cikla statej po korpusnoj lin-gvistike, URL: http://rykov-cl.narod.ru/t32.html (vremja obrashhenija - 12.09.2017).

[5]Semina O.Ju. Ob ispol'zovanii dannyh nacional'nogo jazykovogo korpusa pri perevode / O.Ju. Semina // Izvestija TulGu. Gumanitarnye nauki. – 2014. - Vyp. 1. – S. 336 - 341.

[6]Egorova M.A., Chirko T.M. Korpusy i korpusnaja lingvistika perevodchiku / M.A. Egorova, T.M. Chirko // Sociokul'turnye problemy perevoda: sb. nauch. tr. – 2008. -vyp. 8 / red. kol.: N.A. Fenenko i dr. – S. 84-94.

[7]Remhke I.N., Nefyodova L.A. Using Corpora Tools in Teaching Translation / I.N. Remhke, L.A. Nefyodova // Voprosy kognitivnoj lingvistiki. – 2015.- №2 (043). – S. 89-95.

[8]Shevchuk V.N. Jelektronnye resursy perevodchika: Spravochnye materialy dlja nachinajushhego perevodchika / V.N. Shevchuk. – M.: Librajt, 2010. – 136 s.

[9]Groom N. Pattern and Meaning across Genres and Disciplines: An Exploratory Study / N. Groom // Journal of English for Academic Purposes. – 2005. - Vol. 4. 3 Jul. – P. 257-277.

[10]Recker Ja.I. Teorija perevoda i perevodcheskaja praktika. Ocherki lingvistiche-skoj teorii perevoda. Dopolnenija i kommentarii D.I. Ermolovicha / Ja.I. Recker. – M.: «R.Valent», 2007. – 244 s.

[11]Pavel'eva T.Ju. Izuchenie kollokacij na osnove lingvisticheskih korpusov tekstov / T.Ju. Pavel'eva // Vestnik Tambovskogo universiteta. - 2016.- Vyp. 3-4 (155-156). - S. 56-61.

[12]Latyshev L.K., Provotorov V.I. Struktura i soderzhanie podgotovki perevo-dchikov

vjazykovom vuze: uchebn. metod. posobie / L.K. Latyshev, V.I. Provotorov. – M.: NVITEZAURUS, 2001. – 136 s.

[13]Fejgenberg I.M. Verojatnostnoe prognozirovanie pri vosprijatii informa-cii v tekste / I.M. Fajnbergerg // Bim-Bad Boris Mihajlovich. Oficial'nyj sajt, URL:http://www.bimbad.ru/biblioteka/article_full.php?aid=1950 (vremja obrashhenija – 17.08.17).

[14]Pavlovskaja O.A., Ulanovich O.I. Vosprijatie i ponimanie originala pri perevode / O.A. Pavlovskaja, O.I. Ulanovich // Tradicii i innovacii v issledovanii i prepodavanii jazykov: Materialy Respublikanskogo nauchno-prakticheskogo seminara s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem

«Innovacionnye tehnologii v sovremennoj paradigme jazykovogo obrazovanija»: otv red. O.I.

Ulanovich. – Minsk: Izd. centr BGU, 2013. – S. 117-121.

[15]Volosnova Ju.A. Korpusnaja lingvistika: problemy i perspektivy / Ju.A. Vo-losnova // Lesnoj vestnik. - 2006. – S.43-49.

[16]Lomova T.M., Chirko T.M. Leksicheski orientirovannoe opisanie sintaksisa v celjah obuchenija inostrannomu jazyku / T.M. Lomova, T.M. Chirko // Jazyk, kommunikacija i social'naja sreda. – 2007. – Vyp. 7. – S.29-36.

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UDC 82.09 : 802.0

METAPHORS IN THE ENGLISH METALLURGICAL DISCOURSE

N.K. Khripunov, Z.E. Fomina

____________________________________________________________________________

Voronezh State Technical University, Postgraduate student

Nikita Konstantinovich Khripunov e-mail: nikita_khripunov@mail.ru Voronezh State Technical University,

Doctor of Philology, Professor, Head of the Foreign Languages department Zinaida Yevgenjevna Fomina

e-mail: FominaSinaida@gmail.com

__________________________________________________________________________________

Statement of the problem. The scientific and technological revolution in modern society leads to an increase in the importance of terminology of various sciences as a means of obtaining and organizing scientific knowledge. Concerning it, in a broad meaning, the study of the terminological structure of the English metallurgical discourse is of scientific interest. In particular, we make focus upon the study of metaphors, their specific features in the English texts on metallurgy, the typology of metaphors, the problem of their perception by specialists and non-specialists, their peculiarities and features of their internal form.

Results. The terminological thesaurus of modern English metallurgical texts is mostly structured with metaphorically marked terms. Common parts of the metaphorical term are euphemisms and precedent names. In the texts on metallurgy, we noticed usage of metaphors of various types: physical, gastronomic, hydronemic, artifact-spatial, artifact-temporal and precedent. It is established that the "metallurgical" metaphors are emotionally and expressively labeled, besides, they have, most of the times, ecological orientation. The objects of metaphorization are both actual realities in the sphere of metallurgy (methods, metal processing processes, technical environment) and realities from adjacent spheres (electrical waste, chemical compounds, electronics, etc.).

Conclusion. Metaphorical units are widely used in the English texts on metallurgy and perform, as a rule, functions of special terms, which are distinguished by their special structure, and specific formation of the form itself. By means of technical metaphors, the most complex metallurgical phenomena and processes associated with the creation of new metals, their processing and connection with electronic products are represented. The hermeneutical interpretation of "metallurgical" metaphors does not exclude cognitive-gnoseological metamorphosis: a metaphorically marked term is not only for a specialist and is perceived as a highlighted metaphor for a layman. One of the frequently used tools of the metaphor formation in metallurgical discourse is the strategy of antinomies and the strategy of determinations.

Key words: metaphor, term, English metallurgical discourse, euphemisms, precedent names, presupposition, typology of metallurgical metaphors.

For citation: Khripunov N.K., Fomina Z.Ye. Metaphors in the English metallurgical discourse N.K. Khripunov, Z.Ye. Fomina // Scientific Journal “Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-didactic Researches”. – 2018. - №1 (20). – P. 156 – 164.

Introduction.

The development of terminology is deeply connected with the development of the process of

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© Khripunov N.K., Fomina Z.Ye., 2018

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cognition in the corresponding scientific field, as language is a means of preserving, processing and transmitting information. The issues of passing new information and scientific and technical exchange play a key role in terminology. Terminology in the texts on metal processing is a linguistic area, which is little studied.

The scientific and technical language describes technical objects, characterizes and explains natural processes and phenomena. For understanding this information, it is necessary to know the technical terms that describe technical objects (definition, function, structure and form, classification, application of the object, subsequent prospects for its development, materials, production technologies, equipment, design etc.), define the concepts of phenomenon and process (changing objects in time, events associated with them, their consequences, as well as the ability to act, stay in action, etc.) [1]. The problem of terminology research is one of the key issues in the study of scientific and technical texts.

The start in terminological activity as an independent scientific branch in domestic terminology can be dated in 1931, we connect it with the publication of the first conceptual article by D.S. Lotte on the problems of unification and standardization of technical terminology "New tasks of scientific and technical terminology" [2]. Russian linguists G.O. Vinokur, A.A. Reformatsky also made a significant contribution to the history of the formation of the national terminological school and terminology as a science. A major role in this field played the G.O. Vinokur's work "On some phenomena of word formation in Russian technical terminology" [3]. Domestic scientists (Vetoshchuk V.I., Khizhnyak S.P., Golovko I.M., Dyakov A.S., Zaritsky M.S., Kiyak T.G., Petrukh L.I., Toporov G.N., Apresyan Yu.D., Leichik V.M., Supernanskaya A. V.) and foreign (Heringer H., Fleischer W., Schmidt V.) are actively involved in the problems of systematization, standardization of terminology, and the preparation of specialized dictionaries. Many works, as S.P. Khizhnyak emphasizes, are devoted to the "theory of the term, research of branch and private sector systems, their development, systemic, linguistic and extralinguistic characteristics, the functioning of individual terminological units" [4].

It is well known that the terminology of various scientific branches, constantly being influenced by the process of internationalization, the process of development goes along with borrowing words from other live and "dead" languages.

The words taken as ready units have, as A.A. Potebnya noted, the simplest and the most unexpected meanings. The question is whether we consider them as normal or whether they are applicable to specific sciences. This phenomenon can be called "the realization of different types of information depending on the relationship of the word with the usual or scientific concept" [5].

The emergence of terminology in human history is possible only with a sufficiently high degree of development of scientific thinking" [6]. The term is contrasted with a non-term, which leads to the emergence of a new definition in the concept, in other words, of scientific definition.

Following V.M. Leichik, it is customary to distinguish terminological systems as naturally formed sets of terms from certain areas of knowledge or their fragments and terminology as ordered terms with fixed relations between terms reflecting the relationship between terms called by these terms [7].

The intensive development of the metallurgical terminology system at its present existence stage is explained by the active introduction of modern methods for obtaining and processing metals, creating new types of materials, using modern technologies, moving towards obtaining ecologically safe and useful products of metallurgical production, as well as diversification of metallurgical processes.

All this creates definite prerequisites for the appearance of large numbers of new terms explicating state of the modern world metallurgy.

The relevance of the work is due to the general scientific orientation of linguistic studies 157

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aimed at a comprehensive study of the features of the semantic and structural architectonics of terminology, methods of their organization and self-regulation in the process of evolution (development of terms) and involution (reduction, elimination of terms).

Despite the importance of this sector for the development of our country, the metallurgical branch is a barely studied field. Metallurgical discourse is a vast front for linguistic study. Discourse is a complex communicative phenomenon, which also includes both the text and extra linguistic factors. The discourse denotes not just speech, but also speech as a social phenomenon, that is, as interaction between speakers. This interaction always occurs within certain frameworks: institutional, mental, cognitive, etc. [8]. The orientation towards the use of material based on modern advanced technologies and problems of this sphere is motivated by the search for the most relevant lexical constructions and their application in the metallurgical discourse.

Modern metallurgical terminology is one of the most difficult terminological systems. The accumulated significant number of terms in the field of metallurgy, which appearance is associated with the metal processing, also causes an ever-growing need for terminological dictionaries for translation. At present, technological progress in the field of metallurgy is developing at a rapid pace, which is therefore generating respectively new problems in the study of metallurgical discourse.

The main goal of our research is to determine and analyze the dominant component of the terminological corpus of metallurgical texts, to reveal the features of the composition of the modern metallurgical terminology system and on its basis to develop a typology of metallurgical terms, taking into account their possible metaphorization and quantitative ratio. This article is devoted to the identification, description and systematization of metaphors in modern English texts on metallurgy, to the study of the cognitive mechanism of their formation, to the establishment of dominant types of metaphorical units and to the analysis of their fundamental characteristics.

Research Methodology.

The subject of study in this article are the metaphors used in modern English-language metallurgical texts. The empirical material for the study was an article from the journal “Minerals Engineering”, issue No. 25, pp. 28-37, entitled "Aqueous metal recovery techniques from e-scrap: Hydrometallurgy in recycling" (2012), authors A.Tuncuk, V.Stazi, A.Akcil, E.Y. Yazici and H. Deveci and the report of the United Nations Institute on the problems of scrap metal recycling accumulated in unused electrical appliances "The global e-waste monitor 2014: quantities, flows and resources") 2015, 80 p., authors C.P. Baldé, F. Wang, R. Kuehr, J. Huisman. We emphasize that the problem of electronic waste is one of the most discussed now, as the amount of the waste is constantly growing, and the methods suitable to the tasks, both economic and environmental, are still not found.

In our study we use the following methods: the method of semantic-cognitive analysis, the method of vocabulary definitions, the method of component analysis, induction and deduction methods, the method of observations, descriptive and quantitative methods and others.

Results of the Study.

According to our observations, a significant part in the terminological thesaurus of modern English-speaking metallurgical texts is metaphorically marked terminological units, which differentiate among themselves not only by their internal form, but also by the dominant components of their structure. As you know, metaphors are the subject of research in different types of discourses [9; 10; 11 et al.]. Based on the quantitative correlation of the metaphorical designations of certain concepts or phenomena in modern English-language texts on metallurgy, we developed a typology of metaphorically marked terminological units of the English metallurgical discourse. We used the cognitive-strategic principle "sphere-goal (spheretarget) and sphere-source" of the metaphor [12], proposed for determining the type of cognitive

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metaphor. We identified six types of metaphorical names of realities relevant for the sphere of metallurgy, including electronics. The following table illustrates the types of metaphors we have identified and their quantitative relationship.

Table 1. Quantitative correlation of different types of metaphors in modern English metallurgical discourse

Let us turn to the analysis of the types of metaphors in modern metallurgical discourse that we singled out.

1 . C o n c e p t u a l m e t a p h o r s o f t h e h y d r o n i c t y p e i n m o d e r n E n g l i s h m e t a l l u r g i c a l d i s c o u r s e

As the results of our analysis have shown, texts, describing metallurgical realities, are characterized by both high terminological density and visibility of explication of complex phenomena and processes, and the existence of precedent phenomena. See:

In 2005, Madenoglu reported the the highest extraction of copper and gold from PCBs was obtained by using HNO3/HCl media, i.e. a q u a r e g i a [1*].

In the context above, the chemical formula HNO3/HCl is used, which is as "aqua regia". Before describing the features of the euphemism metaphor that we have singled out, it seems important to make an etymological and linguacultural digression into the history of the creation of the term "aqua regia". According to information from various research sources, it follows that for the first time aqua regia was described by Pseudo-Geber, an unknown alchemist, whose treatises began to spread in Europe in the 14th century. In the works of Albert the Great, it is called:

aqua secuanda,

aqua prima and

aqua regia.

In 1270 Bonaventura established that nitric acid dissolves silver, separating it from gold; using aqua regia, he established its ability to dissolve the "king of the metals" - gold, which had been considered for some time unaffected by any change. So the name AQUA REGIA (also aqua regis, A.R.) appeared.

It is interesting to note that in the Russian language the word "vodka" originally appeared approximately in the XIII-XIV centuries as a diminutive word "water" and had such a significance until the middle of the XIX century. The meaning of "alcoholic beverage" the word "vodka" acquired somewhere between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries, initially as a dialect, and only at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century did it become known as the only "strong alcoholic beverage" [13].

Therefore, considering the context above, we note that the reason for nominating a solution consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acid as "aqua regia" was the fact that this compound

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(HNO3/HCl) had the ability to dissolve gold, which was considered "the king of metals". In Russia, this chemical compound was also called as "royal vodka" (M.V. Lomonosov). Thus, aqua regia can be regarded, on the one hand, as a hydronymic metaphor and as a euphemism on the other.

In the focus of our attention is also a chemical way of explicating the reality in question: the chemical formula HNO3 / HCl acts as a symbolic representation of "royal vodka".

Of interest is the terminological abbreviation "PCB", which is characteristic only of the English language and is translated by the phrase "printed circuit board". As follows from the text, "the output of copper and gold from printed circuit boards" becomes optimal when using "royal vodka". The terms printed circuit boards and royal vodka serve as professional-specific markers for modern metallurgical texts.

Thus, it becomes evident that the symbolic designations of chemical elements, euphemisms, and specific abbreviations are an integral part of metallurgical texts, along with metallurgical terms themselves.

Let us examine one more example illustrating the use of the hydronomic metaphor:

Are we experiencing e - w a s t e t s u n a m i ? [2*]

The key word "TSUNAMI" means a long, high sea wave caused by an earthquake or other disturbance [1**, tsunami]. Electric waste accumulates at such a rapid rate that it can no longer remain out of human sight in the 21st century. In order to reflect this dangerous technological phenomenon for humanity, the hydronic metaphor "e-waste tsunami" is used, which actualizes such meanings as "threat", "death" and "destruction" directed at both the individual, the society, and the surrounding nature as a whole. It is indicative that this metaphor is emotional in its internal form and explicates the emotionally marked personal relationship to this fact. In addition, this metaphor reflects the idea of having an excessive number of electric boats, which, from an ecological point of view, is equivalent to a civilizational apocalypse.

2 . C o n c e p t u a l m e t a p h o r s o f a n a r t i f a c t t e m p o r a l t y p e i n m o d e r n E n g l i s h m e t a l l u r g i c a l d i s c o u r s e

Metallurgical texts often describe the realities associated with such areas as electronics, computer science and their modern achievements. See:

In another bright spot for TV makers, consumers seem willing to upgrade their sets more frequently than they did in t h e t u b e e r a , when it was not uncommon for them to use the same sets for a decade or more... Analysts and TV makers now assume a five-to- seven-year replacement cycle for televisions [2*].

The main idea of the context is stored in the artifact temporal metaphor "tube era". According to the dictionary "tube" is a long, hollow cylinder of metal, plastic, glass, etc. [1**, tube], and "era" is a long and distinct period of history [1**, era]. The internal form of the metaphor is determined, on the one hand, by technical achievements, and by the passing period on the other. The emergence of the concept of "tube era" is quite logical, if you look at it in comparison with the "lamp era". The development of technology is moving forward and the mechanisms that drive certain technological objects, machines are changing. In the middle of the last century, TVs and sound equipment used lamps, they were replaced by "tubes", which gave a metaphorical name to the whole era (the tube era). Digital technology, in turn, replaced them. It would be logical to assume that after a few decades our time will be recalled as "the era of chips."

Thus, the metaphorical denominations of significant technical achievements of a particular epoch, of one or another socioeconomic formation, are a kind of verbal technological signs

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(markers), reference points to the development of historical, civilizational and world technological progress. Thus, the use of metaphors is an integral part of metallurgical terminology. They are the most laconically convey complex metallurgical concepts and phenomena.

3 . C o n c e p t u a l m e t a p h o r s o f a r t i f a c t s p a t i a l t y p e i n m o d e r n E n g l i s h m e t a l l u r g i c a l d i s c o u r s e

Technical texts oriented to describe the problem of e-waste allow defining metaphors that are formed according to the principle of cognitive bifurcation (logical separation, division) according to an evaluation-polar criterion: positive content – negative content of the same

must be (but too-seldom are) managed with extreme care [1*].

So, "e-waste" is metaphorically determined as an urban mine, valued as an important, valuable source of recyclable materials, but at the same time it is also defined as a toxic mine, as a source of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere. In both cases, metaphors are differentiated by a polar set of conceptual features, conditioned by their semantic content and their different axiological (evaluative) characteristics.

The mental transfer of the excavation term "mine" (an excavation in the earth) [1**, mine], denoting a certain space in which the extraction of minerals is carried out, into the urban space, i.e. in the urban continuum. It allows creating an ecologically oriented metaphor. The term "urban mine", which contrasts with the concept of "toxic mine" (ubran - characteristic of a city or city [1**, urban]; toxic – poisonous [1**, toxic]), demonstrates both the value of electric waste accumulated in the cities and shows the threat posed by the city's mine, which is also a "toxic mine". The metaphor "e-waste-urban/toxic mine" indicates in which environmentally hazardous situation all the modern cities are.

4 . C o n c e p t u a l m e t a p h o r s o f t h e p h y s i c a l t y p e i n m o d e r n E n g l i s h m e t a l l u r g i c a l d i s c o u r s e

It should be noted that metaphors in modern English metallurgical texts are often formed based on ontological correlation of phenomena, concepts that are determinants, basic elements of the physical sphere, with essences and categories from the mental-abstract sphere. See:

Size reduction and physical separation processes have relatively low environmental impact in that w e t p r o c e s s i n g m e t h o d s generate contaminated fluids and d r y p r o c e s s e s could have associated dust problems [1*].

As can be seen from the example above, the definitive-evaluative constants "wet and dry" represent a physical matrix, whereas the concept of "process" goes back to the abstract sphere. Considering the metaphorical definition of "wet process / dry process", we consider it important to pay attention to the way of the metaphor formation: the way of antinomies. Thus, "wet" processes are contrasted with "dry" processes. If you analyze these phrases in their logical sense (denotative meaning) and correlate them with the professional activity of metallurgists and their competencies, then, for them as specialists, these phrases will not be considered metaphorical. At the same time, for non-specialists, the use of lexemes "wet" and "dry" as qualifying-evaluative qualifiers of the concept "process" is rather unacceptable. Based on this contradiction, a metaphor is born. It follows that the metallurgical metaphor can have a dual nature, conditioned by the nature of its perception by experts and nonprofessionals. On the basis of the foregoing, the above metaphor can be attributed to the physical type, since the

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concepts "wet" and "dry", as noted above, are part of a physical realities group.

5 . C o n c e p t u a l m e t a p h o r s o f g a s t r o n o m i c t y p e i n m o d e r n E n g l i s h m e t a l l u r g i c a l d i s c o u r s e

Of great interest are metaphors of gastronomic type, acting, on the one hand, as actually metaphors and as professional euphemisms on the other. Let us give an example:

Pyrometallurgical operations focus on the production of precious m e t a l - b e a r i n g c o p p e r b o u i l l o n [1*].

In the example given, there is a trace of the cognitive-mental projection of the gastronomic term to the physical term, which gives rise to the emergence of a metaphor. According to the dictionary meaning, "copper" is a red-brown metal, the chemical element of atomic number 29 [1**, copper]; "bouillon" is a thin soup or stock made by stewing meat, fish, or vegetables in water [1**, bouillon]. This causes the appearance of a metaphor of the gastronomic type. It simultaneously contains elements of an oxymoron. The contamination of realities from two different areas-sources of knowledge serves as a cognitive basis for creating a metallurgical metaphor. At the same time, in the modern metallurgical discourse, the term copper bouillon is used as a professional euphemism.

This type of metaphor is relevant for modern metallurgical texts, because with their help, many complex concepts and processes in the field of metallurgy are objectified and categorized in the English language.

6 . C o n c e p t u a l m e t a p h o r s w i t h a p r e c e d e n t n a m e i n m o d e r n E n g l i s h m e t a l l u r g i c a l d i s c o u r s e

According to our observations, English-speaking metallurgical discourse often uses terms with a double name, one of which is a neutral terminological unit, while the other contains an onomastic component in the form of a precedent name. See:

In this respect, application of various separation methods including gravity separation, magnetic separation, electrostatic separation, e d d y - c u r r e n t and air classification by size have been demonstrated for the recovery of metals from WEEE [1*].

The term eddy-current is of great interest for us, as it has a specific designation - Foucault currents (in honor of the French physicist, mechanic and astronomer Jean Bernard León

Foucault). This term means "electrical currents arising from electromagnetic induction in a conducting medium (usually in metal) with a change in the magnetic flux penetrating it" [14].

Thus, the use of the precedent metaphor of Foucault currents in the terminology of modern metallurgy allows us to talk about the relevance of precedent names as constituent elements of certain terminological combinations and determinants of basic concepts for profile texts related to both the metallurgical and electro technical industries.

In addition, it must be taken into account that the perception of this term by non-experts a priori presumes taking into account presupposition or the availability of special knowledge.

Conclusion.

To sum up, we can conclude that metaphorical units are widely used in the English texts on metallurgy and perform, as a rule, the function of special terms. Through technical metaphors, they objectify the most complex metallurgical phenomena and processes associated with the creation of new metals, their processing and other electronic products.

The specificity of metaphors in metallurgical discourse is that they often contain euphemistic component in their semantic content. They often have etymological primordial

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meanings, correlating it, for example, with the social habits of a person (royal vodka), which makes it possible to talk about the possibility of transformation or transfer of nominations from one sphere to another or simultaneously into several paradigms of human knowledge.

In addition, one of the dominant attributes of metaphors in metallurgical discourse is their ecological orientation. A significant number of metaphors have their secondary conceptual signs indicating the relationship between the results of the modern scientific and technical process in metallurgy and other industries and their impact on the environment.

It is common that metaphors in metallurgy are emotionally labelled, which contradicts the ontological nature of the term. It should be emphasized that quite often the degree of their emotionality is so high that, to a certain extent, it approaches the level of the emotional potential of metaphors in the artistic text (cf. e-waste tsunami).

Considering metaphors from the aspect of their correlation with the source field, at this stage of the study it can be stated that a significant part of them are metaphors with hydronomic cognitive basis (cf. aqua regia, e-waste tsunami, copper bouillon, etc.), hence leading to a conclusion about the priority of hydrochemical metaphors.

The object of metaphorization in the English texts on metallurgy is mainly: methods, processes of metal processing, technical environment (technical conditions), as well as realities associated with metallurgy and related to it spheres (electronics, energy, chemical industry, etc.), for example, e-waste, electric current, chemical compounds, electronics, etc. This allows us to conclude that the terms from other spheres are widely used in metallurgical texts, and works associated with other branches of the industry.

Precedent names (Foucault currents) often participate in the formation of metaphors used in the metallurgical and other spheres.

As for strategies of analyzing metaphorical terms in metallurgy, we believe that a correct and adequate understanding of the internal form of the metaphor, its semantic content and special meaning cannot be achieved without background knowledge (the category of presupposition) and the ability to decode metaphorical meanings by the cognitive vector. It involves the perception of metaphors by specialists in the metallurgical sphere, who possess professional competencies and non-specialists, proceeding from the main criterion for determining the metaphor: its imagery and clarity, its ability to create new conceptual meanings and new knowledge. In this aspect, there is a different hermeneutical interpretation of the same linguistic unit from the point of view of its metaphorical evaluation: 1) the linguistic unit is perceived by the metallurgist (in a special sphere) as metaphorically neutral; 2) for the nonprofessional it is a strongly marked metaphor (copper bouillon, etc.).

Another paradoxical tendency in metallurgical discourse is that same reality in the texts on metallurgy can have several names. An example is the name of a solution consisting of nitric and hydrochloric acid, which is denoted by aqua regia, and is also represented by chemical symbols (HNO3/HCl). Another example is eddy currents, which are also referred to as Foucault currents, i.e. in metallurgy, plurality of names of the same reality is allowed, which contradicts the defining the term as an unambiguous unit.

Our attention was attracted by the strategy of antinomies that underlies the formation of metallurgical terms and the strategy of determination. Cf. wet/dry process, e-waste as a city mine with a positive evaluation mark and e-waste as a toxic mine, etc. The vector of antinomies can be different: in the paradigm of axiological relations (positive-negative), qualitative correlations (wet-dry), sensualistic relationships (emotional - neutral), hermeneutic (perceptual) interpretations (the term vs. metaphor), semantic correlations, etc.

Thus, the language matrix of metallurgical discourse has its own characteristics, and the study of its unique terminology has an important scientific and research interest.

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