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"Since these are lucrative projects from the point of toll revenues, we would award them on revenue sharing basis," the official added.

Sources have informed that the NHAI has already asked potential bidders to submit their initial 'request for qualification'(RFQ) documents for two of these 10 projects, spread over Rajasthan, Gujarat and Andhra Pradesh.

The RFQ for the Rs 4,284-crore project involving six-laning the 435- km-long Kishangarh (Rajasthan) – Ahmedabad section has already been issued. That apart, RFQ for the Rs 3,550-crore project for six-laning of the 436-km stretch between Ichapuram – Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh has also been issued, sources said.

The NHAI is also preparing detailed project reports (DPRs) for three other projects including the biggest project of the 10 projects--the Rs 8,000-crore contract for double-laning the 700-km stretch between Amritsar in Punjab and Jodhpur in Rajasthan.

In-principle approvals for five other projects have also been obtained, the official said.

These five projects are – Kolhapur – Nagpur in Maharashtra (475 km), Ahmedabad – Gondal in Gujarat (425 km), Aurangabad – Dhankuni in West Bengal (475 km), Goa – Maharashtra Border (475 km) and the 445- km-long Bhavnagar – Dwarka stretch in Gujarat.

To expedite highways developement, the government has identified these large projects of over 400 km each against the usual project size of 50-200 km for every contract.

Earlier this month, Transport Minister Kamal Nath had announced that six 'mega projects' would be awarded and the first one will be awarded in four to six weeks.

The development of highways would cost about Rs 3,76,000 crore in the next four years and about 50-60 per cent of this expected to come from the private sector, according to government estimates. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mega-highway-projects-worth-rs-45k-

cr-lined-up/543714/

24. Can you find 10 words from the text in the letters?

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T

1 S D I V E L O P I N G C G R G M P V F K

2 D S O E N X T W Y S G J T E H Q K V A F

3 V Y F S I W I N V E S T M E N T S P S L

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4 I V O F L U Y D B Y D J Z M F E E Y T B

5 D O U B L E - L A N I N G R P T I X - Q

6 S D S S K N Q P Z Y X P S I M R N C T I

7 X S V T L F O H X D G Y K M J J T U R V

8 G H D E V E L O P E M E N T F Y E Q A Y

9 W I G W Q Z C C K N P P G X J K R G C D

10 Z R A J A H M U N D R Y Q I H X E C K R

11 N T G Y L W F J D M A V Q K Y R S Y I V

12 I T I V P A U R A N G A B A D J T W N B

13 Z H B T E M K U N Y V L D H O N E K G W

14 P X Q U A L I F I C A T I O N X D K F P

15C H Q G Q C E H D N Y S Q O Y U Y D T S

16T R M B G P B H Q H Z Q Y G P V E K B O

17 P M U R E V E N U E - S H A R I N G Q C

18 I V J I B O J F X K K E K J V Q A L B G

19 O H O J V G H I T V I N B L J C K Q F M

20 M A H A R A S H T R A T W B I E F J T Q

25. What notion is described in each sentence?

-passing round a town to provide an alternative route for through traffic;

-a group or system of interconnected people or things;

-a road designed for fast traffic, typically with three lanes in each direction;

-a charge payable to use a bridge or road;

-a point beyond which something does not or may not pass or extend;

-separate or be separated into parts.

26. Now read the text and check your answers.

Road system in Hungary

Hungary has 7 major motorways ("autópálya"):

M0 is a quasi-circular highway for the traffic bypassing Budapest. It is divided in 4 sectors: Southern (links motorways M1, M7, M6 and M5), South-eastern (links Motorway M5 and Main Road nr. 4), Eastern (links Main Road nr. 4 and Motorway M3), Northern (links Main Road nr. 2 with

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the Megyeri Bridge) and Western (to be finished in 2015; will link main roads 11, 11 and Motorway M1). The total length will be around 100 km.

M1: links Budapest and the north-western border with Austria (Hegyeshalom), then continues its way toward Vienna. The total length is around 170 km.

M3: links Budapest and the north-eastern city of Miskolc (M30 branch), eastern cities of Nyíregyháza (M3) and Debrecen (M35 branch). Provides links toward Slovakia, Ukraine and Romania. It has a total length of around 250 km.

M5: links Budapest and the southern city of Szeged, then the Serbian border (Röszke). It provides a connection to Southern Europe by route E75 and also links to route 68 in Romania. M5 motorway has a length of around 140 km.

M7: links Budapest and the southern shore of Lake Balaton, then continues its way toward Croatia and Slovenia. Its length is about 230 km.

M6: links Budapest and Dunaújváros, then will continue its way toward the southern city of Pécs. The current length is around 60 km.

Also, there are other smaller motorway sections that will be linked to the national motorway network in the future. Motorways usually have 2 traffic lanes and an emergency lane on each direction, divided by a green zone and metallic rail. The speed limit is 130 km/h.

Expressways usually have no dividing lane in the middle, but sometimes have a metallic rail. The number of lanes is one per direction, with sections of 1+2 lanes (for easier overtaking). The speed limit is 110 km/h. Motorways and expressways cannot be used by vehicles that are not able to reach 60 km/h. There is a toll on all motorways, except M0. Trucks and buses have a separate toll system.

Main roads usually have one lane per direction, no dividing rail. The speed limit is 90 km/h.

County roads have less traffic then main roads, the speed limit is 90 km/h.

http://carstock.com.ua/Dictionary/Highways

27. Complete the following sentences by writing NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer:

1.The total length of M0 will be … .

2.Hungarian motorways usually have two traffic lanes and an … divided by a green zone.

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3.Expressways and motorways cannot be used by vehicles that … 60 km/h.

4.Main roads usually have one … , no dividing rail.

5.The speed limit on … is 130 km/h.

28. Look at the map (Pic. 49) and find those Hungarian major motorways.

Pic. 49

Check your answers (Ex. 24 p. 193)

aurangabad (f12-h), developement (c8-h), double-laning (a5-h), fasttracking (s1-v), interested (q5-v), investments (g3-h), maharashtra (a20-h), qualification (c14-h), rajahmundry (b10-h), revenue-sharing (d17-h)

29.Describe the Hungarian road system in 3 sentences.

30.Scan the following text for about 5 minutes and find what the following figures mean:

10 2 5 6 1

New Zealand roads

In New Zealand, both motorway and an expressway have at least twolanes of traffic in either direction separated by a median, with no access to adjacent properties. The distinction depends on the type of traffic allowed

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to use the route. Non-vehicular traffic and farm-equipment are prohibited from motorways, while pedestrians, cyclists, tractors, and farm animals are legally entitled to use expressways such as the Waikato Expressway south of the Bombay Hills and the Tauranga expressway system, although this is rare. New Zealand's main routes are designated state highways as they are funded by the National Government. State Highway 1 is the only route to run through both the North and South Islands, and runs (in order north-

routes in the North Island, State Highways 6-9 in the South Island, and state highways numbered from ten onwards are generally found in numerical order from north to south. State highways usually incorporate different standards of roads, for example, State Highway 1 from Auckland to Hamilton incorporates the Northern and Southern Motorways in the Auckland area, the Waikato Expressway, and a rural road before passing through the streets of Hamilton. The term freeway is rarely used relating to New Zealand roads, and can only be considered an Americanism.

http://carstock.com.ua/Dictionary/Highways

31. What do these attributes from the text refer to? Make up sentences of your own using word combinations with these words.

Adjacent; numerical; different; Northern; rural; non-vehicular.

32.Think of three words/word combinations from the text. Try to explain it using a pantomime and let the rest of the group guess it.

33.Retell the text using the word combinations below.

1. The title of the story I want to tell you is… 2. First of all … 3. Second I would like to say that… 4. As far as I understand… 5. In fact… 6. As far as I remember… 7. In conclusion I’d like…

34. Some sentences in the text are just groups of words. Please arrange the words in the correct order to read about Philippines expressways.

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Philippines expressways

Many • owned • Philippine expressways are • privately • and • maintained. in • island, Luzon. • are • the • largest • All • located They follow the US Interstate Highway Standards and speed limits are strictly enforced. The most modern and the longest expressway, the North Luzon Expressway links the capital, Manila to other provinces in Northern Luzon while the South Luzon Expressway links Manila with provinces on the Southern Luzon.

Presently, all Philippine expressways are under rehabilitation to decrease the occurrence of traffic jams and to improve their quality. They • and • widened • are • of • improved • standards.

There are only seven tollways in Luzon Island, the North Luzon Expressway (connecting Manila to North Luzon), the South Luzon Expressway (connecting Manila to Southern Luzon), the Roman Expressway (in Bataan peninsula), Subic Freeport Expressway (connecting Subic Freeport to Dinalupihan), the Southern Tagalog Access Road (STAR Tollway) (connecting Sto. Tomas to Batangas Port, to decongest the Port of Manila and it will be connected directly to the South Luzon Expressway), and the Manila-Cavite Expressway, connecting Metro Manila with the Province of Cavite, Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway (connecting the existing Subic Freeport Expressway to Clark Zone and Hacienda Luisita and also extending North Luzon Expressway to Tarlac City but it has 3 km gap between NLEx and SCTEx).

Despite that many highways in Metro Manila, there are still two lane and one way roads like national and provincial roads around the country.

There are plans to extend the existing expressways and to build a new one throughout the Philippines, the Tarlac-La Union Expressway aims to extend North Luzon Expressway to the area near Poro Point but it will be extended initially to Rosario in La Union, Tarlac-Dingalan Expressway aims to convert Dingalan into an International Pacific Port and to decongest the Port of Manila. The Cebu Trans-Axial Expressway aims to benefit Cebu's economy and to decongest the island's coastal road and to protect Cebu's coastal areas from severe exploitation. North East Luzon Expressway aims to connect Metro Manila to Cagayan Valley but it will be built initially to Nueva Ecija. be • South • City. • Lucena • Luzon • extended • towards • Expressway • will

http://carstock.com.ua/Dictionary/Highways

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35. Read the text carefully and make words from the letters (all the words are in the text).

(dmnoer) ____________

(ssxeweayrps) ____________________

(wtaolyls) _______________

(incvrPoe) _______________

(wyhisahg) _______________

(oundra) ____________

(netdxe) ____________

(atnItnrieloan) ______________________

36.Work in pairs. Think of 2 or 3 questions using the words from Ex.

35.Answer the questions of your partner.

37.Replace the words in bold with others from the list.

1.Speed limits are severely enforced on Philippine expressways.

2.At present time, all Philippine expressways are under restoration.

3.There are plans to develop the existing expressways and to build a new one throughout the Philippines.

4.The Cebu Trans-Axial Expressway aims to do good to Cebu's economy.

5.The North Luzon Expressway is the newest and the longest expressway.

38. Read the text once again and say if these statements are true, false or not given. Correct the mistakes.

1.There are only seven tollways in Luzon Island.

2.Manila and North Luzon are connected by the North Luzon Expressway.

3.Subic Freeport and Dinalupihan are connected by Freeport Subic Expressway.

4.the Southern Tagalog Access Road is connecting Sto. Tomas with the South Luzon Expressway.

5.Tarlac-Dingalan Expressway aims to convert Dingalan into an International Pacific Port.

6.The Cebu Trans-Axial Expressway aims to extend North Luzon Expressway.

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7. State Highway 1 from Auckland to Hamilton incorporates the Northern and Southern Motorways in the Auckland area, the Waikato Expressway, and a rural road before passing through the streets of Hamilton.

39.What new have you found out about Philippines expressways?

40.Work in pairs. Discuss the following questions.

1.Which side of the road do the South Africans drive on?

2.What is the administrative capital of South Africa?

3.What can the letters N, R, M stand for?

41. Now look at the map (Pic. 50), read the text and check your ideas.

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Pic. 50

South Africa

Colloquially, the terms "freeway", "highway", and "motorway" are used synonymously. There are very few references to the term "expressway" in South Africa. A freeway, highway or motorway refers to a divided dual carriageway with limited access, and at least two lanes in either direction. A central island, usually either with drainage, foliage or high-impact barriers, provides a visible separation between carriageways in opposite directions. As with the UK, Ireland & Australia, South Africans drive on the left-hand side of the road and all steering wheels are on the right-hand side of vehicles.

Freeways are designated with one of three labels: N (in reference to national roads), R (short for "route", in reference to provincial roads), and M (in reference to metropolitan roads). This has more to do with the location of a road and its function than anything else. In addition, "N" roads usually run the length of the country over long distances, "R" roads usually inter-connect cities and towns within a province, and "M" roads carry heavy traffic in metropolitan areas. Route markings also determine who paid for the road: "N" was paid for by national government, "R" by provincial government and "M" by local government. In recent years, some "R" roads have been re-designated as "N" roads, so that control and funding comes from the South African National Roads Agency.

http://carstock.com.ua/Dictionary/Highways

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42. Are you attentive? Try to match the following words to get word combinations without looking back at the text. Then use them in your own sentences.

43. Read the text again and try to make a plan from the points below.

A divided dual carriageway with limited access;

Funding;

Left-hand side of the road;

Synonymous usage;

Three labels.

44. Tell about South African roads using the following diagram.

M

Freeway

N R

45. You are going to read about UK and US roads. Five sentences have been removed from each text. Choose from the sentences A – F the one that fits each gap (1 – 4) to complete the text.

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