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In order to reduce and decelerate the process of damaging we try to accommodate the running parts and the other parts of the vehicles to the conditions of movement along the road surface, and the road builders try to construct such surfacing which will bе the most suitable for the type of the vehicle, its weight and speed. Thus the main task of the repair and the maintenance is ensuring the operational quality of the road so as to have maximum efficiency of transport.

The road agency is also entrusted with the task of gradual road improving aimed at raising the technical type of the road.

10. Read and study the following words:

influence – влияние, влиять; vehicle – транспортное средство; wheel – колесо;

weight – вес; reduce – уменьшать;

accommodate – приспособить; gradual – постепенный; wearing surface – слой износа;

decelerate – уменьшать, задержать.

11. Choose the right preposition.

1. The road surfacing has the definite influence ___ the rolling stock. a) on b) upon c) by d) in

2. The interaction of the rolling stock with the road results ___ the gradual

4. The service is entrusted with the task of improving of the roads ___ carrying out the works.

a) on b) with c) by d) in

12. Read the text again and write questions to these answers.

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1.When the vehicle moves there is interaction between the vehicle and the road.

2.All this cases rubbing out the surfacing.

3.The road surfacing causes the resistance to the movement.

4.The main task of the repair and the maintenance is ensuring the operational quality of the road.

5.The wheels of the rolling stock influence the road surfacing.

13.Work in pairs. Make up a dialogue using the information from the text and your own knowledge on the subject.

14.Increase your vocabulary. Make sentences of your own, using these phrases:

in order to; thus; so as; influence; appear; the more … the more; in its turn; result in; as well as; while.

15. Suggest the Russian equivalents:

along the road;

there appears the interaction; parts of the rolling stock;

causing the resistance to the movement; the sliding of the wheels;

to the conditions of movement; exploitation service;

raising the technical type of the road.

16. You do not know the meaning of some terms. Ask your friend to explain you these terms. Consult with dictionary if it is necessary.

horizontal and vertical efforts on the road surfacing;

the resistance to the movement;

the sliding of the wheels;

the gradual wearing and damaging;

operational quality;

gradual improving.

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cause the least possible disruption or hazard to traffic. As an illustration, patching of bituminous surfaces is often done with premixed aggregate and binder that have been stockpiled along the road ready for immediate use. The mix is hauled from the stockpile by truck and placed with hand shovels. Another method utilized a tank trailer for bituminous binder towed by a dump truck loaded with aggregate. A pump, mounted on the trailer, forces the fluid binder through a hose to a hand spray.

18. Read and study the following words:

maintenance – содержание, эксплуатация; to define – определять;

transportation – передвижение, перевозка; to rescue – спасать, избавлять;

to strand – оказаться в затруднительном положении, перен. сесть на мель;

blading – обработка дороги грейдером; patching – ямочный ремонт;

mud-jacking – ремонт просевших бетонных плит нагнетанием раствора;

undersealing – обработка слоя основания до укладки дорожного покрытия, протравка;

output – производительность, мощность, затрата, расход; to stockpile – укладывать в штабеля, в кучи;

to haul – перевозить, доставлять, транспортировать; to tow – буксировать, тащить.

19. Form the verbs from the corresponding nouns and translate them into Russian.

Maintenance, transportation, responsibility, treatment, replacement, pavement, operation, construction, production, location, performance, disruption, illustration, trailer.

20. Translate following pairs of words, paying attention to the meaning of prefix re-.

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To surface – resurface; to mix – remix; to lay – relay; to move – remove; to place – replace.

21. Use the verbs given in brackets in proper Passive Forms.

1. Highway maintenance (to define, Pres. Perf.) as “the preserving and keeping of roadways”. 2. Often highway maintenance forces (to call on, Pres. Indef.) in time of flood and heavy snow. 3. For surface treatments a lot of operations (to involve, Pres. Indef.). 4. For surface construction and for surface maintenance the same materials (to employ, Pres. Indef.). 5. Maintenance operations (to plan, Pres. Indef.) for rapid performance. 6. Patching of bituminous surfaces (to do, Pres. Indef.) with aggregate and binder that (to stockpile, Pres. Perf.) along the road. 7. The mix usually (to haul, Pres. Indef.) from the stockpile by truck and (to place, Pres. Indef.) with hand shovels.

22. State the -ing forms and translate them into Russian:

1)the preserving and keeping;

2)street sweeping and cleaning;

3)responsibility for keeping roads open; traffic moving;

4)surface maintenance for gravel roads involves blading and resurfacing;

5)for surface treatments patching, seal coating or loosening, oiling, remixing and re-laying are involved;

6)mud-jacking or undersealing Portland-cement-concrete pavements is commonly used.

23. Translate into Russian word combinations with Participle II.

Constructed facilities; improved conditions; stranded motor cars, afflicted areas, failed road sections, separated stockpiles; mixed materials, towed bituminous binder tank trailer, loaded dump truck; hauled material, mounted equipment.

24. Answer the questions to the text.

1.How is highway maintenance defined?

2.What do highway maintenance forces care for?

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3. What requirements do maintenance operations meet?

25. Read the additional text and give its short summary:

Pic. 39

New development in urban construction and maintenance

Recently, in Japan various environmental problems have become very serious social problems. In constructing and maintaining urban roads, it is required that the works should be carried out while maintaining the traffic and as a result, road works are sometimes undertaken at night, thus discomforts to the dwellers along the roadside specially due to noise and vibration, have increased.

As measures against this, new construction methods and machines have been developed which aim to reduce noise and vibration. And also the size of equipment used has been reduced in order to maintain traffic. Two construction methods recently developed and already put into operation are summarized as follows:

1. Replacement of pavement

In the replacement of pavement, the vibration caused by the impact of a dropping weight to break the existing pavement becomes a special problem.

In one type of the newly developed road surface breakers, a fully hydraulic mechanism is employed to move a piston to another type, a special attachment with the shape of a blade is used to attach on to a hydraulic shovel remove the existing pavement (hacktor) thus decreasing breakers.

Moreover, in the new breakers, a vibration insulator is used to reduce the vibration during operation.

2. Driving and pulling of piles

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As a conventional method to reduce noise during the construction of piles, the pile has been placed after pre-boring and the pile tip is fixed into the ground by impact.

However, the noise generated by this impact has become a special problem. Further, pulling of piles is mostly done by the vibration method and there are many complains from the public as the vibration is severe.

In the newly developed method, with the use of hydraulic cylinders or special blocks with multi-pulley system, the power of winches is increased and piles are driven by pressing into ground or pulled out with a satisfactory reduction in both noise and vibration.

26.Retell the text “Highway Maintenance”.

27.Read the text. Tell about the main ways of road maintenance.

Road Maintenance

Maintenance and repair of the highways must provide for the safe traffic with the given speed and load as well as for the all year-round traffic and economic transport operation. The road maintenance includes the season jobs necessary for the road being clean and in a proper technical condition, the jobs preventing different elemental forcing, the jobs on placing different signals, directing signs and markers, the jobs on guarding and lightening road constructions etc.

Ordinary repair means the urgent improving made every year. It may be the preventive repair fulfilled according to a plan and repairing of sudden damage. Average repair includes periodical jobs, made once in some years with the aim of preserving the road, of improving its operational qualities and renewing some road elements. The average repair jobs are done in complex i.e. all the elements of the road and road constructions of a definite section of the highway are repaired at the same time as to receive in all respects good section of the highway.

Restoring repairs are the periodical jobs performed for full making up of the wear of the highway as a whole i.e. the simultaneous restoration of the revetment and the road bed on the large sections of the road and restoration of some big artificial structures.

The reconstruction of the road represents the complex of jobs with the view of complete changing the width of the highway, the revetment; construction, the type of structures and the draught of the whole sections. The road reconstruction must result in significant rise of operation qualities of

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the highway, namely the designed load and the service period of revetment and structures. The maintenance should begin the instant that the construction is completed. The maintenance is performed all the year round but the amount and the character of the work depend upon the season of the year and upon the season traffic density.

The Pavement Repair. Ordinary and average repairs of pavements consist of repairing some damaged or sagged places by removing the old surface from those places, repairing the foundation with the addition of some new material and by paving the section again with the same stones adding some new stones instead of broken ones and instead of those converted into cobble stones.

The capital repair is undertaken in case of large areas of road having been damaged or when the pavement had lost its profile.

The repair is nothing else as taking to pieces the entire pavement, repair of the foundation, addition of some fresh sand and repaying with the utilization of the old material and the addition of some new material. The reconstruction of the pavement differs from the capital repair in performing additional work for improving the subgrade or adding some new material for the surfacing and underlayer.

Asphalt Pavement Repair. Ordinary and average repair of asphalt concrete surfacing consists of the following principal operations:

1)cutting the material out of the damaged place with making its outline rectilineal;

2)cleaning the damaged place from dust, dirt and debris of surfacing;

3)lubricating the edges of good surfacing with the hot bitumen;

4)laying new mixture and consolidating it;

5)tamping the mixture along the contour;

6)tamping and rolling the mixture over the whole area;

7)treating the surface of the repaired place.

For repairing work the mixture of the same composition as for the principal pavement is used.

Sometimes it is possible to use cast mixtures that are the most simply laid and easily consolidated, which is very convenient with the small spaces to repair.

The capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is performed in case of there being large area of damaged sections requiring significant amount of work for repairing separate potholes and damages.

The capital repair includes the laying of additional layer of asphalt concrete with the preliminary removing of strongly damaged spots and

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placing a layer of astringent instead of it. Reconstruction of asphaltconcrete surface is necessary when the damage and significant deformation of the foundation and the subgrade are evident.

The reconstruction of the asphalt concrete surface consists of taking all the road revetment to pieces, repairing the subgrade, constructing a new foundation and new surface.

28. Read and study the following words:

urgent – срочный; prevent – предотвращать; damage – повреждение;

simultaneous – одновременный; revetment – одежда (дорожная); road bed – дорожное полотно;

artificial structure – искусственное сооружение; draught (draft) – план, чертеж;

traffic density – интенсивность движения; rectilineal – прямолинейный;

pothole – выбоина.

29. Read the text again and find out if the following statements are true or false.

a.The road maintenance includes only the season jobs necessary for the road being clean.

b.The average repair jobs are done in different ways, separated from each other.

c.The maintenance is performed only during the summer period.

d.Tamping the mixture along the contour is the main principal operation of the pavement repair.

e.The capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is performed in case of there being large area of damaged sections requiring significant amount of work.

f.Reconstruction of asphalt-concrete surface is necessary even when we can see small damages.

30. Give the English equivalents:

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сезонные работы; строительство определенного участка дороги; комплексные работы; значительное увеличение; в случае; капитальный ремонт.

31.These are the types of the road maintenance.

A. Give the examples of each type. Use the words and word combinations from the box.

The Pavement Repair

Asphalt Pavement Repair

damaged surface, repairing the foundation, material, in case of, loose profile, underlayer, cut out, dirt and debris of surfacing, mixture of composition, use, cast mixtures, damaged sections, instead of, reconstruction, significant deformation.

B. Make up the sentences of your own with the words from the

box.

32. Discuss the questions with your partner.

1. In what cases the capital repair of asphalt concrete pavements is needed? 2. What are the main steps of asphalt pavement repair?

3. What do ordinary and average repairs of pavements consist of?

33. Make up the sentences with the following expressions:

as well as; according to; with the aim of; at the same time; with the view of; all the year round;

with the addition of; in case of;

it is possible.

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