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important task of the regular transporting of goods and people (passengers) in appointed time and with the least expenditure.

Each kind of transport fulfils this task according to the national economic plan, in the co-operation with other kinds of transport and according to its abilities and peculiarities. Motor-transport plays an extremely important role in the whole system of transport. But any effective use of motorcars is impossible without modern motor-highways. This is why increasing the fleet of motor-vehicles and the growth of motor-transporting predetermines the improvement and growth of the network of motor highways.

In accordance with the growth of the importance of motor transport in the national economy the National Plan makes provision for the vast program of road construction. According to the Plan the network of improved motor-highways of Russia is to be increased and the existing net of highways is to be restored and capitally repaired.

Highway construction requires continuous preparation as to the investigation of roads, designing and research. The work of a number of the Russian associations of scientific workers and engineers ensured settling theoretical and practical questions as well as working out the bases of designing motor highways.

One of the leading and the first parts in this work belonged to professor Dubeleer (1874 – 1942).

Professor Dubeleer and his pupils worked out the main principles and methods of designing the draught and its elements as well as designing the subgrade, systematized all the existing materials and experience on designing the roads. Soviet scientists settled many questions which are of great importance for the theory of the motor highways. These were the questions about the methods of designing and constructing the road surfaces (professor Ivanov N.N.), about the theoretical bases of road usage on the ground of interaction between the road and the motorcar (professor Birulya A.K.),about the principles of designing the subgrade (professor Dubeleer, professor Ornatsky, assistant professor Puzakov). As a result of work of the Soviet scientists and engineers who used home experience the designing of highways has become a vast branch of science.

41. Read and study the following words:

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42. Make some sentences of your own with these expressions:

according to;

in accordance with; as a result.

43. Replace the words in italics by synonyms.

1.Transport is entrusted with a chief task of the constant transporting of goods and people.

2.Each type of transport does this task.

3.But any effective use of motor-cars is impossible without up-to-date motor-highways.

4.In accordance with the growth of the importance of motor-transport Plan makes provision for the huge program of road construction.

5.Professor Dubeleer and his pupils worked out the bases and methods of highway design.

44. Make up a written story or an oral report on one of the suggested topics.

1.Professor Dubeleer was the founder of the main principles of road design.

2.Professor Birulina A. K. and her work about the theoretical bases of road usage on the gradual of interaction between the road and the motorcar.

3.The importance of highway.

45. What part of speech are the words in italics referred to?

1.The Russian transport is entrusted with very important tasks of the regular transporting of goods and people.

2.This is why increasing the fleet of motor-vehicles and the growth of motor-transporting predetermines the improvement and growth of the network of motor-highways.

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3.The work of a number of scientists and engineers ensured settling theoretical and practical questions.

4.One of the leading and the first parts in this work belonged to professor Dubeleer.

5.Professor Dubeleer and his pupils worked out the main principles and methods of designing the draught and its elements as well as designing the subgrade.

6.These are the questions about the road usage.

7.As a result of work of scientists and engineers who used home experience the designing of highways has become a vast branch of science.

46. Agree with the following statements using the appropriate passive form.

1.Each kind of transport fulfils this task.

2.The work of scientists influenced further development of highway design.

3.Professor Dubleleer and his pupils worked out the main principles of highway design.

4.Scientists and engineers used home experience in their work and theories.

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ROAD. TYPES OF ROADS

1. When you hear the word ROAD what do you think about? You have 3 minutes to find as many associations as possible.

automobile?

driver?

road

2. Read the description of a road and add some ideas to your mind map.

Road

Road is a path established over land for the passage of vehicles, people, and animals. Roads provide dependable pathways for moving people and goods from one place to another. They range in quality from dirt paths to concrete-paved multilane highways.

Roads are used by various forms of transportation, such as trucks, automobiles, buses, motorcycles, and bicycles. Roads allow trucks to move goods from points of production, such as fields and factories, directly to markets and shopping centers. Private individuals rely on roads for safe and efficient automobile, motorcycle, and bicycle travel. Fire departments, medical services, and other government agencies depend on an organized system of roads to provide emergency services to the public in times of need.

The earliest roads evolved from animal paths and served as trails for early hunters. Paths eventually grew around primitive settlements, and as trade grew, longer routes were developed to transport food and other important materials. The use of wheeled vehicles encouraged construction of better roads. The roads built by the ancient Romans were carefully planned and solidly constructed.

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Modern methods of road construction were first developed in the 18th century. Innovations of the time included waterproof surfaces and better drainage systems. Modern engineers make use of a variety of materials and construction techniques to build roads that can handle the high volumes and stresses of modern automobile and truck traffic.

3. Find pairs of synonyms among the words below:

5. Look at the pictures (Pic. 6 - 8) and compare the roads given:

Pic. 8

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6. It is a well-known fact that there are various road classifications. For example, according to the passing conditions and road access all the roads are divided into 3 types. Work in 3 groups. Read your text (group А – Highways, group В – Urban Streets, group С – Rural Roads), write out the key words/word combinations and describe your road type using the words.

(А) Highways

Highways are high-speed roads designed to connect major cities. There are many different types of highways. Highways differ primarily in the amount of access control they have and, therefore, in the amount of traffic they are designed to carry.

Highways with fully controlled access can handle the most traffic and are built to the highest construction standards. Interstate highways, freeways, and expressways are examples of fully controlled-access highways. Vehicles that enter or exit these types of highways can do so only at certain points along the highway, generally by using special entrance and exit ramps. The ramps allow vehicles to access the road without disturbing the flow of traffic. Incoming vehicles must merge with flowing traffic, and vehicles leaving the highway use exit ramps that guide them off the highway without blocking the traffic behind. Intersections with other roads are avoided by using either bridges known as overpasses to carry one roadway over another or short tunnel-like structures called underpasses to carry one roadway under another. Finished strips called shoulders on the edges of highways allow drivers of disabled vehicles to make repairs or await assistance without blocking traffic.

Highways with fully controlled access generally have two or more lanes for each direction of travel and often include medians (dividers in the middle of the road) to separate traffic moving in opposite directions. In Europe, highways with fully controlled access are called motorways, mo- tor-routes, or autobahns.

Some highways offer only partial control of access. These types of highways handle less traffic than do highways with fully controlled access. Highways with partially controlled access may intersect other roads at the same level (called at-grade), rather than using overpasses or underpasses. Vehicles can enter highways with partially controlled access at intersections rather than using ramps. However, the right-of-way is often given to one direction of travel, rather than requiring all traffic to stop at the intersection. Giving the right-of-way to one direction of traffic helps keep traf-

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fic moving at higher speeds, although typically not at speeds as high as those on a highway with fully controlled access. One benefit of highways with partially controlled access is that they are much cheaper to construct than highways with fully controlled access. Many U.S. and state highways are roads with partially controlled access.

(В) Urban Streets

Urban streets, which cover cities, towns, and most suburbs, allow vehicles to access properties such as homes and businesses. Urban streets are used by private motor vehicles, public transportation, bicycle traffic, and pedestrians. Urban streets also accommodate underground public-utility facilities, such as electrical wiring, water and sewage pipes, and telecommunications lines. In addition, these streets must often be built around existing buildings and other barriers, such as parks and rivers. Rather than shoulders, urban streets usually have raised edges called curbs, which provide a barrier between the street and the adjoining property or sidewalk.

Urban streets are generally two-way paved roads that intersect each other frequently, allowing a high degree of access but at slow speeds. Traffic lights and signs help regulate the movement of vehicles along these streets and control the access to some streets. Urban streets are usually classified as one of three types: local, collector, and arterial. These designations are based on the amount of traffic each type is designed to carry.

Most urban streets are residential, or local, streets that allow vehicles to access public and private property. These streets make up 70 percent of total urban-road mileage but handle only 14 percent of all urban traffic. Collector streets convey traffic from residential streets to larger roads called arterials. Arterials are used to get quickly from one point to another and can accommodate high volumes of traffic. In large cities, arterials are often similar to highways in construction even though they are located within city limits. Although arterials account for only 17 percent of the ur- ban-road mileage, they account for most of the traffic in cities.

(С) Rural Roads

Rural roads are found in areas of the country outside cities, towns, and suburbs. Rural roads are also classified as local, collector, or arterial roads. Because of the light traffic and extensive mileage on these roads, design standards are relatively low. Rural roads may or may not have shoulders.

Local rural roads, which make up 69 percent of all rural roads, provide access to individual properties and farms. In many areas, local rural roads

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may be unpaved gravel roads. Two travel lanes, one for each direction of travel, can accommodate normal traffic on local rural roads. Rural collector roads, which make up 23 percent of all rural roads, carry moderate traffic coming in from a number of local roads. Collector roads have more and faster traffic than local roads and are constructed to a higher standard of quality.

Rural arterial roads provide a high-speed network for heavier traffic between major towns in rural areas. They range from two-lane roadways to multiple-lane highways. These roadways are designed to carry more traffic than collector roads can and are usually constructed to even higher standards than rural collector roads are. Rural arterial roads often have finished shoulders and may have more than one lane in each direction. These roads make up 8 percent of total rural-road mileage.

7. Look at the pictures (Pic. 9 - 11) and identify the road type. Prove your answer.

Pic. 11

8. Fill in the missed letters and express the main idea of the story in one sentence.

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There are three basic cat_ _ _ _ _ _ _ of roadways: arterials, collectors, and local roads. This is the hie _ _ _ _ _ _ in how the roadway system interacts with the land use system. Arterials function to m_ _ _ traffic. They have little – if any – access to land uses. The most prevalent example of an _ _ _

_ _ _ _ _ is I-84. Collectors are the connectors in the road_ _ _ system. They have ac_ _ _ _ to land uses, but also provide necessary movement. Some examples include Linder Road in Ada County and Locust Lane in Canyon County. Local roads give the greatest access to land uses and serve very localized pur_ _ _ _ _. The best example is the roadway in _ _ _ _ _ of a home in a subdivision.

9. There are special symbols (which look like formulae) used for road characteristics. Read the information and try to decode:

A 5.4/6.2m k

Bcgs 14/16 ft 1 (2.4km)(OB)

Road classification data is normally gathered in detail by the engineers. It is expressed as a formula. This standardized sequence consists of seven parts, as follows:

(1)Prefix. The formula is prefixed by the letter "A" if there are no limiting characteristics. If there are limiting characteristics the letter "B" is used.

(2)Limiting Characteristics. This is a series of specified small letters, each of which indicates a limiting characteristic.

They are as follows:

c Curves with a radius of less than 25 meters. g Gradients of 7 percent or more.

d Inadequate drainage. f Unstable foundation.

s Rough surface condition. j Camber is excessive.

An unknown or undetermined characteristic is indicated by a question mark following the symbol to which it refers. For example, d? would indicate that there is some question about the adequacy of drainage.

(3)Width.

The width of the traveled way is listed, followed by a slash and the overall width of the road including the shoulders. For example, 14/16m would describe a road that has a traveled way of 14 meters and an overall width of 16 meters.

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