Index

A

Abri Pataud, 81

Acheulean, 4, 29, 32, 33, 35, 41, 42, 44, 50, 54, 68, 101t, 102, 104, 109–113, 115, 122–130, 139

Adaptive niche, 4, 27

Africa, 5, 30, 41, 58f, 59, 60, 61f, 62, 101t, 108, 110, 111, 113, 116, 123, 129, 135, 136, 137f, 139–141, 143

Ahmarian, 80, 83

Anatomically modern human, 66, 81

Animals, 3, 13, 21, 23, 27, 29, 30, 33, 55, 57, 61, 62, 65, 90–92, 99, 101–108, 114, 125, 130, 139, 140

Anvil, 33, 44, 46

Apes, 32, 35, 37, 90, 92, 93, 100, 101t, 103, 104, 105f, 106, 116, 122, 123

Apollo 11, 61

Archaeology, 27, 35, 37, 84, 100, 101t, 103, 110, 115, 116, 136 Art, 6, 12, 25, 79, 83, 84, 95, 100, 101

Aurignacian, 80, 81, 82f, 83f, 84 Aurignacien ancien, 83

Australia, 7, 57, 101t, 111, 113, 143

B

Backed point, 81, 83, 84 Basalt, 41, 42t, 46, 50, 53, 54 Basic culture, 29, 108, 141 Battering, 43, 45, 46f, 52 Bâton percé, 83f

Behavioral plasticity, 87, 90, 92, 94

Biface/Bifacial tool, 4, 35, 42t, 46, 53f, 54, 65, 66, 67f, 68, 69, 71–73, 74f, 75, 83, 111, 122

Bifacial flaking/Bifacial reduction, 111, 112f, 125 Birds, 1, 10, 11, 29, 30, 33, 59, 130

Blade technology, 16

Blank production, 69, 71, 73 Blombos, 58f, 62

Bonds, 59, 67 Bone cracking, 45

Bone point. See Organic tool Bone tool. See Organic tool Bonobo, 1, 31, 104, 129

Border Cave, 140

Bose Basin, 126, 127

Bow-and-arrow, 7, 15, 81, 136, 140, 141, 143

Boxgrove, 110

Brain, 5, 9, 59, 87–92, 94, 95, 135

Bridging theory, 57, 62

Burial, 57

C

Capuchin monkey, 32, 34 Cetaceans, 1, 30, 31

Chaîne opératoire. See Operational chain Chiemna knives, 71

Childhood, 4, 5, 27, 36, 87–89, 92–95, 108, 109 Children, 32, 87, 89–92, 94, 101

Chimpanzee, 1, 4, 7, 9, 11, 13–15, 28–30, 31f, 32, 33, 34f, 35, 89, 92, 99, 100, 101t, 102–105, 108, 122, 124, 128–130, 141

Chisel, 11, 14, 141

Chopper, 46, 110

Chopping tool, 4, 42, 43t, 46f, 47t, 48t, 52 Cleaver, 41, 42t, 110, 124

Clothing, 7, 12, 13, 21, 58, 60 Cognigram, 13, 105

Cognition, 4, 27, 36f, 37, 54, 57–59, 87, 93, 94, 99, 105, 111, 113, 136 Cognitive abilities, 5, 53, 54, 59, 87, 88, 92, 95, 115

Cognitive development, 57, 89–91, 94 Cognitive niche, 35, 36

Collective concept reservoir, 68, 69

Communication, 9, 24, 28, 37, 54, 67, 84, 91, 93, 102, 103, 139, 141 Complementary tool set, 15, 136, 140

Complex cognition, 4, 57, 59, 60, 62 Composite culture, 108

Composite tool, 14, 60, 139–141 Compound adhesives, 14, 59, 60, 62 Consciousness, 21–24

Contingency, 4, 41, 54, 55 Cooperation, 23, 35–37, 59, 75 Copying, 24, 32–34, 123, 127, 139

Core, 4, 12, 36, 41, 42t, 43t, 45, 46, 47t, 48t, 50, 53, 60, 65, 66, 68, 71–73, 80, 103, 110, 111, 112f, 113, 115, 116, 124, 127

Core-tool, 42t, 43t, 45, 46, 47t, 48t, 50, 52 Crimea, 68, 70, 71

Cueva Antón, 66

Cueva de los Aviones, 66

Cultural behavior, 1, 4–6, 8–10, 14, 57, 87, 105, 108, 111 Cultural capacity, 2–5, 10, 13–15, 87

Cultural change, 13, 91, 106f, 122, 128, 143

Cultural evolution, 4–6, 15, 21, 27, 28f, 32, 35, 37, 122, 136, 141, 143, 145

Cultural identity, 66–68, 71, 80, 81, 83, 107 Cultural performance, 1–4, 7, 8f, 9–13, 15, 80 Cultural transformations, 4, 57, 59, 60, 62

Cultural transmission, 9, 28, 30, 32, 75, 109, 121–130 Culture pyramid, 28f, 30

Cumulative culture, 5, 28, 32, 34–36, 99, 107, 108, 116, 121–123, 125, 128–130, 136, 141, 143, 144

D

Dancing, 12

Dart, 136, 140, 141

Débitage, 73, 75

Deep social mind, 35

Developed Oldowan. See Oldowan

Diepkloof Rock Shelter, 58, 61, 129

Digging stick, 11, 14, 129, 139

Diversity, 29, 30, 33, 45, 65, 66, 70, 71, 127

Dmanisi, 112

Dufour bladelet, 81

E

Early Stone Age, 5, 121, 123–130

Early Upper Paleolithic, 4, 79, 80, 83, 84, 94 Ecospace, 108n

EECC model, 3–5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 15 Emulation, 123, 126 Encephalization, 4, 27, 36, 88, 95

Environment, 2, 7, 8f, 9, 10, 16, 19, 21, 23, 31, 55, 59, 65, 89–91, 93, 94, 99, 103, 107, 127, 139, 140, 143, 144

Ethology, 37, 100

Eurasia, 5, 41, 140

Europe, 28, 58, 59, 61, 66, 68, 81, 83, 84, 101t, 111, 114, 136, 139, 140 European Late Middle Paleolithic, 4, 65

Evolution, 4–6, 19–23, 27, 28f, 32, 35, 37, 87, 100, 102, 104, 105, 107–109, 113, 116, 135, 136, 143–145

Expansion, 1, 3f, 4, 5, 8, 13, 15, 36, 95, 108n, 124 Expansion of cultural capacities, 1, 3f, 5, 7, 8 Experiments, 29, 30, 32, 34, 69, 75, 121, 122n, 129, 137f

F

Façonnage, 68, 73, 75 Fantasy, 5, 61, 87, 90–93, 95 Fejej, 33

Fertility, 57, 60

Fidelity, 5, 30, 32, 34, 35, 121–130 Figurine, 6, 60, 61f

Fire, 7, 10–12, 14, 21, 23, 54, 60, 136, 139, 141

Fish, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 29, 30, 31f, 89, 126 Fitness landscape, 115, 135, 136, 143f, 144

Flake, 12, 14, 41, 42t, 43, 45, 46, 47t, 48, 49t, 50t, 52t, 53t, 54, 68, 69, 73, 74, 105, 110–113, 115, 124, 125, 129n, 139

Flake technology, 5

Flake-tool, 42t, 46, 47t, 48, 49t, 50t, 52t, 53t, 53f, 139 Flaking, 12, 43, 66, 68, 69, 104, 109–111, 112f, 113, 115

Flexibility, 4, 5, 14, 15, 23, 41, 55, 60, 80, 83, 91, 105, 135, 136, 139–141, 143f, 144, 145

Flint, 11, 41, 42t, 45, 50, 54, 69f, 71, 110, 111, 123

Food, 7, 8, 10–15, 23, 28, 30, 31f, 70, 90, 91, 104n, 105, 115, 130, 139 Foraging, 29, 30, 36, 114, 115, 139

France, 68, 71, 81, 94, 95f, 113, 114 Fumane, 81f, 84

G

Geißenklösterle, 81, 82f, 83f, 94

Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY), 4, 41–46, 48, 50, 53–55 Glue, 59, 60

Gona, 123, 128

Gorilla, 31, 92, 104n, 105

Great apes, 4, 27, 28, 30–32, 37, 88, 121, 126, 129, 130 Great Britain, 68, 71, 73

Grooming, 28, 30, 31f, 100, 101t, 108, 122n Grotta del Cavallo, 81, 82f

Grotte du Renne, 66 Grotte XVI, 68

Group, 1–4, 7–10, 15, 22, 23, 28, 30, 31f, 34, 35, 43, 45, 46, 58, 59, 62, 66, 67f, 68, 70–73, 74f, 75, 79–81, 83, 84, 89, 90, 100–104, 109, 110, 112–115, 121, 124, 127, 140, 143–145

Group identity, 4, 12, 66, 67f, 68, 73, 74f, 79–81, 83–85, 104

H

Habitat, 25, 108n, 109, 110, 114, 116 Hafted tool, 7, 14, 139 Hammerstone, 14, 42, 44, 139

Handaxe, 9, 21, 22, 41, 42t, 46, 68, 71, 73, 109–111, 112f, 113, 114, 124–128, 129n, 130

Heat-treatment, 59 Heavy-duty tool, 139

High-fidelity social learning, 121, 123, 127, 128n High-fidelity transmission, 5, 121–123, 128 History, 6, 8, 19–21, 24, 73, 102, 110, 114, 143 Hohle Fels, 61, 81, 82f, 83, 94 Hohlenstein-Stadel, 61, 94, 95f

Hominin, 3–5, 13, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35, 37, 41, 53–55, 80, 87, 88, 94, 100, 101t, 103–107, 108n, 109, 111, 113–116, 121–130, 139

Homo heidelbergensis, 10, 136, 140 Homo neanderthalensis. See Neanderthal

Homo sapiens, 1, 9, 16, 57, 62, 140, 141 Howiesons Poort, 58–60, 80, 81, 84

Human evolution, 3f, 5, 8, 13–15, 93, 122, 135, 143, 144 Humanities, 1, 19, 20

Humans, 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10, 13–15, 19, 23–25, 27, 32–35, 57, 58, 61, 65, 66, 81, 87–89, 92–95, 99–105, 107, 113, 114, 116, 121–123, 129n, 130, 135, 136, 140, 141, 143, 145

Hunting, 5, 12, 35–37, 59, 70, 136, 137f, 139, 140, 143, 144 Hut, 10–12, 14, 15

I

Identity, 5, 58, 60, 67f, 74f, 79–81, 83, 84, 104

Imagination, 15, 87, 92, 93, 95

Imitation, 28, 33–35, 37, 69, 93, 121–123

Information, 3f, 13, 28f, 29, 30, 33, 34, 54, 55, 59, 65, 66, 70f, 74f, 79–81, 93, 108, 109, 114, 123, 128, 135, 136

Information transfer, 27, 28f, 29, 91, 92

Innovation, 28, 34, 35, 59, 66, 71, 91–93, 99, 101t, 113, 128, 139–141, 143

Insects, 29, 30

Intelligence, 35, 93, 135, 145

Interaction, 4, 5, 9, 10, 16, 24, 59, 65, 67–69, 75, 90–92, 94, 100, 101, 105, 114, 122

Iron Age, 4, 57, 61f, 62, 84 Island test, 5, 121, 125, 126 Israel, 4, 55

Italy, 81f, 82f, 84, 114 Ivory, 6, 61, 81, 82f, 83f, 95

K

Kabazi II, 68

Kalahari San, 79, 141

Kebara, 114

Keilmesser, 68, 71–73, 80

Klein Kliphuis, 58, 62

Knapping, 14, 20, 33, 35, 42, 43f, 44, 45, 48, 50, 59, 60, 101t, 104,

107–113, 115, 116, 123

Knowledge, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 36, 41, 54, 55, 66, 69, 71, 73, 75, 90,

91, 94, 100–102, 108n, 110, 115, 126, 135, 141, 144

L

La Rochette, 68

Language, 4, 9, 10, 24, 25, 35–37, 73, 87, 89, 92, 93, 101, 102, 111, 113, 130

Large cutting tool, 41, 125 Later Stone Age, 140

Le Moustier, 68

Learned behavior, 99, 101–103, 122

Learning, 5, 9, 23, 28f, 29, 32, 33, 36, 69, 87, 89, 91, 92, 94, 95, 100, 101t, 102, 103, 105, 109, 110, 112, 113, 116, 122n, 123–125, 128n

Levallois/Levallois technique/Levalloisian, 14, 68, 69, 71–73, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116, 139

Levantine Corridor, 41

Life history, 5, 9, 45, 87, 88, 94, 102, 109, 141

Limestone, 4, 41, 42t, 43t, 44f, 45f, 46f, 47t, 48t, 49t, 50t, 52f, 53t, 54f, 55

Lion-man, 61

Lokalalei, 103 Long-term memory, 54

Low-fidelity social learning, 123, 124, 126, 129 Lower Paleolithic, 4, 44

M

Macaques, 31, 89, 101

Material culture, 32, 36, 41, 57–62, 66, 71, 84, 87, 94, 102, 108, 109, 121, 128, 135, 141

Maturation, 5, 87–89, 93, 94

Meaning, 24, 25, 57, 62, 65, 66, 75, 79, 80, 91, 100–102, 104, 105, 108 Melka Kunture, 33

Metal furnaces, 57

Méthode discoïde, 69, 72, 73 Micoquian, 4, 65, 68–75

Middle Paleolithic, 4, 5, 7, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72f, 73, 80, 88, 94, 139 Middle Pleistocene, 41, 42, 126

Middle Stone Age (MSA), 58f, 59, 61, 62, 80, 81, 110, 116, 139 Migration route, 41

Model, 1, 3, 5, 27, 33, 34, 37, 54f, 60, 99, 101, 105–108, 113, 122, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 143, 145

Modern Human. See Anatomically modern human Modular culture, 5, 108

Modularization, 139 Monkey, 28, 31, 32, 34, 105

Mountaineering, 4, 5, 15, 135, 136, 143f, 144, 145 Mousterian, 7, 65, 68, 80, 109–111, 113–115

Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition (MtA), 4, 65, 68, 69, 71, 73–75 MSA. See Middle Stone Age

Multiple-tradition culture, 30, 31 Music, 6

Mythology, 12, 15, 19

N

Namibia, 61, 62

Nature, 2f, 4–7, 10, 19–25, 27, 30, 32, 35–37, 62, 66–68, 87, 94, 99,

101, 102, 105, 107, 109, 110, 115, 135, 136

Neanderthal, 4, 5, 58, 59, 66–68, 73, 74f, 80, 81, 83, 87–89, 93–95, 114

Near East, 58, 84, 139

Network, 4, 65, 67, 73, 75, 91, 103

Non-utilitarian artifacts, 66

Notional culture, 5

Nut-cracking, 33, 34, 129

O

Ochre, 11–13, 58, 59, 61, 62

Old World, 124–126, 128, 135

Oldowan, 32, 33, 35, 44, 100, 105, 110, 113, 116, 123–126, 128–130, 141

Developed Oldowan, 44

Olduvai/Oldupai, 103n, 112, 113 Olorgesailie, 111

Operational chain/sequence, 53, 59, 65, 66, 68, 71, 72f, 73, 74f, 75, 105, 114, 136, 139, 140

Orangutan, 1, 28, 31, 32, 34, 100, 102–104 Organic tools, 4, 79–81, 83, 84

Organism, 9, 10, 16, 22, 23, 35, 80, 88, 99, 102, 105, 135 Organization, 21–24, 84, 114, 144

Ostrich eggshell, 58, 59, 61, 129

P

Palmenhorst/Rössing, 62 Parietal art, 16

Patterning, 32, 33, 37, 80, 108, 110, 114, 115, 124 Pebble tools, 124

Pech-de-l’Azé, 68

Peninj, 112, 113

Percussion marks, 43, 45, 46 Percussive technology, 33

Percussor, 4, 41, 42, 43f, 43t, 44–46, 47t, 48t, 50, 52–55 Percuteurs, 43–45

de concassage, 44, 45 de taille, 43, 44

Périgord, 81, 84

Personal identity, 79

Personal ornaments, 5, 12, 58, 66, 79, 81, 83, 84 Philosophy, 19

Physical actions, 21 Physical state, 21 Pitted anvil, 44, 46

Planning, 36, 53, 54, 57, 59, 68, 75, 92, 103, 109, 113, 116 Play, 5, 10, 21, 34, 67, 73, 87, 89–95

Pleistocene, 110, 115, 126, 128, 140

Population size, 5, 9, 108–110, 116, 124, 126, 127, 129 Primates, 27, 29–34, 87–93, 102–105

Primatology, 27, 37

Problem-solution distance, 8, 13–16, 136, 139, 140 Projectile, 66, 79–81, 84

Protoaurignacian, 80, 81, 83, 84

Q

Qafzeh, 114

Quina concept, 69, 71, 73

R

Ratcheting/Ratchet/Ratchet effect, 5, 15, 34, 116, 135, 136, 141, 143–145

Raw material, 7, 10, 13, 14, 20, 41, 42, 50, 53–55, 59, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 83, 84, 103, 105, 109–111, 115, 124–127, 130, 144 Reason, 13, 19, 22, 24, 28, 34, 57, 60, 62, 71, 92, 101, 102, 109, 111,

121–123, 126, 136, 143, 144 Reduction sequence, 4, 41, 45, 50, 52–55, 66 Reinvention, 5

Resharpening, 65, 66, 71–73, 75, 114

Resources, 10, 14, 19, 21, 23, 29, 36, 55, 59, 70, 71, 89, 114, 115, 124 Retouch, 13, 68

Rites of passage/Rites de passage, 4, 57, 60, 62, 102 Ritual, 25, 59, 102

ROCEEH model. See EECC model ROCEEH project, 99

Rose Cottage, 59

S

Sahul, 110, 111 Schöningen, 136, 141 Scraper, 12, 46, 66, 71–73 Segments, 60, 68, 81, 84

Self-awareness, 21, 22, 87, 92 Sesselfelsgrotte, 70, 71, 73 Shells, 11, 12, 14, 24, 58, 59, 66 Sibudu, 58–60, 137f, 140

Sign, 4, 24, 33, 35, 43–45, 46f, 60, 104 Singing, 12

Skills, 9, 14, 35, 90, 91, 94, 110, 115, 122, 124 Snares, 59, 140

Social group, 67, 68, 80, 91, 94, 109 Social identity, 4, 65, 66, 68, 79, 80

Social learning, 3, 14, 27–30, 32–35, 37, 100–102, 105, 107, 108, 110, 113, 115, 116, 121–124, 126–130, 139

Socially acquired information, 28

Socially transmitted information, 13–15, 108 Social marker, 4, 65

Social network, 65, 67, 144 Social organ, 22, 23

Social sciences, 19

Society, 9, 12, 19, 20, 22, 80, 100, 102, 103f, 108, 116, 144 Socio-cognitive niche, 35–37

Spear, 7, 10–12, 14, 35, 136, 139–141, 143 Spearthrower, 136, 140, 141

Spirit, 22, 24, 25, 61, 62 Split-based point, 81, 82f, 83 Stick, 11–14, 30, 90, 103, 139, 141 Still Bay, 58

Stimulus enhancement, 9, 33, 34, 122, 123, 125, 126 Stone Age, 5, 20, 112, 121, 125, 135, 136, 143

Stone artifact, 14, 65, 79, 80, 83, 101t, 114–116, 124, 136 Stone technology, 12

Stone tools, 1, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 73, 80, 99, 101t, 103, 108, 110, 115, 123, 124, 126, 128–130, 136, 141

Style, 5, 30, 75, 79–81, 83–85, 129 active style, 80

assertive style, 79 emblemic style, 79, 83 isochrestic style, 80, 83 passive style, 66, 80

Subsistence, 12, 13, 57, 59, 70, 114, 129 Surface-shaped tool, 68, 71–73, 75 Swabian Jura, 81, 82, 83f, 84

Symbol, 4, 15, 24, 25, 62, 66, 68, 91, 92, 104 Symbolic behavior, 58, 80, 93, 94

Symbolic meaning, 24, 65, 66, 79 Symbolism, 58, 60, 62

T

Tasmania, 4, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15

Teaching, 5, 9, 28, 69, 101, 113, 122, 123, 128, 129 Technological transformation, 4, 57, 59, 62

Technology, 4, 10, 15, 19, 24, 28, 33, 57, 59, 103, 115, 116, 123, 125, 128, 135, 136, 139–141, 143

Theory, 35, 65, 87, 92, 109, 122, 144 Tool behavior, 3, 7, 8, 13, 14, 91

Tool manufacture, 33, 66, 124, 125, 127, 130

Tool use, 11, 13, 28, 30, 32, 33, 70, 104n, 122, 129

Tradition, 3, 4, 9, 14, 24, 28–31, 34, 35, 59, 62, 68, 73, 99, 107, 109–111, 113, 115, 123

Transformation, 4, 9, 57, 60–62, 73, 104, 108 Transmission of behavior, 5

Transmission of information, 1, 5

Type, 3, 5, 8, 13, 14, 41, 54, 59, 73, 75, 79, 81, 83–85, 93, 101, 108, 109, 114, 122, 125, 129, 130, 140

Typology, 42, 43f, 114, 115

U

Uluzzian, 81, 82f, 83, 84 Umhlatuzana, 140

Upper Paleolithic, 5, 14, 65, 79–81, 85, 109, 115, 116 Utilitarian artifacts, 66