CONTENTS

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PREFACE

This book was written because of the continuing dearth of general, accessible, and up-to-date surveys on ancient Turkey before the Classical period. While there are a number of excellent periodand site-specific works, students and teachers have faced the persistent difficulty of reading and synthesizing an enormous and often bewildering amount of literature before they can formulate a general narrative on the principal periods and areas of innovation and culture. The task of covering in one volume so vast a topic—from the earliest arrivals to the end of the Iron Age—is daunting to say the least, but we have decided to take the plunge and divided the task between us: AS is responsible for the periods up to the end of the third millennium BC (Chapters 1–5), whereas PZ continues the story to the arrival of Persian influence at the end of the Iron Age (Chapters 6–10). This exposition makes no claim to be comprehensive, neither is it a detailed narrative. Rather, we hope that it provides a readable and well-balanced book for those who wish to understand the main cultural expressions of Turkey’s ancient past. Hence, it would be pedantic and uncalled for to load the text with the heavy apparatus of scholarship. Nonetheless, we hope that the references provided will enable the curious to make their own way into the various topics.

Anyone who writes a book as wide ranging as this, ventures, often with trepidation, into areas outside their comfort zone. We have been fortunate and grateful that many friends and colleagues have helped us during the writing and preparation of this book, and, although we cannot mention them all, we are sincerely grateful to them. The debts we have incurred are many and range from permission to reproduce photographs and drawings (even though not all were used owing to limitations of space), through providing information on topics less familiar to us, to sustained conversations over many years. All these played an important part in shaping this book and accordingly we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the following: Mikheil Abramishvili, Guillermo Algaze, Ruben Badalyan, Nur Balkan-Altı, Scott Branting, Charles Burney, Stuart Campbell, Elizabeth Carter, Özlem Çevik, Altan Çilingirog˘ lu, Simon Connor, Ben Claasz Coockson, S¸ evket Dönmez, Bleda Düring, Refik Duru, Turan Efe, Aslı Erim-Özdog˘ an, Marcella Frangipane, David French, Christoph Gerber, Savas¸ Harmankaya, Ömür Harmans¸ah, Harald Hauptmann, Ian Hodder,

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Mehmet Isikl¸ ı, Peter Jablonka, John Kappelman, Kakha Kakhiani, Steve Kuhn, Clemens Lichter, Catherine Marro, Timothy Matney, Roger Matthews, Marcel Otte, Mihriban Özbas¸aran, Mehmet Özdog˘ an, Aynur Özfırat, Vecihi Özkaya, Aliye Öztan, Giulio Palumbi, Anneliese PeschlowBindokat, Jacob Roodenberg, Christopher Roosevelt, Michael Rosenberg, Mitchell Rothman, Curtis

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P R E FA C E

Runnels, Claudia Sagona, Oya Sarı, Klaus Schmidt, Ulf-Dietrich Schoop, Veli Sevin, Ludovic Slimak, Sharon Steadman, Gil Stein, Françoise and Geoffrey Summers, Mary Voigt, and Aslıhan Yener. We are very appreciative to the staff of various museums in Turkey, too many to list here, for their support over the years in allowing us to study material held in their collections.

Special thanks are owed to Sharon Steadman, Mary Voigt and Aslıhan Yener, who generously made available to AS papers in advance of their publication, a gesture for which he is most grateful. Among those who read and commented on various parts in draft, providing excellent advice and counsel, we thank Claudia Sagona, Caroline Spry, and Elizabeth Stone. We would also like to thank the cohorts of students, who, over the years, have acted as sounding boards for our formative ideas. Their questions and insightful comments have helped to sharpen our focus.

In a book of this type, images are immensely important. Three individuals have played a key role in standardizing, adapting, and redrawing the illustrations:

•Claudia Sagona spent many hours preparing the drawings and photographs for Chapters 1–5, and many more again reformatting them as AS changed his mind, often on a regular basis

•Chandra Jayasuriya drew the illuminating maps, and we are grateful for her care and professionalism

•Elizabeth Stone created almost all of the plans in Chapters 6–10 and several of the line drawings, taking time off from her own work on Iraq and remote sensing to apply her considerable graphic skills to the illustrations.

To the staff at Routledge, we extend our thanks for their patience and understanding in the long gestation of this book. AS would like to thank the University of Melbourne for financial support and research leave, especially in 2007, which enabled him to undertake the writing of his chapters. We also acknowledge with gratitude that the publication of this work was assisted by a publication grant from the University of Melbourne.

Finally, we must express the huge debt of appreciation we owe to our wives, Claudia Sagona and Elizabeth Stone, for their constant support.

Antonio Sagona University of Melbourne

Paul Zimansky

Stony Brook University, NY

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to the following individuals, publishers, journals and institutions that have given permission for their illustrations to be used here in exactly the same form as the original; other persons and publications are acknowledged separately in the captions.

Front cover: Hirmer Verlag (Munich)

Figs 2.3 and 5: Otte, M., Yalçınkaya, I., Tas¸kıran, H., Kozlowski, J. K., Bar-Yosef, O., and Noiret, P. (1995c) The Anatolian Middle Paleolithic: new research at Karain Cave, Journal of Anthropological Research 51: 287–299, figs 3–5

Fig. 2.6: Reprinted with permission of Wiley-Liss, Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., from Kuhn, S. L. (2002) Paleolithic archaeology in Turkey, Evolutionary Anthropology 11: figs 5–6

Fig. 2.9: Reproduced courtesy of Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten from Rosenberg, M. (1994) Hallan Çemi Tepesi: Some further observations concerning stratigraphy and material culture, Anatolica 20, fig. 13; Rosenberg, M. and Peasnell, B. (1998) A report on soundings at Demirköy, an aceramic Neolithic site in eastern Anatolia, Anatolica 24: figs 4–5

Fig. 2.11: 1–2: Otte, M., Yalçınkaya, I., Leotard, J.-M., Kartal, M., Bar-Yosef, O., Kozlowski, J., Bayon, I. L., and Marshack, A. (1995a) The epi-Palaeolithic of Öküzini cave (SW Anatolia) and its mobiliary art, Antiquity 69: 931–944

Fig. 3.8: 3: Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Orientabteilung, Urfa-Projekt

Figs 4.6; 4.7: 1, 4; 4.8: 3–4; 4.16: 1: Reproduced courtesy of the British Institute at Ankara from Mellaart, J. (1963) Excavations at Çatal Hüyük: Second preliminary report, 1962, Anatolian Studies 13: pl. VI: b; Mellaart, J. (1964) Excavations at Çatal Hüyük: Third preliminary report, 1963, Anatolian Studies 14: pls II: c, IV: a, XIII: b, XIX: a, XXIV: a; XXIV: b

Fig. 4.8: 1: Reproduced courtesy of Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe and Nig˘ de Museum from Badischen Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed.) 2007 Vor 12.00 Jahren in Anatolien: Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit, p. 253. Konrad Theiss Verlag GmbH: Stuttgart. Fig. 4.8: 2: Reproduced courtesy of the Çatalhöyük Research Project from Hodder, I. (2006) The Leopard’s Tale: Revealing the Mysteries of Çatalhöyük. London: Thames & Hudson, fig. 99.

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A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S

Fig. 5.27: Reproduced courtesy of Hermann Müller-Karpe (1974) from his Handbuch der Vorgeschichte. Bd. 3, Kupferzeit. Munich: Beck.

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