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5. Переведите следующие пары слов, обращая внимание на значение приставок mis, dis, un, im, in, ir :

to use – to misuse, to match – to mismatch, to cover – to discover, to appear – to disappear, usual – unusual, common – uncommon, perfect – imperfect, possible – impossible, dependent – independent, discriminate – indiscriminate, regular – irregular, respectively – irrespectively, legal – illegal.

6. Укажите прилагательные и наречия в приведенном списке слов:

substance, force, motion, stream, rapid, rate, since, nearly, extensively, to employ, readily, good, ordinary, permit, determination, electrical, striking, high, some, impressed.

7. На английском языке опишите свойства:

a) conductors of electricity; b) insulators.

8. Используя материал текста, ответьте на вопросы.

1.What is responsible for a flow of current of electricity? 2. What substances are considered to be good conductors of electricity? 3. When do free electrons move in some definite direction and what is the result of this movement? 4. What is the stream of electrons both in a direct and alternating current? 5. At what frequency does the electronic stream reverse its direction of motion? 6. What are the best conductors of electricity? 7. What is an insulator?

8.Is there any sharp distinction between conductors and insulators? 9. What can be said about glass in this respect?

9.Прочтите следующий диалог. Составьте диалог по аналогии с образцом в рамках данной устной темы:

а) но в иной ситуации; б) при ином характере общения; в) смене собеседников;

г) с иной задачей общения.

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CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

Demonstrator: What substance is a conductor of electricity?

Student: Any substance or material which will afford continuous passage of an electric current when subjected to a difference of electric potential is a conductor of electricity.

Demonstrator: When is a conductor said to be more efficient?

Student: The greater the density of current for a given potential difference the more efficient the conductor is said to be.

Demonstrator: What substances are efficient conductors and which are poor ones?

Student: Virtually all substances in solid or liquid state possess the property of electric conductivity in some degree. The metals, for example, are the best conductors, many other substances, such as metal oxides and salts, minerals and fibrous materials being relatively poor conductors of electricity.

Demonstrator: Which of less efficient conducting materials are of great use in electricity?

Student: Some of the less efficient conducting materials such as carbon and certain metal alloys have very useful applications in electrecal arts, as well as the efficient conductors such as copper and aluminum.

Demonstrator: What substances are classed as non-conductors?

Student: Certain substances are known to possess so little conductivity that they are classed as non-conductors, a better term being insulators or dielectrics.

Demonstrator: Define a conductor, please.

Student: A conductor is a body so constructed of conducting material that it may be used as a carrier of electric current. In ordinary engineering usage a conductor is a material of relatively high conductivity.

Demonstrator: Could you define a circuit, please.

Student: An electric circuit is the path of an electric current or, more specifically, it is a conducting part or a system of parts through which an electric current is intended to flow.

10. Прочтите и выучите следующие слова:

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Text 4

1. Прочтите текст, разделите его на смысловые части, подберите названия к каждой из них.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS FROM

THE ELECTRON VIEWPOINT

When a conductor is carrying an electric current, the electrons are moving gradually along through the substance of the conductor. Now in a solid body, such as a metalic conductor, the atoms or molecules comprising the substance are known practically to be fixed in position. They are not actually stationary in space at ordinary temperature, of course; as a matter of fact, the atoms have an irregular to-and fro-motion similar to that of the electrons. But there cannot be a progressive motion of the atoms as there may be of the electrons. The reason for this is more or less evident. Suppose a current to be flowing along a copper wire. The electrons move all the way around the circuit through the wire, connections, solution in the battery, etc.

The atoms of copper being charged positively after an electron has left them, it might seem that as the electrons move from И to A through the wire the atoms would move from A to B, then into and through the battery and so back to the wire. But the atoms are thу real substance of the wire, and hence if the atoms should progress one way or the other it would result in the copper itself being carried from one end of the wire to the other and then through the battery. This state of affairs is not possible in solid bodies like metals, it would result in the mixing of metalswherever a current left one metal and went into another.

In chemical solutions, e.g., copper sulphate in water, the salt molecule breaks up into two parts, one of which has one electron more than its proper number, the other part lacking one electron. The two parts of the molecule are called ions; the metallic ion (in above case, copper) lacks one electron and so is charged positively. If now a current is passed through such a solution, the metallic ion does move through the solution and is carried from the solution to one of the wires by which the current is led into the solution. Here copper itself is transported by the current and we have the process of electro-plating.

From what has been said it follows that the molecules of a body clinging to the electrons so tightly that none of them are free to move away from the molecule, there can be no current in such a substance. As long as the mplecule keeps all the electrons, it remains electrically neutral, and so has no tendency to move in an electric field. This is the essential difference between insulators and conductors; in one the electrons cannot move from the atom or molecule and in the other the electrons are perfectly free to leave the atom.

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2. Прочтите и выучите:

substance – вещество

stationary – неподвижный, стационарный, постоянный irregular – неравномерный, неправильный

connection – связь, присоединение

solution – раствор, разрешение (вопроса, проблемы)

sulphate – сульфат, соль серной кислоты; sulphate of copper (of iron, of zinc) медный (железный, цинковый) купорос

electro-plating – гальванопокрытие cling – цепляться, прикреплять tightly – плотно, без зазоров, тесно

3. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов:

такой, как; конечно; по сути; взад и вперед; причина этого в том; более или менее приводить к (чему-либо); где бы ни; например; пока; следовательно.

4. Переведите с русского на английский язык, используя данные выражения to some degree (extent), the...the, both...and :

1.Все вещества в твердом или жидком состоянии обладают до некоторой степени электрической проводимостью. 2. Как проводники, так и изоляторы имеют очень широкое применение в электротехнике.

3.Чем больше приложенное напряжение, тем ярче свет электрической лампы.

5.Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения и употребление глагола to be :

1. Such an instrument as the moving iron attraction type is suitable for use with both alternating as well as direct currents. 2. It is necessary to take into account that some instruments have a scale which does not start at zero. 3. One method of detecting the presence of a current in a wire is to measure the rise in temperature of the wire due to the current. 4. Iron, nickel or other magnetizable substances are to be thought of as composed of molecules or groups of molecules each of which is a perfect little magnet with its two opposite magnetic poles. 5. There is always something of the nature of a resistance or opposition which has to be overcome. 6. The armature is at rest, and in the absence of any back e.m.f. the low armature resistance would allow a very heavy current to flow in it.

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6. Определите форму и функции герундия и переведите следующие предложения:

1. Before switching on current for a test the circuit should be thoroughly checked over to see that it is in accordance with the circuit diagram, particular care being take that ammeters are not directly across the mains. 2. If the atom should progress one way or the other, it would result in the copper itself being carried from one end of the wire to the other and then through the battery. 3. On joining the upper ends of the metals with a metal wire we caused the current to flow through the wire. 4. The use of a cooling medium prevents the device from overheating. 5. The most common method of magnetizing permanent magnets is to insert the magnets in a suitable exciting coil and to cause a large current to flow in the coil. 6. The new method could be used with great advantage without the machine being overheated. 7. The meter being highly accurate is of the greatest importance for getting the necessary experimental data. 8. We know of silver and copper being very good conductors of electricity. 9. Breaking the circuit causes sparking as a result of the coil current flow. 10. Not stopping the machine will prevent too rapid cooling with subsequent freezing of the bearings or warping of the shaft. 11. The dynamomotor is compact, light and highly efficient because of the armature reaction being small. 12. When a bar of iron is thrust into a fire it becomes heated due to the atoms comprising the bar becoming agitated.

7. Прочтите текст 4 еще раз и передайте его основную идею несколькими предложениями.

Text 5

1. Прочтите заглавие следующего текста и скажите, о чем, по вашему мнению, будет идти речь в тексте.

SOME FACTS ABOUT THE MAGNETS

Being heated a magnet loses some or all of its magnetism. A magnet being broken in two, each piece becomes a magnet with its own pair of poles. This subdivision could be carried on until we were down to the smallest particle of iron, a molecule. Conversely, two identical bar magnets being brought end to end with opposite poles in close contact, the poles touching seem to disappear and we have but two poles at the extreme ends. A tube of iron filings may be magnetizid by stroking it with a magnet in the usual way. The filings being shaken, the magnetism disappears.

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These facts give rise to the very plausible theory of magnetism generally accepted. We know iron molecules to be magnets at all times. When they are arranged in a bar oа steel or iron so that the fields of force of all or most of the molecules are in the same direction, their fields are added to one another and the bar is a magnet. The little magnet molecules form chains, their poles disappearing except at the ends of the chain. This condition is not an equilibrium condition because of the like poles in adjacent chains repelling each other. The rigidity of steel holds the molecules in this position. In soft iron, however, as soon as we take the bar out of the magnetizing field, the molecules adjust themselves on account of the repulsions of like poles of molecules in adjacent chains, leaving the iron unmagnetized. We can see why hard steel makes permanent magnets and soft iron dors not.

We can also explain why soft iron has a higher permeability than steel. When placed in a magnetic field, the molecules of steel do not readily turn around in the direction of the lines of force. But this alignment is necessary if the body is to absorb lines of force. Heating which increases molecular motion, or jarring causes a magnet to be demagnetizid due to its permitting the molecules to adjust themselves to the equilibrium position.

2. Прочтите и выучите:

bar magnet – полосовой магнит filing – наполнитель, прокладка

plausible – вероятный, правдоподобный, благовидный equilibrium – равновесие

adjacent – смежный, примыкающий, соседний repel – отталкивать

rigidity – жесткость

pole – полюс, like (opposite(unlike)) poles – одноименные

(разноименные) полюсы

alignment – выравнивание, выверка, настройка, регулировка

3.Составьте цепочку из основных фактов текста, в которой ключевые слова были бы связаны по смыслу.

4.Изучите следующие синонимичные группы слов и выражений. Составьте предложения, употребляя данные выражения:

conversely, on the contrary; under consideration, in question; at hand, in point; to meet the requirements, to fill the requirements; meet the demands,to fill the demands; thanks to, due to, owing to, because of, on account of, by virtue of.

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5. Найдите в тексте антонимы к следующим словам. Составьте с ними предложения:

to appear, different, to attract, hard, low, to decrease, to acquire, up, likewise, unlike.

6. Изучите употребление и значение слова take в различных комбинациях. Переведите следующие предложения:

1.The escape of neutrons from any quantity of uranium is a surface effect depending on the area of the surface, whereas fission action takes place throughout the body and is therefore a volume effect. 2. The varying current from the television takes the place of the voice currents from the microphone.

3.The discovery of the atomic battery may take its place alongside with nuclear reactors in providing the world with new sources of electricity. 4. Many radio amateurs take advantage of radio transmitters with one vacuum tube only. 5. It would take 100 million of small thimble sized atomic batterirs to produce enough electricity to light a 100-walt bulb, but its discovery is a very important one. 6. In atomic power plants special safety precautions must be taken to protect the workers from the danger of radioactivity. 7. It will take not very much time to see the widespread use of semiconductors in every-day life. 8. In metals conduction takes place through the motion of electrons.

7.Прочтите текст повторно и ответьте на вопросы.

1.What happens to a magnet: a) when it is heated or broken in two?

b)when two indentical bar magnets are brought end to end with opposite poles in close contact? 2. When does a bar become a magnet? 3. When do the molecules adjust themselves? 4. Why does hard steel make permanent magnets and why has soft iron a higher permeability than steel?

8.Переведите на английский язык текст.

Нагревание магнита приводит к потере им магнетизма. Если разделить магнит на две части, то каждая из них остается магнитом, т.е. каждая часть будет иметь свою пару полюсов. И наоборот, если соединить два магнита, то в результате получится один большой магнит. Общепринятая теория магнетизма легко объясняет ряд очень интересных явлений. Например, почему твердая сталь обладает постоянными магнитными свойствами, в то время как мягкое железо лишено их. Также на основании этой теории можно объяснить более высокую магнитную проницаемость мягкого железа по сравнению со сталью.

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9. Прочтите диалог, восстанавливая отдельные реплики одного из собеседников.

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Demonstrator: What would happen if a freely suspended needle (compass) were brought near a conductor carrying a current?

Student: In this case the needle would tend to place itself at right angles to the conductor.

Demonstrator: Well, --------------------------------------------------------? Student: This indicate that a field about the conductor is reacting upon the

other. That’s why, the field about the conductor must be of a circular nature. Demonstrator: All right. And how is a stronger magnetic field about the

conductor created?

Student: The conductor being wound into a coil, the fields about each tern

magnetized by the electromagnetic field and an electromagnet is produced. Demonstrator: When would the iron be demagnetized?

Student: If the electron flow through the coil ceased, the magnetic field would collapse and the iron would no longer be magnetized.

Demonstrator: What can you say about permeability and retentivity in soft iron and steel?

Student: Well, the soft iron has high permeability and low retentivity, while steel has low permeability and high retentivity.

Demonstrator: -------------------------------------!!!

10. Прочтите и выучите следующие слова:

needle – игла, стрелка (прибора)

cease – прекращать (-ся), переставать, приостанавливать collapse – рушиться, сплющиваться, обваливаться permeability – проницаемость

retentivity – остаточный магнетизм

11. Воспроизведите в ролях диалог, сократив его и используя только основную информацию.

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PART II

ELECTRONICS

Text 1

1. Прочтите текст и выделите основные темы повествования.

HISTORY OF ELECTRONICS

Electronics is the science dealing with devices operated by control of the movement oа electric charges in a vacuum, in gases, or semiconductors: or with the processing of information or the control of energy by such devices. This definition covers the wholу complex family of vacuum and gaseous electron tubes and their applications. It also includes metallic contact or semiconductor rectifiers and the transistors which utilize the control of electrons or positive charges (holes) to process information or to convert energy.

Electrononics was born in the 19-th century. Like hydrolysis or chemistry it has come into its own only recently. Electronics first established itself, however, in wireless telegraphy. Industrial applications of electronics include control gauging, counting, heating, speed regulation, etc. But in a larger field, electronocs leads to automatic control of large-scale industrial operations.

Today, electronics has started у new era. Electronocs devices are doing simple, but human-like thinking. Some industries are controlled by electronic robots. Automation is the industrial keynote of the day. Planes and rockets are electronically controlled. Some radiotelescopes work like radar to receive radio waves from outer space. Shortly speaking, electronics is not so much a new subject as a new way of looking at electricity.

2. Прочтите и выучите:

charge – заряд

semiconductor – полупроводник tube – труба, трубка

rectifier – ректификатор, выпрямитель тока utilize – использовать

hole – отверстие, шпур

convert – переводить, превращать

has come into its own – заняла подобающее место keynote – основа

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3.В каждом абзаце текста определите ключевое предложение. Найдите абзац, который содержит основную мысль всего текста.

4.Прочтите текст повторно и составьте план прочитанного

текста.

5.Прочтите следующие вопросы, найдите на них ответы в тексте

ипрочитайте вслух:

1.What is electronics? 2. When was electronics born? 3. Where did electronics first establish itself? 4. What does electronics lead to in a larger field? 5. What thinking is electronics doing? 6. In what branches of science and technology is electronics used?

6.Перескажите текст, пользуясь планом и ответами на вопросы.

7.Измените предложения, используя страдательный залог, согласно модели. Обращайте особое внимание на правильное употребление времен.

Model: T.: Electronic devices have revolutionized life.

St.: Life has been revolutionized by electronic devices.

1. Our engineers have developed many new devices. 2. Mendeleyev observed interesting regularities in the properties of elements. 3. We use boilers for many purposes. 4. We frequently cannot burn fuels completely. 5. The application of electronics is changing the entire life of people. 6. Our engineers will design and construct new thermal power stations.

8. Измените предложения со страдательным залогом в предложения с действительным залогом, используя образец.

people. 5. Large atomic power stations are being constructed by the engineers in our country, US, and UK.

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