- •Unit 1. What is economics?
- •Lead-in
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Text a: What is Economics? Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: what economics isn't
- •Text c: Micro, Macro and Fantasy Economics
- •Business communication
- •Introductions How to Say Hello
- •If you're determined not to be caught cardless again, here are some tips to help you remember:
- •Grammar present tenses
- •The present simple tense
- •Make up questions the interviewer may ask her. Here are some prompts to help you.
- •Now formulate questions Alice is likely to ask the interviewer.
- •The present continuous tense
- •The present simple versus the present continuous
- •Unit 2. Factors of production
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Word-formation
- •Text a: factors of production Active Vocabulary
- •Natural resources – land and mineral deposits
- •Human resources – labour
- •Information as a factor of production
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Text b: entrepreneurship
- •Text c: Factors of Production for an Innovation Economy
- •Business communication
- •In the office
- •Grammar the present perfect tense
- •The present perfect continuous tense
- •The present continuous versus the present perfect continuous
- •The present perfect versus the present perfect contnuous
- •Present tenses review
- •Unit 3.Types of economic systems
- •Lead-in
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Text a: types of economic systems Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b:command economy
- •T ext c: the good (and bad) model guide
- •Business communication
- •Grammar exercises past tenses
- •The past simple tense
- •The past continuous
- •The past simple versus the past continuous
- •The past simple versus the present perfect
- •Unit 4. Demand and supply
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: demand and supply
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b. The role of prices
- •T ext c: two factors that affect labour supply and demand
- •Business communication making an appointment
- •Grammar past perfect
- •Past perfect continuous
- •Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past Simple, Past Perfect or Past Perfect Continuous?
- •Past tenses review
- •Unit 5. Free-enterprise system
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: what is free enterprise?
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: role of government in a free-enterprise economy
- •Text c: invisible hand
- •Business communication at the airport Look at the picture. What do you think the phrase Live out of a suitcase mean?
- •Going through Customs.
- •Do the drills.
- •2) Role-play the situations in the airport using the vocabulary of the lesson. Grammar future tenses
- •The future simple tense
- •The future simple versus the present simple
- •The future simple versus be going to
- •Be going to versus the present continuous
- •The future continuous tense
- •The future continuous versus the future simple
- •The future perfect versus the future perfect continuous
- •Future tenses review
- •The imperative mood
- •Unit 6. Forms of business organisation
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Words with the stress on the first syllable:
- •Words with the stress on the second syllable:
- •Polysyllabic words with the main and secondary stress:
- •Word formation
- •Text a: forms of business organisation Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: nonprofit organisations
- •Text c: franchising
- •Business communication at the hotel
- •In pairs read the following situations.
- •2). Choose the correct options to the questions.
- •Grammar nouns
- •ArticleS
- •IntoEnglish.
- •Unit 7. Money
- •Lead-in
- •Text a: money and its role in the economy Active Vocabulary
- •Money is a medium of exchange
- •Money is a measure of value or a unit of account
- •Money is a store of value
- •Money is a means of liquidity
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: a glimpse of the american, british and euro
- •Text c: a barter way of doing business
- •Business communication On the phone
- •Inquiring about the telephone number
- •Useful Language Box
- •Grammar determiners
- •Numerals
- •Unit 8. Taxes
- •Lead-in
- •Reading drills
- •Text a: taxes Active Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary focus
- •Language skills
- •Writing
- •Discussion points
- •Text b: taxation in the uk
- •Text c: taxes are good
- •Business communication
- •In company
- •Grammar pronouns
- •Adjective and adverb
- •Very, too, far, much, a lot, rather, a bit, a little, any, by far, quite, nearly, almost
- •Test yourself Test 1
- •Test 11
- •Test 12
- •Test 13
- •Test 14
- •Test 15
- •Граматичний довідник дієслово the verb
- •Дієслова to be і to have.
- •Часи дієслова
- •Група теперішніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Правила написання дієслівних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Загальна таблиця випадків використання
- •Не мають форми тривалого часу дієслова, що виражають
- •Інші дієслова, які не можуть виражати дію або стан як процес:
- •Група минулих часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання минулих часів
- •Група майбутніх часів Утворення стверджувальних, заперечних та питальних форм
- •Типи питальних речень
- •Випадки вживання майбутніх часів
- •Інші способи вираження майбутнього часу
- •Наказовий спосіб
- •Іменник the noun
- •Число іменників
- •Деякі іменники мають особливі форми у множині:
- •Утворення множини іменників
- •Класифікація іменників за ознакою обчислювані/необчислювані
- •Випадки переходу необчислюваних іменників у обчислювані
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом в однині
- •Іменники, які узгоджуються із дієсловом у множині
- •Рід іменників
- •Рід іменників в англійській мові
- •Відмінки іменників
- •Відмінок іменника. Форми та особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Форми присвійного відмінку
- •Особливості вживання присвійного відмінку
- •Вживання іменників - назв неістот у присвійному відмінку
- •Іменники у функції означення
- •Артикль
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля.
- •Вживання неозначеного артикля a/an (тільки із обчислюваними іменниками в однині)
- •A/anабо one
- •Артиклі з деякими необчислюваними іменниками
- •Вживання означеного артикля
- •Вживання означеного артикля the
- •Вживання нульового артикля (відсутність артикля)
- •Детермінанти
- •Присвійні прикметники і займенники
- •Присвійні прикметники
- •Присвійні займенники
- •Вказівні слова
- •Кількісні слова
- •Some/any/no
- •Many/much/a lot (lots) of/ (a) few/ (a) little
- •All (of)/most (of)
- •Every/each
- •Another/the other/other
- •Both, neither, either, none
- •Числівники
- •Займенник
- •Особові займенники
- •It або there?
- •Неозначено-особові займенники
- •Indefinite Personal Pronouns
- •Зворотні займенники
- •Прикметник
- •Прислівник
- •Ступені порівняння прикметників
- •Особливі випадки утворення ступенів порівняння прикметників і прислівників
- •Appendices
- •Словотворення Word formation
- •Enjoy your reading
- •I, Pencil My Family Tree as told to Leonard e. Read
- •Innumerable Antecedents
- •Money The History of Money
- •Extract 1
- •Extract 2
- •Extract 3
- •Success story
- •The Financier, by Theodore Dreiser Chapter III
- •The Iron Heel, by JackLondon Chapter 2 Challenges
- •Glossary
- •Internet Resources
- •Contents
The present continuous tense
Ex.19. Add –ing to the verbs. Make spelling changes where necessary.
A.
-
hope – hoping
give –
argue –
use –
change –
note –
hop – hopping
sit –
plan –
swim –
rub –
put –
B.
-
refer – referring
begin –
control –
omit –
upset –
but:
open -
C.
-
copy – copying
study –
fly -
employ –
buy –
tie – tying
lie –
die -
Ex.20. Add –ing to the verbs in these sentences.
Where are you _________ ? (go)
I’m _________ to catch a taxi. (try)
He is _________ of thirst. (die)
I’m coming. I’m just _________ on my shoes. (put)
Nellie is _________ the contract at the moment. (copy)
He is _________ the process. (control)
I can’t believe a word. You’re always _________ (lie).
Why are you _________ important details? (omit)
Listen to him! He is _________ sense. (talk)
We _________ to make some renovation in the house next year. (plan)
Ex.21. Read the following sentences and match them with a, b, с, d, e. Explain the use of the Present Continuous in every case. Translate the sentences.
a - actions taking place now, at the moment of speaking;
b - temporary actions or situations happening around now;
c - actions which happen too often and we want to express our annoyance or criticism;
d. - actions which we have planned and arranged to do in the near future;
e. - changing or developing situations
Don’t rush me. I’m doing it as fast as I can.
We are moving into our new flat next Friday.
This actor.... I’m always forgetting his name.
Why are you packing the suitcase? – I’m helping Paul. He’s flying to Paris tomorrow morning.
Nowadays, it seems everything is changing in the world. Even the climate is getting warmer.
Steve is still in the office. He is working so hard these days.
What time are your parents arriving? – At 9.30.
You are never happy. You are always complaining about something.
Catherine, I hear you are looking for a new job, aren’t you?
The economic situation in the country is bad and it is getting worse and worse.
11. We are attending a seminar on Wednesday.
Ex.22. Read the following description of one morning in the life of Gregory and the way he is getting to work. Choose the correct tense form to complete the sentences.
It is 8 o’clock in the morning. Gregory drives/is driving to the furniture factory.
His trip usually takes/is taking 25 minutes. This morning it takes/is taking much longer, because workers repair/are repairing the highway.
So Gregory has to use Larson Road. He usually does not use/is not using Larson Road.
Normally, he takes/is taking M 25.
Traffic always moves/is moving faster on this road.
Today, the weather slows down/is slowing down the traffic.
It rains/is raining heavily, and the roads are slippery.
Gregory doesn’t like/is not liking to drive in the rain.
He is a careful driver, and he always drives/is driving slowly when the roads are wet.
The radio in his car is on, and Gregory listens/is listening to the traffic report.
He always listens/is listening to the radio on his way to work.
The announcer describes/is describing an accident on Larson Road.
Gregory doesn’t want/is not wanting to be late for work, but there is nothing he can do about the traffic conditions.
Cars actually don’t move/are not moving, and he gets/is getting more and more nervous.
He understands/is understanding that it isn’t the best idea to drive to work while the main road is under repair.
Ex.23. Match two parts of the sentences in the box to make up logical sentences describing people’s criticism, annoyance or surprise.
BEGINNING |
ENDING |
|
a) fault with whatever I do? b) to buy her a red Ferrari. c) her red curly hair. She refuses to go to school. d) Alice Marshal in the supermarket. e) when I’m talking. f) with my brother. His wife doesn’t like it. g) silly questions. h) something between having meals. i) me and the way we live.
|
Ex.24. In these dialogues, finish the replies using the construction ‘be always + –ing’.
Model: - I’m afraid I’ve lost my glasses again.
- Oh no, not again! You’re always losing your glasses, Granny.
1. - Phil, have you paid the phone bill?
- Sorry, Sue, I’ve completely forgotten.
- You ________________________________________________.
2. - Look, Nick! You’ve made the same mistake again.
- My god! I ____________________________________________.
3. - Lucy, we can’t go to Bristol today. Our car has broken down again.
- This car is absolutely useless! It ___________________________.
4. - Why are you laughing at our new manager?
- Because he ______________________________ (forget my name).
5. - I’ve no patience with Betty.
- Why?
- Because she __________________________ (talk only about herself).
6. - And I have no patience with Nick.
- You? Why?
- Because he ______________ (boast of his great sporting achievements).
7. - Pete, the teacher is angry with you.
- Is she really? Why?
- Because you _____________________ (cheat in tests).
8. - Lucy, stop nagging!
- It’s so annoying! You ______________(grumble at me).
9.- I’m going to sell my laptop.
- Are you really? Why?
- Because something _______________ (go wrong with it).
Ex.25. Make up dialogues using the words and expressions in the box. Refer to the first dialogue as a pattern.
-
DVD
fridge
record player
mobile phone
get on my nerves
get out of order
make a strange noise
let me down
1. - I’m going to sell my car.
- Are you really? Why? It isn’t old.
- Because something’s always going wrong with it.
- In that case you’d better get rid of it.
2. - I’m going to sell my notebook.
- ______________________________
- Because it’s always ______________
- _______________________________
3 - I’m going to sell my ______________
- Are you really? Why?
- _______________________________
- _______________________________
4. - I’m going ______________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
- ________________________________
5. - I’m _____________________________
Ex.26. Correct the mistakes if there are any.
Look! They try to open the door of your car.
We are needing an answer from you before Thursday.
The taxi is arriving in 15 minutes.
Excuse me, what platform is the London train leaving?
It’s getting hotter and hotter these days.
I’m not believing a word he’s saying.
I think about buying a new car soon. - Why? I am thinking your car is fine. You don’t need a new one.
Why are you smell the fish? - I think it is smelling a bit strange.
Nellie can’t come to the phone, she has a shower now.
I can’t find the TV programme. Rebecca, when is this film starting?
The technician mends the photocopier so you can’t use it right now.
I’m studying a lot now because we having exams next week.
She always leaving her computer on.
I make coffee. Would you like some?
Attention! Flight BA 125 to Stockholm is boarding now. All passengers please go to Gate 20.
Ex.27. Translate into English.
Я знаю, ви переїжджаєте до нового офісу днями.
Я телефоную, щоб дізнатися вашу нову адресу.
Завтра я зустрічаюсь з менеджером. Я думаю обговорити з ним це питання.
Здається, у них зараз проблеми з замовленнями.
Заспокойтесь (calm down), Шері. Ти завжди панікуєш.
Поки ми всі дивимось телевізор, Ганна готує вечерю. Люсі, давай допоможемо їй.
Правда, що Чарльз і Мелані одружуються наступного тижня?
До речі, ти йдеш на вечірку до Метью у цю суботу?
Ні, не йду. Я не хочу зіткнутися (bump into) там зі своїм попереднім бой-френдом.
Усе міняється у наші дні. Все більше людей кидають села і перебираються до міст. Міста ростуть. Населення збільшується.
Так, часи змінюються, і ми змінюємося з часом.
Тільки не наш Роберт. Мій молодший брат як і раніше позичає у мене гроші і не хоче повертати. Так, Роббі, ти завжди забуваєш свої борги.