- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1. Introduction to Pathology
- •2. Techniques for the Study of Pathology
- •6. Inflammation and Healing
- •8. Neoplasia
- •16. The Heart
- •17. The Respiratory System
- •18. The Eye, ENT and Neck
- •20. The Gastrointestinal Tract
- •24. The Female Genital Tract
- •25. The Breast
- •26. The Skin
- •27. The Endocrine System
- •28. The Musculoskeletal System
- •29. Soft Tissue Tumours
- •30. The Nervous System
- •Appendix
- •Further Readings
- •Index
911
Index
The letter t after page number in the index below denotes Table and the letter f stands for Figure on that page.
A
AA protein, 83-86 ABC staging, 589 Aberrant thyroid, 812 Abscess, 145
amoebic liver, 188, 615 apical, 529
appendix, 579 Bartholin’s, 721 brain, 877 breast, 45, 755 Brodie’s, 832 cold, 518 crypt, 568, 569f
Darier-Pautrier, 790 liver, 614-15
lung, 475-76 pelvic, 738-39 perinephric, 682 peritonsillar, 518 psoas, 833 pyaemic, 145, 146f pyogenic, 145
retropharyngeal, 518 stitch, 168 tubo-ovarian, 738-39
Absolute values, 288-89, 901t Acanthocytosis, 293 Acantholysis, 769, 776 Acanthosis, 769
Acanthosis nigricans, 231t Accumulations, intracellular, 37-40
fatty, 37-39 glycogen, 40 proteins, 39
Acetyl choline receptors (AChRs), 857, 580 Acidophil body, 611
Achalasia, 538 Achlorhydria, 545, 550 Achondroplasia, 834 Acid phosphatase,
bony, 830 prostatic, 720
Acid-base balance, 94 Acid-fast staining, 149, 157 Acidophil index, 269, 269t Acidosis,
metabolic, 103-04, 103t respiratory, 103-04, 103t
Acinic cell carcinoma, salivary gland, 537 Acinus, liver, 592-93, 592f
Acinus, lung, 467 Ackerman, Lauren, 5 Acne vulgaris, 771 Acoustic neuroma, 515, 893
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 67-73
clinical manifestations of, 72-74, 72f CDC classification of, 71
CNS manifestations in, 72, 878, 878t epidemiology of, 67-68
etiologic agent of, 68
Kaposi’s sarcoma in, 226, 414-16 laboratory diagnosis of, natural history of, 70-71, 70t oral manifestations in, 523t paediatric, 73
pathogenesis of, 69-70, 69f pathologic changes in, 71-73, 72f pneumonias in, 474, 474t
routes of transmission of, 68 tuberculosis in, 151
Acrochordons, 722, 780 Acromegaly, 793-94 ACTH, 792f, 793-94, 796 Actinic keratosis, 782 Actinomycosis, 163-64
Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), 330
Acute inflammation, see under Inflammation, acute, 130-147
Acute phase reactant proteins, 64, 83, 140-41 Acute transforming viruses, 227 Adamantinoma, 841t
Adaptations, cellular, 53-59, 54f Addison’s disease, 798 Addison, Thomas, 3 Addisonian anaemia, 309-10 Addressins, 342 Adenoameloblastoma, 532 Adenocarcinoma, kidney, 694-96
Adenocarcinoma, oesophagus, 542 Adenocarcinoma, prostate, 718-20 Adenocarcinoma,
salivary gland, 537 urinary bladder, 702
Adenofibroma, ovary, 745 Adenoid cystic carcinoma, 537 Adenolymphoma, 535 Adenoma,
adrenocortical, 799 bile duct,643 breast, 757-58 bronchial, 497t cortical, adrenal, 799 cortical, kidney, 693 follicular, 810-11 hepatocellular, 633 Hurthle cell, 810-11 monomorphic, 535 oxyphil, 535-36 parathyroid, 817-18 pituitary, 795-96 pleomorphic, 534-35 sebaceous, 786
thyroid, 810 tubular, 584 tubulovillous, 584-85
villoglandular, 584-85 villous, 584
Adenoma-carcinoma sequence colon, 586-87, 587f
Adenomyosis, 732 Adenosis, sclerosing, 757 Adenoviruses, 226 ADH, 98, 794
Adhesion molecules, 25
Adipose tissue, tumours of, 865-67 Adnexal (appendageal) tumours, 785-86 Adrenal crisis, 798
Adrenal gland, 796-801 cortex, 796
in shock, 113 medulla, 797
normal structure of, 796-97 tumours of, 799-801
Adrenal virilism, 798 Adrenocortical hyperfunction
(hyperadrenalism), 797-98 Adrenocortical insufficiency,
acute primary (adrenal crisis), 798 chronic primary (Addison’s disease),
798-99 secondary, 799
Adrenogenital syndrome, 798
Adult T cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL), 227-28, 379-80
Aeroembolism, 122-23 AgNOR, 198 Aflatoxin B, 219t, 634 Agenesis, 256
Aggregation, platelet, 115, 328, 334 Aging, cellular, 59-60
organ changes in, 60 Agranulocytosis, 76 AGUS, 272
AIDS-dementia complex, 72, 878 Air-dried smears versus wet-
dried smears, 280t Air pollution, 236-37 AJC staging, 205, 861 AL protein, 82-83, 84-85 Albinism, 40
Albright syndrome, 40, 838 Alcian blue, 12t
Alcoholic hyalin, 35, 621
Alcoholic liver disease and cirrhosis, 239, 622-24
alcohol metabolism in, 238, 240f, 619-20 hepatitis in, 621-22
laboratory diagnosis of, 624 pathogenesis of, 620-21
INDEX
912
INDEX
risk factors in, 620 steatosis, 621-22 Alcoholism, 238-40, 620
Aldosterone, 98, 686-87, 796 Alizarin red S, 13t, 51 Alkaline phosphatase, 595, 830 Alkalosis, 104
metabolic, 104 respiratory, 104
Alkaptonuria, 40-41
Allergic vasculitis, 47f, 402-03 Allergy, 66, 141
Allograft, 65
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, cirrhosis in, 628-29 emphysema, 479-80
Alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), 234, 636 Alpha-protease inhibitor, 479-80 Alport’s syndrome, 678
Alternate pathway disease, 664 Altitude, high, 123
Alveolar proteinosis, 494-95 Alveolar septa, 461
Alveolar soft part sarcoma, 869 Alzheimer’s disease, 37, 884 Amaurosis, 262 Ameloblastoma, 531-32
malignant, 532
American Joint Committee (AJC) staging, 205, 861
Ames’ test, 220 Aminotransferase, 595, 898t Amniotic fluid embolism, 123-24 Amoebiasis, 187-88, 580t Amoeboma, 188
Ampulla of Vater, carcinoma of, 592 Amyloidosis, 82-92
AA protein, 83-84 AL protein, 82-83 alimentary tract, 92 biopsy in, 88 cardiac, 87, 90
chemical nature of, 82-83 classification of, 85-87 diagnosis of, 88 dialysis-associated, 86-87 endocrine, 87
enhancing factor (AEF), 84f, 85 fibril proteins in, 82-83 glycosaminoglycans, 83 haemodialysis-associated, 86-87 heart, 87, 90
heredofamilial, 87 immunohistochemistry in, 88 in diabetes mellitus, 822f
in leprosy, 86
in medullary carcinoma, thyroid, 87, 813-14, 815f
in tuberculosis, 86 kidneys, 89-90 liver, 90-91 localised, 87
metachromasia in, 87-88 morphologic features of, 88-92 non-fibrillar components in, 83 physical nature of, 82-83 P-component of, 83 pathogenesis of, 83
polarising microscopy in, 89f, 91f, 813-14 primary systemic, 86
prion proteins in, 83, 878-79
secondary systemic (reactive), 36 senile, 37
spleen, 90-91
staining, characteristics of, 87-88 systemic, 86-87
transthyretin in, 83, 87 tumour-forming, 87
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis, 857 Anaemia of blood loss, 294-95 Anaemia of chronic disorders, 302-03 Anaemia, aplastic, 325-26
causes of, 325t
clinical features of, 325
etiology and classification of, 325 laboratory findings in, 325-26 treatment of, 326
Anaemia, Cooley’s, 320
Anaemia, Fanconi’s, 325
Anaemia, general considerations, 291-95 classification of, 294t
clinical features of, 291-92 investigations of, 292-94 pathophysiology of, 291
Anaemia, haemolytic, 310-24 acquired (extracorpuscular), 311-14 autoimmune (AIHA), 312-13 classification of, 311t
cold antibody, 312-13 congenital, 314-24 definition of, 310 drug-induced AIHA, 313 extracorpuscular, 311-14 general features of, 311 Heinz body, 317, 320
hereditary (intracorpuscular), 314-24 immunohaemolytic, 312-13
in direct toxic effects, 313-14 in splenomegaly, 314 intracorpuscular, 314-24 isoimmune, 311t, 340-41 microangiopathic, 313
red cell membrane defects, 314-16 warm antibody, 312
Anaemia, haemorrhagic, 294-95 Anaemia, hypochromic, 295-300, 302t Anaemia, iron deficiency, 295-300
bone marrow findings in, 299-300 clinical features of, 298-99 etiology of, 297-98
iron metabolism in, 295-96 laboratory findings in, 299-300 pathogenesis of, 296-97 treatment of, 300
Anaemia, Mediterranean, 320-24 Anaemia, megaloblastic, 303-10 biochemical basis of, 305 biochemical findings in, 307
bone marrow findings in, 307 clinical features of, 306
etiology and classification of, 305-06, 305t laboratory findings in, 306-09
treatment of, 309
Anaemia, microcytic hypochromic, 294t, 299 Anaemia, myelophthisic, 326
Anaemia, normocytic and normochromic, 294t, 302
Anaemia, pernicious, 309-10 Anaemia, sideroblastic, 300-02
classification of, 301
Anal canal, tumours of, 589-90 Anal fissure, 581
Anaphase lag, 258 Anaphylactic reaction, 73-76 Anaphylatoxins, 136, 137f Anaplasia, 197-99 Anasarca, 96
Anatomy, morbid, 7 Androblastoma,
ovary, 749 testis, 713 Anencephaly, 256 Aneuploidy, 258
Aneurysmal bone cyst, 839f, 840 Aneurysms, 405-09
atherosclerotic, 406 berry, 406, 882 classification of, 405 definition of, 405 dissecting, 407-08 syphilitic (luetic), 406-07
Angiitis, 400-05 Angina pectoris, 429
Angina preinfarction, 429 Angina, Ludwig’s, 517 Angina, Vincent, 517 Angiodysplasia, 581
Angiofibroma, nasopharyngeal, 518 Angiogenesis, 167, 199 Angiomyolipoma, 694 Angioneurotic oedema, 76, 97, 770 Angioplasty,
balloon, 459-60 Angiosarcoma, 414, 633 Angiotensin, 98, 686-87, 796 Anisocytosis, 197, 292 Anisonucleosis, 198 Anitschkow cells, 440 Ankyrin, 315
Ann Arbor staging, 372t
in Hodgkin’s disease, 372-73
in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 380 Annexin V, 48
Anoxia, brain, 45, 879-81 Anthracosis, 43, 44f, 488 Anthrax, 178
Anti D, 339
Antibody, 61
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), 64, 229-30
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 98, 794 Anti-endothelial cell antibodies (AECAs), 402 Anti-GBM disease, 664
Anti-heart antibodies, 436 Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies
(ANCAs), 402 Anti-oncogenes, 212-14, 213t versus oncogenes, 214t
Antigen, 61 tumour, 229
tumour-associated, 229 tumour specific, 229
Antigen-antibody complex, 61, 662-64 Antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), 78 Antioxidants, 33
Antisperm antibodies, 76 Antithiamines, 252 Antithrombotic factors, 114 Antoni A and B, 893 Aortic arch syndrome, 404 Aortic atheroma versus
syphilitic aortitis, 402t
Aortic valve, atresia, 426 insufficiency, 451
stenosis, 426, 450-51 Aortitis, syphilitic,
versus aortic atheroma, 402t APC gene, 586-87
Apical abscess, 529 Apical granuloma, 529 Aplasia, 256
Apocrine tumours, 786 Apoplectic cyst, 881 Apoptosis, 46-49
versus necrosis, 48t Apoptotic bodies, 45f, 47f Appendicitis, 577-78 Appendix, 577-79
mucocele of, 579
normal structure of, 577-78 tumours of, 579
APUD cell system, 561, 791 Apudoma, 576
Arachidonic acid metabolites, 137-38 Argentaffin cells, 561 Argentaffinoma, 576-77
Argyria, 43
Arias-Stella reaction, 731 Ariboflavinosis, 253 Armanni-Ebstein lesions, 678 Arnold-Chiari malformation, 873 Arrhenoblastoma, 749 Arrhythmias, 435
Arsenic poisoning, 40
Arteries, normal structure of, 390, 391f Arteriolitis, necrotising, 392 Arteriolosclerosis, 391-92
hyaline, 391 hyperplastic, 391-92 necrotising, 392
Arteriosclerosis, 391-400 hypertensive, 391-92 Mönckeberg’s, 392 senile, 391-92
Arteriovenous malformations, 413
Arteritis, 400-05
cerebral, syphilitic, 401 giant cell, 403-04 Heubner’s, 401
hypersensitivity (allergic), 47f, 402-03 infectious, 400-01
non-infectious, 402-05 rheumatic, 404, 443 syphilitic, 401-02 Takayasu’s, 404
temporal (giant cell), 403-04 Arthritis,
gouty, 853-55 osteoarthritis, 850-51 rheumatoid, 851-53 suppurative, 853 tuberculous, 853
Arthus reaction, 76-77 Asbestos bodies, 492f Asbestos disease, 492-93
pathogenesis of, 492 morphologic features of, 492-93
Aschoff cells, 440
Aschoff nodules (bodies), 439-40 Ascites, 102, 631
Asclepios, 2 Ascorbic acid, 251 ASCUS, 271
Aspergillosis, 181t, 219, 476-77, 477f, 634 Aspiration, bone marrow, 286-87
Aspirin therapy, in platelet functions, 334-35 Aster-Coller staging, 589, 591t
Asteroid bodies, 165 Asthma, 483-84
extrinsic versus intrinsic, 483t Astrocytoma, 887-88
Ataxia telangiectasia, 215, 770 Atelectasis, 465
Atheroma, 398-400, 427 Atheromatous plaques, 398-99, 427
calcification in, 399 complicated, 398-99 Atherosclerosis, 393-400
alcohol in, 395 calcification in, 399
Chlamydia pneumoniae in, 395 clinical effects of, 399-400 coronary, 427-28
definition of, 393 etiology of, 393-95 homocystinuria in, 395
monoclonal hypothesis in, 397 morphologic features of, 397-99 pathogenesis of, 395-97 reaction to injury
hypothesis in, 395-96 risk factors in, 393-95, 393t viruses in, 395
Athlete foot, 773
Atmospheric pollutants, 236-37 ATP, cellular, 29-30
Atresia, aortic, 426
biliary, 601-02 intestinal, 561 oesophageal, 539 pulmonary, 426 tricuspid, 425-26
Atrial septal defect (ASD), 423-24 Atriopeptin hormone, 687 Atrophy, 55
brown, 43 testicular, 55f, 703-04
Atypical lymphocytes, 352 Atypical mycobacteria, 149-51 Auer rods, 364f
Auerbach’s plexus, 561, 579 Auspitz sign, 778 Australia antigen, 607 Autocoids, 137
Autocrine motility factor, 204 Autograft, 65 Autohaemolysis test, 315 Autoimmune diseases, 77-81
pathogenesis of, 77-78
types and examples of, 78-81, 78t Autolysis, 44
Autophagy, 37 Autopsy pathology, 7
Autosomal disorders, 260 Avascular necrosis bone, 833-34 Axial flow, 116, 133
Axonal degeneration, 892 Ayre’s spatula, 276f Azotaemia, 653
B
Bacteraemia, 145
Bacterial diseases, 176t, 175-81 Bacterial endocarditis, 445-49
acute, 445
acute versus subacute, 445 cardiac complications in, 448
complications and sequelae of, 447-48 definition of, 445
etiology of, 445-46
extra-cardiac complications of, 448 morphologic features of, 446-47 pathogenesis of, 446 predisposing factors in, 445-46 subacute, 446
Bacterial index (BI), in leprosy, 158 Bactericidal mechanisms, 135-36 Bagassosis, 488t, 493
Balance, acid base, 94
water and electrolyte, 93-94 Balanitis xerotica obliterans, 714 Balanoposthitis, 714
Ball valve thrombus, 118 Ballooning degeneration, 611 Banding techniques, 257
Banti’s spleen (fibrocongestive splenomegaly), 106-07, 108f, 387
Bantu’s siderosis, 42 Barr body, 257f, 275
Barrett’s oesophagus, 58f, 540-41 Bartholin’s cyst and abscess, 721 Basal cell carcinoma, 193t, 784-85 Basedow’s disease, 806-07 Basement membrane, 170, 203f, 651 Basophilia, 350
punctate, 292 Basophilic stippling, 292 Basophils, 136, 141-42, 350
Basosquamous carcinoma skin, 785 BAX protein, 49, 214
BCG vaccination, 152
BCL-ABL gene, 210, 212, 355, 356f BCL2, 214
Bedsores, 50 Behaviour pattern, 395
Bence Jones’ proteins, 86, 383 Benditt and Benditt, 395 Benedict’s test, 826
Berger’s disease, 674 Beriberi, 252
cerebral (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome), 252
dry, 252
heart disease in, 252 wet, 252
Bernard-Soulier syndrome, 334 Berry aneurysms, 406, 882 Berylliosis, 493
Beta carotene, 247 Beta fibrillosis, 82
Beta-2 amyloid protein, 82 Beta-2-microglobulin, 83, 384 Betel nut cancer, 206 Bethesda system, 271, 726 Bezoars, 546
Bichat, Xavier, 3
Bicuspid aortic valve, 426, 450 Bielschowsky silver stain, 13t
913
INDEX
914
INDEX
Bile acids (salts), test for, 593 Bile lakes, 599-600
Bile plugs, 599 Biliary atresia, 601-02
Biliary cirrhosis, 625-27 contrasting features of, 627t
Biliary system, 638-44 congenital anomalies of, 638 normal structure of, 638 tumours of, 643-44
Bilirubin, 42, 311, 593
conjugated versus unconjugated, 598t tests for, 593
Bilirubin metabolism, 596-97 Biopsy, surgical, 7, 9-11 Bird-breeders’ lung, 494 Bird flu, 185
Birefringence, 88, 89f, 91f Biotin, 253-54
Bitot’s spots, 247f
Bittner milk factor, 207, 227, 760 Blackfan-Diamond syndrome, 326 Blackwater fever, 189, 313
Blast crisis in CML, 358 Blastomas, 193, 207 Blastomycosis, 181t
Bleeding disorders, also see under Haemorrhagic diatheses, 328-38
Blepharoplasts, 872 Bleeding time, 329 Blindness, 509
night, 247
Blood film examination, 292-93
Blood group antigens and antibodies, 339-41 ABO system, 339t
Rh system, 339 Blood transfusion, 339-40
complications of, 339-40 components in, 340
Blood vessels, 390-416
tumours and tumour-like lesions of, 411-16 Blood volume, 93
Blood-brain barrier, 598t, 872 Bloom’s syndrome, 221, Blots,
northern, 17 southern, 17 Blue-dome cysts, 756 Boeck’s sarcoid, 164-65
Bohr effect, 290 Boil, 145, 179
Bombay blood group, 339 Bone
cysts, 839-40 lamellar, 830
metastatic tumours in, 850 normal structure of, 830-31 tumour-like lesions of, 837-40 tumours of, 840-50
woven, 830
Bone marrow, 284-87
aspiration versus trephine, 287 aspiration, 286-87 examination, 285-87
failure, 324-26 transplantation, 326, 365, 374 trephine biopsy, 286-87
Botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma, 519, 724, 867, 868f Botulism, 181
Bouin’s fixative, 652
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), 878-79
Bowen’s disease, 714-15, 782-83 Bowenoid papulosis, 715 Bowman’s space, 650
Boyd, William, 6
Boyden’s chamber experiment, 134 Brain, abscess, 877
Brain, metastatic tumours, 891 Brain, oedema, 101-02, 882, 883f Branchial cyst, 520-21
BRCA gene, 214, 759
Bread and butter appearance, 442 Breast, 754-67
cancer, 759-67
fibrocystic changes in, 755-57 grading of cancer of, 765 inflammatory diseases of, 755 normal structure of, 754-55
prognostic markers of carcinoma, 766-67 silicone implant in, 755
staging of carcinoma of, 765-66 tumours of, 757-67
Brenner’s tumour, ovary, 745 Bright, Richard, 3
Broders’ grading, 204, 784 Brodie’s abscess, 832
Bromsulphalein (BSP) excretion test, 593 Bronchial carcinoid, 503
Bronchial, brushing, 272-73 washing, 272-73
Bronchiectasis, 484-86
Bronchiolitis and bronchiolitis obliterans, 465 Bronchitis, chronic, 477-78
clinical features of, 478 etiopathogenesis of, 477-78 morphologic features of, 478 versus emphysema, 479t
Broncho-(lobular) pneumonia, 471-72 Bronchogenic carcinoma, 496-503
clinical features of, 502 etiology of, 497-98 pathogenesis of, 498-99 incidence of, 497
morphologic features of, 499-501 prognosis of, 503
spread of, 501-02 staging of, 503
Bronchopulmonary sequestration, 462
Bronzed diabetes, 42 Brooke’s tumour, 785 Brown atrophy, heart, 43
Brown induration, lung, 41, 106
Brown tumour of hyperparathyroidism, 816, 836
Bubos, 177
Buccal smear, 257f, 274-75 Budd-Chiari syndrome
(hepatic vein thrombosis), 603-04 Buerger’s disease, 404-05
Buffer system, 94
Bullous dermatoses, 775-78 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 225, 377-78 Burr cells, 293f
Bursa of Fabricius, 62t, 342 Bursitis, 856
Button-hole appearance, 441 Bypass, coronary grafting, 460 Byssinosis, 493-94
C
Cachexia, 230 Cadherins, 25, 203
cafe-au-lait spots, 40, 206, 893 Caisson’s disease, 123 Calcific aortic stenosis, 450
Calcification, pathologic, 51-53 dystrophic, 51-52
dystrophic versus metastatic, 54t metastatic, 51, 53
Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe, 785
Calcinosis cutis, 779 Calcitonin, 816 Calcitriol, 248-49 Calcospherites, 52
Calculi, gallbladder, 638-41 Calculi, urinary, 690-92 Calculus, gum, 529 Call-Exner bodies, 749 Callender classification, 512 Callus formation, 172 Cambium layer, 867
Cancer cervix, invasive, 728-30 Cancer, definition of, 192
diagnosis of, 232-35 classification of, 192-93 characteristics of, 194-205 genetic mechanisms of, 208-16 grading of, 204-05
immune surveillance of, 228-30 metastasis in, 200-04
molecular pathogenesis of, 208-16 multistep theory of, 215 pathogenesis of, 208-28
staging of, 204-05 Cancrum oris, 523 Candidiasis, 182, 270 Caplan’s syndrome, 490 Caput medusae, 632
Carbon tetrachloride, 34, 618t Carbuncle, 145, 179
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), 234, 709 Carcinogenesis,
biologic, 208-28 chemical, 216-20 genetic theory of, 209 physical, 220-21 viral, 222-28
Carcinoid heart disease, 451 Carcinoid syndrome, 451, 577 Carcinoid tumour, 576-77
appendix, 579 bronchial, 503 colon, 589
small intestine, 576-77 stomach, 559
Carcinoma, acinic cell, 537 Carcinoma, adenoid cystic, 537 Carcinoma, adrenal cortex, 799 Carcinoma, breast, 759-67
adenoid cystic, 763-64 classification of, 760t colloid, 763, 764f etiology of, 759-60 grading of, 765 prognosis of, 766-67 staging of, 765-66
infiltrating duct (NOS), 761-62
infiltrating lobular, 762-63 inflammatory, 764 intraductal, 760-61 invasive, 761-65
juvenile, 764 lobular in situ, 761 medullary, 763 mucinous, 763 non-invasive, 760-61 papillary, 763
prognostic factors in, 766-67 secretory, 764
tubular, 763
Carcinoma, cervix, 58, 207, 224-25, 728-30 cytology of, 271-72, 282f
staging of, 730t Carcinoma, colorectal, 586-89
clinical features of, 589 etiology of, 586
morphologic features of, 587-88 pathogenesis of, 586-87
spread of, 588-89 staging of, 589, 590f, 591t
Carcinoma, cortical, adrenal, 799 Carcinoma, definition of, 192 Carcinoma, embryonal, testis, 710-11 Carcinoma, endometrium, 735-37
staging of, 737t
Carcinoma, extra-hepatic duct, 644 Carcinoma, gallbladder, 643-44 Carcinoma, hepatocellular, 633-36 Carcinoma in situ, 58
breast, 760-61 bronchus, 496-503
cervix, 207, 271, 726, 727f oral cavity, 525-26
skin, 714-15, 782-83 urinary bladder, 701 Carcinoma, kidney, 694-96 Carcinoma, liver, 633-36 Carcinoma, lung, 496-504
acinar, 501 adenocarcinoma, 500-01 adenosquamous, 501 bronchiolo-alveolar, 501 epidermoid, 499-500 etiology of,497-98 pathogenesis of, 498-99 hilar, 499
large cell, 501 metastatic, 504 oat cell, 500 peripheral, 499 scar, 500 small cell, 500
squamous cell, 499-500 Carcinoma, mucoepidermoid, 536
Carcinoma, nasopharyngeal, 225-26, 511-12 Carcinoma, nose and paranasal sinuses, 518-19 Carcinoma, oesophagus, 541-43
Carcinoma, oral cavity, 526-27 Carcinoma, pancreas, 647-48 Carcinoma, parathyroid, 818 Carcinoma, penis, 715-16 Carcinoma, prostate, 718-19 Carcinoma, skin, 783-85, 787-90 Carcinoma, stomach, 555-60
clinical features of, 557-58 etiology of, 555 incidence of, 555
morphologic features of, 555-57 spread of, 557
Carcinoma, thyroid, 811-15 Carcinoma, transitional cell, 700-02 Carcinoma, urinary bladder, 700-02 Carcinoma, vagina, 724
staging of, 724t Carcinoma, vulva, 723 staging of, 723t
Cardiac death, sudden, 429f, 436-37 Cardiac oedema, 99, 100f Cardiomyopathies, 454t
congestive, 454-55 dilated, 454-55 hypertrophic, 455 idiopathic, 454-56 ischaemic, 436 restrictive, 455-56 secondary, 456
Cardiospasm, 538 Caries, dental, 528-29 Caries, spine, 833f, 838 Caroli’s disease, 638 Carotenaemia, 43
Carotid body tumour, 521 Carrier state, hepatitis, 609-10
Cartilage-forming tumours, 843-46 Cartilage normal structure of, 831 Caruncle, urethral, 702
Caseous necrosis, 45, 153, 155-56 Castleman’s disease, 343-44 Casts, 652
Cat-scratch disease, 186 Cataract, 510
Catarrhal inflammation, 144 Catenins, 586-87
Cavitary lesions of lung, 155-56, 156f C-cells, 816
CD markers, 25, 62t, 63-64
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), 25 Cell aging, 59-60
Cell cycle, 26-27, 27f labile cells in, 166 permanent cells in, 166 stable cells in, 166
Cell death, 30-31, 44-53 Cell injury, 21-53
chemical, 33-34 enzyme markers of, 32t etiology of, 27-28 free-radical, 31-33 hypoxic, 29-33 immunologic, 28, 73-77 irreversible, 30-31 ischaemic, 29-33 microbial, 28, 174-91 morphology of, 34-37 pathogenesis of, 28-34 physical, 34 reperfusion, 31-33 reversible, 29-30
Cell membrane, 21-22, 289 Cell structure, 21-24
Cell-mediated reaction, 62t, 63, 77 Cellular adaptations, 53-59 Cellular swelling, 34-35 Cellulitis, 145
Celsus, 2 Cementomas, 532 Cementum, 528
Central nervous system (CNS), 871-91 degenerative diseases of, 884-85 demyelinating diseases of, 883-84
embryonal tumours of, 889 infections of, 873-79 metabolic diseases of, 885 metastatic tumours of, 891 normal structure of, 871-72 nutritional diseases of, 886 trauma to, 882-83 tumours of, 886-91
Centrilobular haemorrhagic necrosis, 106, 107f Centriole, 24, 257
Centromere, 24, 257 Centrosome, 24
Cerebral infarction, 127f, 880-81 Cerebral malaria, 189, 313 Cerebral oedema, 101-02 Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 873-76
findings in meningitis, 876t cytology of, 276
Cerebrovascular disease, 879-82 Ceruloplasmin, 628
Cerumen gland tumour, 514
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), 271-72, 725-28
Cervicitis, 724-25 Cervix, 724-30
carcinoma of, 728-30 normal structure of, 724 tumours of, 725-30
Chagas’ disease, 187t, 580 Chalazion, 508
Chancre, 162
Charaka, 2
Charcot-Leyden crystals, 484f Chediak-Higashi syndrome, 349 Chemical carcinogenesis, 216-20
initiation of, 216-18 initiators of, 219t promoters of, 219t
promoter versus initiator, 220t promotion of, 218
stages of, 216-20 tests for, 220
Chemical carcinogens, 219t Chemical injury, 33-34
Chemical mediators of inflammation, 136-40 Chemoattractants, 134
Chemodectoma, 521
Chemokines, 26, 134 Chemotaxis, 134 Chickenpox, 186 Chikungunya, 184
Childhood tumours, 207, 264t, 265t Chlamydiae, 508
Chloasma, 40
Chloroma, 363
Chocolate cyst of ovary, 733 Cholangiocarcinoma, 636-37 Cholangioma, 633 Cholangitis, 614
primary sclerosing, 626, 627t pyogenic, 614
Cholecystitis, 641-43 acute, 641-42 chronic, 642 glandularis, 642 Cholecystokinin, 639
Choledocholithiasis, 641 Cholelithiasis (gallstones), 638-41 Cholestasis, 599-600
extrahepatic, 599-600 intrahepatic, 599
915
INDEX
916
INDEX
Cholesteatoma (keratoma), 514-15 |
pathogenesis of, 618 |
Congenital heart diseases, 422-26 |
Cholesterolosis, 641f |
pigment, 627-28 |
acyanotic, 423-24 |
Choline, 254 |
portal hypertension in, 630-32 |
cyanotic, 424-26 |
Choline esterase, 857 |
post-hepatitic, 624-25 |
malpositions, 423 |
Chondroblastoma, 845 |
post-necrotic, 624-25 |
obstructive, 426 |
Chondrocytes, 839 |
Wilson’s disease, 628 |
Congestion, 105-08 |
Chondrodermatitis, 514 |
Clara cells, 461 |
local venous, 106-07 |
Chondroma, 844 |
Clark’s levels, 789 |
passive, 105-07 |
Chondromalacia, 514 |
Claude Bernarde, 93 |
systemic venous, 105f |
Chondromyxoid fibroma, 845 |
Clear cell sarcoma, 869 |
Congestive heart failure (CHF), 105f, 419-22, |
Chondrosarcoma, 845-46 |
Clear cell tumours, ovary, 745 |
420f |
Chordoma, 849 |
Clefts, facial, 522 |
Congestive splenomegaly, 106-07, 387 |
Chorea minor, 443 |
Clinging carcinoma, breast, 766 |
Congo red, 88, 89f, 91f, 815f, 822f |
Chorioadenoma destruens, 753 |
Clinicopathologic correlation (CPC), 3 |
Conjugated versus unconjugated bilirubin, 598t |
Choriocarcinoma, 753 |
Cloning, 7 |
Conjunctivitis, 508 |
gestational, 753 |
Clostridial diseases, 180-81 |
Conn’s syndrome, 797-98 |
nongestational, 748 |
Clotting system, 116f, 139, 329-30 |
Consolidation, 468-71 |
testis, 711 |
Clotting time, 330 |
Consumptive coagulopathy, 337-38 |
Choristoma, 193, 796 |
Cloudy swelling, 34-35 |
Contraceptives, oral, 239t, 633 |
Choroid plexus papilloma, 889 |
CNS tumours, 886-91 |
Contractures, 170 |
Christmas disease, 335-36 |
Coagulation disorders, 335-38 |
Coombs’ test, 76, 311, 341 |
Chromaffin tumour, 799-800 |
Coagulation system, 116f, 139, 329-30 |
Copper metabolism, 254, 628 |
Chromatin, sex, 257f, 275 |
Coagulation tests, 329-31 |
Cor bovinum, 252 |
Chromogens, 15 |
Coagulative necrosis, 45 |
Cor pulmonale, 437-38 |
Chromosomes, 6, 22-23 |
Coal-workers’ pneumoconiosis, 488-90 |
Cord factor, 152 |
Chronic inflammation, 147-65 |
Coarctation of aorta, 426, 687 |
Coronary artery disease (CAD), |
(also see under Inflammation) |
Coccidioidomycosis, 181t |
(also see under IHD), 427-37 |
Chronic ischaemic heart disease, 436 |
Codman’s triangle, 842 |
Coronary syndromes, acute, 428 |
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), 375-77 |
Coeliac disease, 575 |
Corpora amylacea, 718f, 872 |
Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 357-59 |
Coeliac sprue, 575 |
Corrigan’s pulse, 451 |
blastic phase in, 358 |
Coelomic epithelium, 739 |
Cortical necrosis kidney, 690 |
juvenile CML, 357 |
ovarian tumours of, 741-45 |
Councilman (acidophil) body, 611 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease |
Coffee-bean nuclei, 745 |
CPC, 3 |
(COPD), 477-86 |
Cohnheim, 5 |
Craniopharyngioma, 796, 886t |
bronchial asthma, 483-84 |
Cold abscess, 153 |
Craniotabes, 249 |
bronchiectasis, 484-86 |
Cold agglutinin disease, 312-13 |
Crescents, 668 |
chronic bronchitis, 477-78 |
Colitis, 580t |
CREST syndrome, 80-81 |
emphysema, 478-83 |
amoebic, 187-88, 572-73 |
Cretinism, 803 |
versus restrictive lung disease, 486t |
pseudomembranous, 573 |
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, (CJD), 878-79 |
Chronic restrictive pulmonary disease, 486-96 |
ulcerative, 565-69 |
Cri du chat syndrome, 259 |
collagen vascular disease, 495 |
Collagen, 170 |
Cribriform pattern, 537, 781 |
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 495-96 |
Collagen diseases, 77-81, 78t |
Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 601 |
immunologic lung disease, 493-95 |
Collagen vascular disease, 77-81 |
Crinopectins, 26 |
pneumoconiosis, 487-93 |
lung, 495 |
Cristae, 24 |
versus COPD, 486t |
Collapse lung, 465 |
Crohn’s disease versus ulcerative colitis, 566t |
Chronic venous congestion (CVC), 105-08 |
Colliquative necrosis, 45 |
Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, 585 |
kidney, 107 |
Colloid carcinoma, |
Crux of heart, 418 |
liver, 106-07 |
breast, 763, 764f |
Cryoprecipitate, 340 |
lungs, 106 |
stomach, 557 |
Crypt abscess, 568, 569f |
spleen, 106-08 |
Colloids, plasma, 95, 97 |
Cryptococcosis, 176f, 181t, 876 |
Chutta cancer, 218 |
Colloid pressure, 95, 96-97 |
Cryptorchidism, 703-05 |
Chyle, 97, 410 |
Colony-stimulating factor, 25, 285 |
CSF, source and circulation of, 873, 874f |
Chylothorax, 97, 411 |
Colorectal polyps, 582-86, 582t |
Curling’s ulcers, 550 |
Chyluria, 411 |
cancer, 586-89 |
Curschmann’s spiral, 484f |
Cicatrisation, 170 |
neoplastic versus non-neoplastic, 585t |
Cushing’s syndrome, 797 |
Cilia, 24 |
Coma, nonketotic, 825 |
Cushing’s ulcers, 550 |
Circle of Willis, 406, 882 |
Combined (fast) smears, 268 |
Cyanmethaemoglobin method, 292 |
Cirrhosis, liver, 618-30 |
Comedo pattern, 761 |
Cyanocobalamin, 253, 303 |
alcoholic, 619-24 |
Comedones, 771 |
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs), 26, 27f |
alpha-antitrypsin deficiency, 628 |
Commensals, 174 |
Cyclins, 26, 212 |
biliary, 625-27, 627t |
Common cold, 515 |
Cyclo-oxygenase pathway, 137, 138f |
cardiac, 628-29 |
Complement system, 139-40, 664 |
Cylindroma, 786 |
classification of, 619t |
Complicated plaques, 398-99 |
Cystic diseases of kidney, 656-60 |
clinical manifestations and complications |
Components, blood, 341 |
Cystic fibrosis, pancreas, 645 |
of, 630 |
Computers in pathology lab, 19 |
Cystic hygroma, 412, 521 |
cryptogenic, 629 |
Concato’s disease, 458 |
Cystic hyperplasia, endometrium, 733, 734f |
haemochromatosis, 627-28 |
Concentration and dilution tests, |
Cystic medial necrosis of Erdheim’s, 407 |
Indian childhood (ICC), 629 |
kidney, 652-53 |
Cysticercosis, 187t, 190, 879f |
macronodular, 619, 624f |
Conchoid bodies, 165 |
Cystine stones, 692 |
micronodular, 618-19, 623f |
Concussion, 883 |
Cystitis, 699 |
mixed forms, 618 |
Condyloma acuminatum, 714, 722, 772 |
Cystitis cystica, 699 |
Cystosarcoma phyllodes, 758-59 Cysts,
acquired renal, 659t apoplectic, 881 Bartholin’s, 721 biliary, 638
bone, 839-40
branchial (lymphoepithelial), 520-21 congenital pulmonary, 462
dental, 530 dentigerous, 530
dermoid, 520, 746, 781-82 echinococcal, 187t, 616-17 epidermal, 781
eruption, 530 follicular, 740 Gartner’s duct, 723 gingival, 530 globulomaxillary, 531 hepatic, 632-33 implantation, 169, 781 jaw, 529-31
kidney, 656t
lateral cervical, 520-21 lung, 462
luteal, 740 lymphoepithelial, 520-21 mesenteric, 591
midline cervical, 520 nasolabial, 530 nasopalatine, 530 neck, 520-21 odontogenic, 530 pancreatic, 647 pararenal, 659-60 parathyroid, 521
pilar (trichilemmal and sebaceous), 781 primordial, 530
radicular, 530 sebaceous, 781 simple renal, 659 thymic, 521 thyroglossal, 520 trichilemmal, 781 Wolffian, 723
Cytocentrifuge, 277
Cytochemistry, 362t
Cytogenetics, 257-59 Cytohormonal evaluation, 269 Cytokeratin, 23, 262f Cytokines, 25-26, 138-39 Cytology, diagnostic, 266-83
biopsy sediment, 283 branches of, 267 buccal smear, 274-75 cerebrospinal fluid, 274
collection of sample for, 275-76 crush smear, 283
effusions, 273-74 exfoliative, 267-77
exfoliative versus interventional, 267t female genital tract, 267-72
fine needle aspiration (FNAC), 277-83 fixation and fixatives, 276-77
fluids, 273-74 gastrointestinal tract, 273 imprint, 283 interventional, 277-83
interventional versus exfoliative, 267t Pap smear, applications of, 267-72 respiratory tract, 272-73
role of, 266-67
semen examination, 274 staining in, 277
techniques of, exfoliative cytology, 275-77 urinary tract, 273
Cytomegaloviruses, 183t, 190-91 Cytometry, flow, 18-19 Cytoskeleton, 23-24
Cytosol, structure of, 23-24 Cytotactin, 170
Cytotoxic reaction, 76
D
Dane particle, 606 Darier’s disease, 770
Darier-Pautrier abscess, 790
DeBakey clasification, aneurysms, 407, 408f Debridement, 169
Decay accelerating factor, 314 Decidual reaction, 731 Decompression sickness, 123 Defibrination syndromes, 337-38 Degenerations, 34-36
albuminous, 34-35 fibrinoid, 46, 47f hyaline, 35 hydropic, 34-35 mucoid, 35-36 vacuolar, 34-35 Wallerian, 892
Degenerations, peripheral nervous system, 891-92
axonal, 891 segmental, 891 Wallerian, 891
Degenerative joint disease (DJD), 850-51 Dehydration, 102
Delayed hypersensitivity, 75f, 77, 152 Deletions, chromosomal, 259 Demyelinating diseases, 883-84 Dendrites, 871f
Dendritic cells, 64, 385 Denervation atrophy, 857-58 Dengue fever, 184
Dense deposit disease, 664, 671-72 Dentin, 528
Denver classification, 23, 257 Dependent oedema, 99 DeQuervain’s thyroiditis, 805-06 Dermatitis (eczema), 770, 771f Dermatitis herpetiformis, 777
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, 789-90, 864 Dermatomyositis-polymyositis, 81, 495 Dermatophytes, 183, 713-14
Dermatoses, 769-79 connective tissue, 774-75 genetic, 769-70 granulomatous, 774 infectious, 771-74 metabolic, 778-79
non-infectious bullous, 775-78 non-infectious inflammatory, 770-71 scaling, 778
Dermoid cyst, 520, 746, 781-82 ovary, 746
testis, 712 Desmin, 23, 861
Desmoid tumours, 863 Desmoplasia, 199
Desmoplastic small cell tumour, 591
Desmosomes, 25 Developmental defects, 256-57 Devil’s pinches, 331 Dextrocardia, 423
Diabetes insipidus, 653, 795 Diabetes mellitus, 818-28
atherosclerosis in, 394, 826 bronzed, 42
chemical, 826 classification of, 818t clinical features of, 823-24
criteria for diagnosis of, 825t complications of, 824-26 diagnosis of, 826-28 gestational, 819
MODY, 819
normal insulin metabolism in, 819-20 risk factors for, 819t
morphologic features of, 822-23 pathogenesis of, 819-22
Diabetic ketoacidosis, 825, 826t Diabetic microangiopathy, 826 Diabetic nephropathy, 826 Diabetic neuropathy, 826 Diabetic retinopathy, 826 Diagnosis of cancer, 232-35
Dialysis-related bone disease, 836-37 Diapedesis, 107, 134
Diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated, 573 Diazo reaction, 593
Diet and cancer, 254-55 Differentiation of neoplastic cells, 197 Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), 463 Diffuse axonal injury, 883
Dilatation, cardiac, 421-22 Diphtheria, 517
Disease, definition of, 1 Dissecting aneurysm, 407-08
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), 337-38
Disseminated (multiple) sclerosis, 883-84 Diuretic phase, 654
Divers’ palsy, 123 Diverticula,
Meckel’s, 561-62 oesophageal, 539 Diverticulosis coli, 581
DNA chromosomal instability syndrome, 587 DNA oncogenic viruses, 224t
DNA, structure of, 6f, 23 Doderlein bacilli, 269 Dohle bodies, 348 Dominant pattern, 260
Donath-Landsteiner antibody, 313 Donovan bodies, 179
Dopa reaction, 40 Down’s syndrome, 258 Downey cells, 352 Drabkin’s fluid, 292 Drepanocytes, 293 Dressler’s syndrome, 436 Dropsy, 96
Drug abuse, 241
Drug injury, 28, 238, 239t Drumstick appendage, 257f, 275 Dry gangrene, 49-50
Dry tap, 287t, 326
Dubin Johnson syndrome, 601 Duct ectasia, 755
Dukes’ staging, 589, 590f, 590t Duodenal ulcer, 550-54
versus gastric ulcer, 551t
917
INDEX
918Dupuytren’s contracture, 170 Dura mater, 872
Durozier sign, 451
Dust diseases, lung, 487-93 Dwarfism,
achondroplasia, 833 hypothyroid, 803 pituitary, 795
Dysenteries, 572-73 amoebic, 572-73 bacillary, 572
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), 731-32 Dysgenetic gonads, 707
Dysgerminoma ovary, 747 Dyskeratosis, 769 Dyslipidaemia, 393-94, 661 Dysplasia,
bronchopulmonary, 465 cervical, 271-72, 725-28 developmental, 256 fibromuscular, arteries, 409 fibrous, 837-38
mammary, 756-57 oral cavity, 525-26 renal cystic, 657 skeletal, 834
Dystraphic anomalies, 256, 873 Dystrophic calcification, 52 Dystrophy, muscular, 858-59 Dystrophy, vulval, 721, 722f D-xylose test, 574
E
|
Ear, 513-15 |
|
cauliflower, 514 |
|
normal structure of, 513-14 |
|
tumours and tumour-like lesions of, 514-15 |
|
Ecchymoses, 107, 331 |
INDEX |
Eccrine hidradenoma, 786 |
Eccrine, poroma, 786 |
|
spiradenoma, 786 |
|
Eccrine tumours, 786 |
|
|
Echinococcosis, 187t, 616-17 |
|
Ectopia, 256 |
|
Ectopia vesicae (exstrophy), 698 |
|
Ectopic hormone production, 232, 502, 696 |
|
Ectopic tubal pregnancy, 739 |
|
Eczema, 770 |
|
Effusions, pleural, 505 |
|
cytology of, 273-74 |
|
Ehler-Danlos syndrome, 331 |
|
Ehrlich, Paul, 4f |
|
Elastic fibres, 170 |
|
Elastofibroma, 862 |
|
Electrical injury, 28, 242 |
|
Electrolytes, disturbances of, 93-94, 103 |
|
Electron microscope, 14-15 |
|
Electrophoresis, haemoglobin, 324, 383 |
|
Electrophoresis in myeloma, 383 |
|
Elephantiasis, 97, 411, 706 |
|
Elliptocytosis, |
|
hereditary, 293f, 315 |
|
Embden-Meyerhof pathway, 289, 317f |
|
Embolism, 119-24 |
|
air, 122-23 |
|
amniotic fluid, 123-24 |
|
arterial, 120f |
|
atheromatous, 124 |
classification of, 120t fat, 121-22
gas, 12-23 miscellaneous, 124 paradoxical, 119 pulmonary, 120-21 retrograde, 120 saddle, 120 systemic, 121
thromboembolism, 120-21 tumour, 124
venous, 120t Embolus, 119 Embryoma, 193, 637
Embryonal carcinoma testis, 710-11 Embryonal tumours, 206-07 Emigration, 134
Emphysema, 478-83 bullous, 480f centriacinar, 481 centrilobular, 481 classification of, 478t clinical features of, 480-81
etiopathogenesis of, 479-80 interstitial, 483
irregular, 482
morphologic features of, 480-82 morphology of individual types of, 481-82 overinflation, 482-83
panacinar, 481-82 paraseptal, 482 senile, 482 surgical, 483
versus predominant bronchitis, 479 Empty-sella syndrome, 794-95 Empyema,
appendix, 579 gallbladder, 642 nasal sinus, 515 thoracis, 504
Enamel, 528 Encephalitis, 877-79
bacterial, 877 fungal, 879 HIV, 878 protozoal, 879 viral, 877-78
Encephalocele, 873 Encephalomalacia, 126 Encephalomyelitis,
acute disseminated, 884 perivenous, 884
Encephalopathy, hepatic, 632 Encephalopathy, ischaemic-hypoxic, 879-80 Encephalopathy, spongiform, 878 Enchondroma, 844-45
Encrustation theory, 395 End-stage kidney, 674-75 Endarteritis obliterans, 400-01 Endocardial fibroelastosis, 455 Endocarditis, 444-49, 447t
atypical verrucous, 444 bacterial, 445-48 cachectic, 444-45 infective, 445-49 Libman-Sacks, 444 Löeffler’s, 456 marantic, 444-45
nonbacterial thrombotic (NBTE), 444-45 rheumatic, 441
tuberculous, 448
Endocrine system, 791-829 Endodermal sinus tumour,
ovary, 748 testis, 711
Endometrial carcinoma, 735-37 Endometrial hyperplasia, 733-34 Endometrioid tumours, ovary, 744-45 Endometriosis, 732-33
Endometritis, 732 tuberculous, 732
Endometrium, 730-38
cyclic changes in, 730, 731f effects of hormones on, 730-31 in menopause, 731
normal structure of, 730 pregnancy changes in, 731
Endomyocardial biopsy, 459 Endomyocardial fibrosis, 456 Endophthalmitis, 508 Endoplasmic reticulum, 24 Endotoxin, 109, 175
Enteric fever, 571-72 Enterochromaffin cells, 561 Enterocolitis,
infective, 569-73 ischaemic, 565 membranous, 564-65 necrotising, 565 pseudomembranous, 573
Enteropathy, protein-losing, 576 Environmental chemicals, 242 Environmental diseases, 236-43 Eosinophilia, 141, 350 Eosinophilia, pulmonary, 456, 494 Eosinophilic granuloma, 385 Eosinophils, 141, 350
Eotaxin, 134 Ependyma, 872 Ependymoma, 888-89
Epidermis, structure of, 768-69 Epidermodysplasia
verruciformis, 224, 772 Epidermoid carcinoma, 192f
cervix, 728-29 lung, 499-500 oesophagus, 541-42 oral cavity, 526-27 penis, 715-16
skin, 783-84 vulva, 723
Epidermolysis bullosa, 522 Epididymitis, 705 Epididymo-orchitis, 705 Epidural haematoma, 882, 883f Epispadias, 714
Epithelioid cells, 152-53 Epithelioid sarcoma, 869
Epstein-Barr virus, 183t, 225, 350, 377, 518 Epulis, 524
Erdheim’s medial degeneration, 36, 407 ER/PR, 765
Erythema marginatum, 443 Erythema multiforme, 777
Erythema nodosum and induratum, 771 Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), 160 Erythroblastosis foetalis, 76, 341 Erythrocytic sedimentation rate (ESR), 294 Erythrocytosis, 359
Erythroid series, development of, 287-88 disorders of, 287-326
Erythrophagocytosis, 571 Erythroplasia, 525 Erythroplasia of Queyrat, 715 Erythropoiesis, 287-88 Erythropoietin, 288 Esthesioneuroblastoma, 517 Ethanol, 38, 238-40, 619-21 Euchromatin, 23 Eumycetoma, 182
Evan’s syndrome, 312 Ewing’s sarcoma, 848-49 Ewing’s, James, 5 Exanthemata, viral, 186, 713
Exfoliative cytology (see also under Cytology), 267-77
Exfoliative versus interventional cytology, 267t Exostosis, osteocartilaginous, 843
Exotoxin, 109, 175
Exstrophy (ectopia vesicae), 698 Extracellular fluid compartment, 93 Exudate versus transudate, 96t Exudation, 144
Eye, 507-13
congenital lesions of, 507-08 inflammatory conditions of, 508 metastatic, 513
miscellaneous conditions of, 510-11 normal structure of, 507
tumours and tumour-like lesions of, 511-13, 511t
vascular lesions of, 508-10
F
FAB classification, acute leukaemia, 362
myelodysplastic syndrome, 361 Fabricius, 3
Fabry’s disease, 678 Facial clefts, 522 Faecolith, 578 Fallopian tube, 738-39
normal structure of, 738-39 Fallopius, Gabriel, 3
Fallot’s tetralogy, 425
Familial Mediterranean fever, 37
Familial polyposis coli syndrome, 206, 585, 586 Fanconi’s anaemia, 325
Farmer’s lung, 493 FAS receptors, 48, 49f Fascitis, nodular, 862
Fast (combined) smear, 268 Fat aspiration, 88, 282f
Fat embolism, 121-22 Fat necrosis, 45-46
breast, 755
Fat-soluble vitamins, 247-51 Fat stains, 12t, 38
Fatty change, 37-39, 621-22 Fatty infiltration, stromal, 39 Fatty liver, 37-39, 621-22 Favism, 316
Felty’s syndrome, 852 Fenton reaction, 32f Fernandez reaction, 159 Ferric-ferrocyanide, 41 Ferrireductase, 295 Ferritin, 300, 301 Ferroportin, 295 Feulgen, Robert, 5
Fever,
enteric, 571-72 dengue, 184
viral haemorrhagic, 183-84 yellow, 183-84
Fibril protein, 82-83
Fibrin-split products (FSP), 116, 330, 338 Fibrinogen, 116, 330, 338
Fibrinoid necrosis, 46, 79 Fibrinolysis, 331, 337-38 Fibrinolytic defects, 337 Fibrinolytic system, tests for, 331 Fibroadenoma, breast, 757-58 Fibrocystic change, breast, 755-57 Fibrocystic disease, pancreas, 645 Fibrohistiocytic tumours, 864-65
benign, 864 malignant, 864-65
Fibrolamellar carcinoma, liver, 635-36 Fibroma,
ameloblastic, 532 cementifying, 532 chondromyxoid, 845 non-ossifying, 838 oral mucosa, 524 ovary, 749
renal, 694t
soft tissue, 861-62 Fibromatosis,
colli, 521 desmoid, 863 gingivae, 525
palmar and plantar, 862-63 retroperitoneal, idiopathic, 591
Fibromuscular dysplasia, arteries, 409 Fibronectin, 170
Fibrosarcoma, 863-64 Fibrosclerosis, multifocal, 591, 806
Fibrosis, idiopathic pulmonary, 495-96 Fibrous cortical defect, 838
Fibrous dysplasia of bone, 837-38 Fiedler’s myocarditis, 453 FIGLU test, 308
FIGO classification, cervical cancer, 730t
endometrial carcinoma, 737t ovarian carcinoma, 751t vaginal carcinoma, 724t vulval carcinoma, 723t
Filariasis, 97, 190
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), 277-83
advantages of, 278 applications of, 278 complications of, 281 contraindications of, 281 limitations of, 283 method of, 278-79 precautions in, 281 procedure of, 278-79 smear preparation, 279
Fish-mouth appearance, 441 Fissure, anal, 581
Fistula in ano, 581
Fistula, tracheo-oesophageal, 538 Fite-Faraco staining, 157 Fixatives in cytology, 276-77 Flagella, 24
Flavonoids, 254 Flea-bitten kidney, 666, 688
Floppy valve syndrome, 450
Flow cytometry, 18 |
919 |
Fluid compartments, 93 |
|
Fluorescent microscope, 14 |
|
Fluorochrome, 15 |
|
Fluorosis, skeletal, 837 |
|
FNAC, 277-83 |
|
Foam cell, 160, 397f, |
|
Focal glomerulonephritis, 672-74 |
|
Focal necrosis, liver, 604-05 |
|
Foetal alcohol syndrome, 256 |
|
Folate, 253, 304-06 |
|
Folin-Wu method, 827 |
|
Follicular adenoma, thyroid, 810-11 |
|
Follicular hyperplasia, lymph node, 343-44 |
|
Folliculitis, 179 |
|
Fontana-Masson, 13t, 788 |
|
Food poisoning, 181, 572 |
|
Foot process disease, 669-70 |
|
Fordyce’s granules, 522 |
|
Fracture healing, 171-72, 834 |
|
Franklin’s disease, 384 |
|
Franzen handle, 278f |
|
Free radicals, 32 |
|
Frost-bite, 242 |
|
Frozen section, 10-11 |
|
Fungal diseases, 181-83 |
|
Fungal infections, 181t |
|
lungs, 476-77 |
|
skin, 773-74 |
|
Fungal stains, 175t, 176f |
|
Furuncle, 145, 179 |
|
G
Galactocele, 755 |
|
Galactorrhoea, 794 |
|
Galen, Claudius, 2 |
|
Gallbladder carcinoma, 643-44 |
|
Gallstones, 638-41 |
|
Gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (g-GT), 595 |
INDEX |
Gamna-Gandy bodies, 106-07, 108f |
|
Ganglioneuroma, 801 |
|
Ganglion cyst, 855-56 |
|
Gangrene, 49-51 |
|
dry versus wet, 51t |
|
gas, 59 |
|
Gap junctions, 25 |
|
Gardner’s syndrome, 585-86 |
|
Gartner duct cyst, 723 |
|
Gastric acid, 544-45 |
|
Gastric analysis, 544-45 |
|
Gastric canal, 543 |
|
Gastric carcinoma, |
|
early (EGC), 556 |
|
Gastric lavage, 273 |
|
Gastric ulcer, 549-54 |
|
benign versus malignant, 557 |
|
versus duodenal ulcer, 551t |
|
Gastrin, 545 |
|
Gastrinoma, 829 |
|
Gastritis, 546-49 |
|
acute, 546-47 |
|
atrophic, 547, 548-49 |
|
autoimmune, 547 |
|
chronic, 547-49 |
|
chronic superficial, 548 |
|
classification of, 547 |
|
H. pylori,547, 548f |
|
hypertrophic, 549 |
|
type A, 547 |
|
920
INDEX
type AB, 547 |
primary, 665-75 |
actinomycosis, 163-64 |
type B, 547 |
rapidly progressive, 667-69 |
examples of, 149-65 |
Gastroenteropathy, |
secondary, 675-78 |
leprosy, 157-61 |
haemorrhagic, 564-65 |
Glomerulosclerosis, |
sarcoidosis, 164-65 |
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST), 554-55 |
collapsing sclerosis, 674 |
skin, 774-75 |
Gastrointestinal tract, 538-91 |
diffuse, 677 |
syphilis, 161-63 |
Gaucher’s disease, 262-63 |
focal segmental, 673-74 |
prostate, 717 |
G-cell tumour, 829 |
nodular, 678 |
tuberculosis, 149-57 |
Genetic diseases, 256-63 |
Glomerulus, structure of, 650 |
uveitis, 508 |
Genetic disorders, 256-63 |
Glomus jugulare tumour, 515 |
Granulopoiesis, 345-47 |
Genome, human, 7 |
Glomus tumour (glomangioma), 412-13 |
Granulosa cell tumour, |
Germ cell tumours, 193 |
Glossitis, 523 |
ovary, 748-49 |
ovary, 745-48 |
Glucose tolerance test (GTT), 827f |
testis, 713 |
testis, 709-13 |
Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) |
Granulosa-theca cell tumour, 749 |
Ghon’s complex, 153-54 |
deficiency, 316-17 |
Graves’ disease, 806-07 |
GI bleeding, 591t |
Glucosuria, 826-27 |
Grawitz tumour, 694-96 |
Giant cell lesions of bone, 847-48 |
alimentary (lag storage), 827 |
Grossing, 10 |
Giant cell tumour of bone, 846-48 |
renal, 827 |
Ground glass nuclei, 813 |
Giant cell tumour of tendon sheath, 885 |
Glutathione-S-transferase (GST), 597 |
Growth factors, 210-11 |
Giant cells, 143-44 |
Gluten-sensitive enteropathy, 575 |
receptors for, 212 |
foreign body, 143 |
Glycocalyx, 21 |
Growth, adaptive disorder of, 53-59 |
Langhans’, 143 |
Glycogen stains, 12t, 40 |
Guillain-Barre syndrome, 892 |
Touton, 143 |
Glycogen storage diseases, 261-62 |
Gum hypertrophy, 363, 524 |
tumour, 143-44 |
Glycogenoses, 261t |
Gumma, 163f |
Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium, 94 |
Glycolipids, 152 |
Gynaecomastia, 757 |
Giemsa, 12t, 277 |
Glycophorine, 289 |
Gynandroblastoma, 749 |
Gigantism, 793-94 |
Glycoproteins, adhesive, 170 |
|
Gilbert’s syndrome, 600 |
Glycosaminoglycans, 83, 170, 262 |
H |
Gingivitis, 529 |
Glycosylated Hb (Hb A1C), 828 |
|
GIST (Gastrointestinal stromal tumour), 554-55 |
Goitre, 807-10 |
|
Gitter cells, 872 |
adenomatous, 808-10 |
5-Hydroxy tryptamine (HT), 136-37 |
Glanzman’s disease, 334 |
colloid, 807-08 |
H-substance, 339 |
Glaucoma, 510-11 |
diffuse toxic, 806-07 |
Haber-Weiss reaction, 136 |
Gleason’s staging, prostate, 720 |
endemic, 807 |
Haemangioblastoma, 414, 889 |
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), 24 |
nodular, 808-10 |
Haemangioendothelioma, 413-14 |
Glioblastoma multiforme, 887-88 |
simple, 807-08 |
Haemangioma, 411-12 |
Gliomas, 886-90 |
sporadic, 807-08 |
capillary type, 411-12 |
Gliosis, 45, 881 |
Goitrogens, 807 |
cavernous type, 412 |
Glisson’s capsule, 592 |
Golgi apparatus, 24 |
granulation tissue type, 412 |
Global, hypoxic-ischaemic |
Gomori’s methenamine silver, 12t, 175, 176f |
liver, 633 |
encephalopathy, 879-80 |
Gonadoblastoma, |
mouth, 524 |
Globi, 158f |
ovary, 750 |
nose, 517 |
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM), 650, |
testis, 713 |
Haemangiopericytoma, 414 |
651f |
Goodpasture’s syndrome, 494, 667-68 |
Haematemesis, |
Glomerular diseases, 660-78 |
Gout and pseudogout, 853-55 |
of gastric origin, 554 |
classification of, 660t |
G-proteins, receptors, 26, 212 |
of oesophageal origin, 539-40 |
clinical manifestations of, 660-62 |
Grading of tumours, 204-05 |
Haematin, 42 |
contrasting features of, 676t |
Graft rejection, 65-66 |
Haematocele, 706f |
definition of, 660 |
Graft versus host reaction, 66 |
Haematogenous spread of tumours, 201-02 |
pathogenesis of, 662-65 |
Graft, vascular, 460 |
Haematological neoplasms, 353-56 |
specific types of, 665-78 |
Gram Christian, 4 |
classification of, 353-54 |
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 653 |
Granular cell myoblastoma, 525, 869 |
etiology, 354-55 |
Glomerular injury, |
Granular cell tumour, posterior |
pathogenesis, 355-56 |
pathogenesis of, 662-65 |
pituitary, 796 |
Haematological values, 901t |
Glomerulonephritis (GN), 665-75 |
Granulation tissue formation, 166-67 |
Haematoma, 107 |
acute, 665-67 |
Granulocytes, 141, 345 |
dissecting, 407-08 |
chronic, 674-75 |
Granuloma, 148-49 |
epidural, 882 |
crescentic, 667-69 |
annulare, 774 |
subdural, 882-83 |
distinguishing features of, 676t |
apical, 529 |
Haematopoiesis, 284-85 |
end stage, 674-75 |
eosinophilic, 385 |
extramedullary, 285, 360 |
focal, 672-74 |
caseating, 148-49 |
Haematopoietic stem cells, 285-86 |
IgA, 674 |
gravidarum, 412, 524 |
Haematoxylin bodies of Gross, 79, 444 |
mechanisms of, 662-65 |
inguinale, 178-79 |
Haematuria, 661-62, 691, 696 |
membranoproliferative, 671-72 |
lethal midline, 380, 403, 517 |
Haemochromatosis, 42, 627 |
membranous, 669-71 |
non-caseating, 164-85 |
Haemodialysis-associated amyloid, 86-87 |
minimal change disease (lipoid nephrosis), |
plasma cell, 384 |
Haemodynamic disturbances, 104-29 |
669 |
pyogenicum, 412, 524 |
Haemoglobin, 292 |
necrotising focal, 673 |
reparative, 816, 836 |
Haemoglobin disorders, 317-25 |
non-streptococcal, 667 |
sarcoid, 164-65 |
Haemoglobinopathies, 317-25 |
oedema in, 661 |
spermatic, 705-06 |
Haemoglobinopathy, unstable, 320 |
post-streptococcal, 665-67 |
Granulomatous inflammation, 150t |
Haemoglobinuria, 311 |
cold, 313 |
by repair, 166-67 |
Hephaestin, 295 |
march, 313 |
by second intention (secondary union), |
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, 331 |
paroxysmal nocturnal (PNH), 314 |
168-69 |
Hereditary hyperbilirubinaemia, 600-01 |
Haemoglobinuric nephrosis, 679 |
complications of, 169-70 |
Hereditary persistent of fetal haemoglobin, 322 |
Haemolysis, general features of, 310-11 |
factors influencing, 170-71 |
Hernia, 562-63 |
Haemolytic anaemia, see under |
fracture, 171-72 |
hiatus, 538-39 |
Anaemias, haemolytic, 310-24 |
mucosal surfaces, 173 |
incisional, 170 |
Haemolytic disease of newborn (HDN), 340-41 |
muscle, 172-73 |
strangulated, 563 |
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome, 331, 334, 689t |
nervous tissues, 172, 891-92 |
Herpes simplex virus, 186, 773 |
Haemopericardium, 457 |
solid epithelial organs, 173 |
Herpes virus, 225 |
Haemophilia, 335-36 |
specialised tissues, 171-73 |
Herpes zoster, 186, 773 |
A, 335-36 |
wound, 167-71 |
Herring-bone pattern, 864 |
B, 336 |
Health, definition of, 1 |
Hess capillary test, 329 |
Haemoprotein-derived pigments, 41-43 |
Heart, 417-60 |
Heterochromatin, 23 |
Haemoptysis, causes of, 502t |
blood supply of, 418 |
Heterophagy, 37 |
Haemorrhage, 107-08 |
brown atrophy of, 43 |
Heterophile antibody, 352 |
intracerebral, 881-82 |
cardiac interventions, 459-60 |
Heterotopia, 256 |
intracranial, 881-82 |
congenital diseases of, 422-26 |
Heterotopia, pancreatic, 545, 554 |
pulmonary, 121 |
infarcts, (also see under Myocardial |
Heterotopic calcification, 51-53 |
subarachnoid, 882 |
infarction), 429-36 |
Hexose-monophosphate (HMP) shunt, 289, 317f |
Haemorrhagic diatheses (bleeding disorders), |
malpositions of, 423 |
Heymann’s nephritis, 663-64 |
328-38 |
normal structure of, 417-18 |
Hibernoma, 865 |
coagulation disorders, 335-38 |
transplant, 460 |
Hidradenoma, 786 |
DIC, 337-38 |
tumours of, 459 |
vulva, 722 |
investigations of, 328-31 |
Heartburn, 434, 546 |
Hippocrates, 2 |
platelet count disorders, 331-34 |
Heart failure, 100f, 105f, 419-22 |
Hirano bodies, 884 |
platelet function disorders, 334-35 |
Heart failure cells, 106 |
Hirschsprung’s disease, 580 |
vascular disorders, 331 |
Heat-shock protein (HSP), 26 |
Histamine, 136-37 |
Haemorrhagic disease of newborn (HDN), |
Heavy chain diseases, 384-85 |
Histiocytes, 64, 143, 346, 385-86 |
340-41 |
Heberden’s nodes, 851 |
cardiac, 440 |
Haemorrhagic fevers, viral, 183-84 |
Heinz body anaemia, 317, 320 |
Histiocytic neoplasms, 385-86 |
Haemorrhagic gastroenteropathy, 564-65 |
Heinz bodies, 311, 317, 320 |
Histiocytoma, |
Haemorrhoids, 581, 632 |
Helicobacter pylori, 548, 550, 555 |
benign fibrous, 864 |
Haemosiderin, 41-42, 296 |
Henoch-Schonlein’s purpura, 331 |
malignant fibrous, 864-65 |
Haemosiderosis, 42, 627 |
Hepadenoviruses, 226, 606-07 |
Histiocytosis-X (Langerhans’ cell |
Haemostasis, screening tests of, 329-31, 329t |
Hepar lobatum, 163 |
histiocytosis), 385-86 |
Haemostasis, vascular, 331 |
Hepatic arterial obstruction, 604-05 |
Histochemistry, 11-13 |
Haemostatic function, 328-31 |
Hepatic coma, 602, 613, 632, 692 |
Histocompatibility leucocyte antigens (HLA), |
Haemostatic disorders, laboratory findings in, |
Hepatic failure, 602-03 |
64-65 |
338t |
Hepatic tumours and tumour-like lesions, |
Histoplasmosis, 476 |
Haemothorax, 505 |
632-37 |
HIV, structure of, 68-69 |
Hageman factor, 139, 320f |
Hepatic venous obstruction, 603-04 |
infection, see under AIDS, 67-73 |
Hair follicle, tumours of, 785-86 |
Hepatisation, lung, 468-70 |
lymphadenopathy, 716 |
Hairy cell leukaemia, 378-79 |
Hepatitis, clinico-pathological spectrum of, |
HLA system, 64-65 |
Ham’s test, 311, 314 |
609-14 |
Hodgkin cells, 370 |
Hamartoma, 193 |
activity score, 612-13 |
Hodgkin’s disease, 369-73 |
Hamartoma, pulmonary, 503-04 |
acute, 610-11 |
classification of, 369 |
Hamartomas, vascular, 411 |
autoimmune, 611, 629 |
clinical features of, 371-72 |
Hamman-Rich syndrome, 496 |
carrier state, 609-10 |
etiopathogenesis of, 354-55 |
Hand-Schuller-Christian disease, 385-86 |
chronic, 611-12 |
morphologic features of, 370-71 |
Hansen, GHA, 4, 157 |
chronic active, 612 |
other laboratory findings in, 372 |
Hapten, 61 |
chronic persistent, 612 |
prognosis of, 373 |
Harrison’s sulcus, 249 |
contrasting features of, 605 |
staging of, 372 |
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 804-05 |
fulminant, 613-14 |
versus non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 373t |
Hashitoxicosis, 805 |
lupoid, 611 |
Hodgkin, Thomas, 3 |
Hassall’s corpuscle, 388 |
massive to submassive, 613-14 |
Hollander’s test, 545 |
Hay fever, 493, 515 |
neonatal, 601-02 |
Homeostasis, 93-96 |
Hay’s test, 594 |
Hepatitis vaccines, 614 |
Homing receptor, 342 |
Hb Barts’ hydrops foetalis, 321 |
Hepatitis, viral, 605-14 |
Homogentisic acid, 40-41 |
Hb Constant Spring, 321 |
A, 606 |
Honey-comb lung, 499t |
Hb D disease, 320 |
B, 606-07 |
Hookah smoking, 237 |
Hb Lepore syndrome, 323 |
classification of, 605 |
Hordeolum, 508 |
Hb H disease, 321 |
C, 608-09 |
Hormones in cancer, 207-08 |
HBsAg, 607 |
D, 607-08 |
Hormones, effect on endometrium, 730-31 |
HBx Ag, 607 |
E, 609 |
Hour-glass deformity, 553 |
hCG, 709, 751-53 |
G, 609 |
Howell-Jolly bodies, 293 |
HDL, 83, 393-394 |
Hepatoblastoma, 637 |
H. pylori, 176f, 222, 547, 548f, 549f |
Head injury, 882-83 |
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 633-36 |
Human genome project, 7 |
Healing, 165-73 |
Hepatolenticular degeneration, 628 |
Human herpes virus (HHV), 225, 226, 415 |
by first intention (primary union), 168 |
Hepatorenal syndrome, 603 |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 67-73 |
by regeneration, 165-66 |
Hepatotoxicity, 617-18 |
Human leucocyte antigen (HLA), 64-65 |
921
INDEX
922
INDEX
Human papilloma virus (HPV), 224-25, 270, |
immediate type, 73-77 |
Immunodeficiency diseases, 67-73 |
714, 722, 726-27, 771-72 |
Hypersplenism, 387 |
Immunodeficiency syndrome, acquired, |
Human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), 68, |
Hypertension, portal, 630-32 |
(AIDS), (also see under AIDS), 67-73 |
227 |
Hypertension, pulmonary, 466-67 |
Immunofluorescence, 14 |
Hunner’s cystitis, 699 |
Hypertension, systemic, 685-88 |
Immunoglobulins, serum, 383, 595, 899 |
Hunter, John, 3 |
atherosclerosis in, 394 |
Immunohistochemistry, 15-16 |
Hurthle cells, 804-05, 810-11 |
classification of, 685t, 686t |
Immunologic lung disease, 493-95 |
Hutchinson’s teeth, 163 |
definition of, 685 |
Immunologic tissue injury, 28, 73-77 |
Hyaline, alcoholic, 35, 621-22 |
effects of, 687-88 |
Immunology of tumours, 228-30 |
Hyaline change, 35 |
etiology, 686-87 |
Immunosurveillance of cancer, 228-30 |
Hyaline membrane disease, 462-65 |
in dissecting haematoma, 407 |
Immunopathology, 62-92 |
Hybridisation, in situ, 17 |
kidney in, 685-88 |
Immunoprophylaxis, hepatitis, 614 |
filter, 17-18 |
malignant, 685, 688 |
Immunotherapy, 230 |
Hybridoma, monoclonal antibodies, 15, 383 |
pathogenesis of, 686-87 |
Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), 828 |
polyclonal antibodies, 15, 383 |
renovascular, 686 |
Impaired fasting glucose, 826t |
Hydatid disease liver, 187t, 616-17 |
Hypertensive heart disease, 437 |
Impetigo, 771 |
Hydatid sand, 617 |
Hypertensive retinopathy, 509-10 |
Implantation cyst, 169 |
Hydatidiform mole, 751-52 |
Hypertensive vascular disease, 391, |
Inborn errors of metabolism, 260-63 |
versus choriocarcinoma, 752t |
Hyperthermia, 242 |
Incompetence, valvular, 449-52 |
Hydrocele, 706 |
Hyperthyroidism, 802-03 |
Incontinence, pigment, 769 |
Hydrocephalus, 873-74 |
Hypertrophic scar, 170 |
Indian-file arrangement, 761, 762-63 |
Hydrolytic enzymes, 30, 44-45, 348 |
Hypertrophy, 55-56 |
Infarction, 126-29 |
Hydronephrosis, 692-93 |
asymmetric, septal, 454-55 |
definition, 126 |
Hydropericardium, 457 |
cardiac, 55-56, 420-22 |
etiology of, 126 |
Hydropic change, 34-35 |
concentric, 421-22 |
morphology in organs, 126-29 |
Hydrops foetalis, 321 |
eccentric, 421-22 |
pathogenesis of, 126 |
Hydrostatic pressure, 95 |
SER, 37 |
types of, 126 |
Hydrothorax, 505 |
Hyperuricaemia, 692, 854 |
Infarcts, |
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), 137 |
Hyperviscosity, 359 |
border zone, 880 |
Hyperadrenalism, 797-98 |
Hypervitaminosis A, 248 |
brain, 45, 880-81 |
Hyperaemia, 105-07 |
Hypervitaminosis D, 250 |
cerebral, 880-81 |
active, 105 |
Hyphema, 509f |
common sites, 127f |
passive, 105-07 |
Hypoadrenalism, 798-99 |
heart, 429-36 |
Hyperaldosteronism, 797-98 |
Hypoaldosteronism, 799 |
intestine, 563-65 |
Hyperbilirubinaemia, 597-601 |
Hypocalcaemia, 816, 836 |
kidney, 127-28 |
conjugated, 599-600 |
Hypochromasia, 292, 299 |
liver, 128-29 |
hereditary, 600-01 |
Hypoglycaemia, 820, 825, 828 |
lung, 126-27 |
unconjugated, 598 |
Hypoparathyroidism, 817 |
myocardial, 429-36 |
unconjugated versus conjugated, 598t |
Hypopigmentation, 40 |
retinal, 510 |
Hypercalcaemia, 53, 816-17 |
Hypopituitarism, 794-95 |
septic, 126, 146f |
Hypercholesterolaemia, 393-94, 661 |
Hypoplasia, 256 |
spleen, 128 |
familial, 394 |
Hypoprothrombinaemia, 337 |
watershed, 880 |
Hyperchromatism, 198 |
Hypospadias, 714 |
Infections, 174-91 |
Hypercoagulability of blood, 117, 661 |
Hypothalamus-pituitary axis, 792f |
pulmonary, |
Hypereosinophilic syndrome, 494 |
hyperfunction of, 794 |
Infectious agent, 174 |
Hypergastrinaemia, 545 |
hypofunction of, 795 |
factors relating to, 174-75 |
Hyperglycaemia, 818, 821, 827 |
Hypothermia, 242 |
identification of, 175t |
Hyperinsulinism, 828 |
Hypothyroidism, 803-04 |
Infectious mononucleosis, 350-52 |
Hyperkeratosis, 769 |
Hypoxic cell injury, 29-31 |
Infertility, male, 704-05 |
Hyperlipidaemia, 393-94, 661 |
irreversible, 30-31 |
Infestations, 187t |
Hypernephroma, 694-96 |
reversible, 29-30 |
Infiltrations, 37 |
Hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma, 825 |
Hypoxic-ischaemic |
Inflammation, acute, 130-47 |
versus diabetic ketoacidosis, 825t |
encephalopathy, 879-80 |
cardinal signs of, 130 |
Hyperparathyroidism, 816-17 |
I |
causes of, 130 |
Hyperphosphataemia, 816, 836 |
cellular events, 133-36 |
|
Hyperpigmentation, 40 |
|
definition of, 130 |
Hyperpituitarism, 793-94 |
Icthyosis, 769-70 |
factors determining variation in, 144 |
Hyperplasia, 56-57 |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 495-96 |
fate of, 147f |
atypical, 58 |
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, 591 |
fever in, 145 |
breast, epithelial, 756-57 |
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), 322 |
haemodynamic changes in, 130-31 |
denture, 524 |
IgA nephropathy, 674 |
healing, 146 |
endometrial, 733-34 |
Illness, definition of, 1 |
inflammatory cells in, 141-45 |
focal nodular, liver, 633 |
Image analyser, 19 |
leucocytosis in, 145-46 |
microglandular, cervix, 725 |
Immotile cilia syndrome, 484, 705 |
mediators of, 136-40 |
prostate, nodular, 717-18 |
Immune complex disease, 76-77 |
morphology of, 144-45 |
skin, pseudocarcinomatous, 56f, 57, 784 |
kidney, 662-64 |
regulation of, 140-41 |
squamous, vulva, 732 |
Immune complex reaction, 76-77 |
resolution of, 146 |
thyroid, primary, 806-07 |
Immune system, organs of, 61-64 |
signs of, 130 |
Hyperprolactinaemia, 794 |
cells of, 61-64 |
systemic effects of, 145-46 |
Hypersensitivity reactions, 73-77 |
Immunity, |
types of, 144 |
delayed type, 77 |
diseases of, 66-81 |
vascular events in, 130-33 |
Inflammation, chronic, 147-65 granulomatous, 149-65, 150t
Inflammatory bowel disease, 565-69 Inflammatory cells, 141-44 Inflammatory response,
factors determining, 144 Influenza viruses, 184-86 In situ hybridisation, 17 Insecticides, 219t, 242
Insufficiency, valvular, 449-52 aortic, 451
mitral, 450
Insulin metabolism, 819-20 Insulinoma, 826
Insulitis, 822 Integrins, 25, 203 Interferon, 25, 138-39 Interleukin, 25, 138-39
Intermediate filaments, 16, 23-24 Internal environment, 93-94 Interphase, 26
Interstitial cell tumour, testis, 713 Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), 487t
defintion of, 486
with connective tissue diseases, 495 with immunologic lung diseases, 493-95 with smoking, 496
Interstitial tumour, medullary, 694 Intestinal biopsy, 574-76 Intestinal obstruction, 562-63 Intestine, large, 579-90
normal structure of, 579 polyps, 581-86
Intestine, small, 560-71 atresia of, 561 adhesions of, 562 bands of, 562 biopsy, 574 malrotation of, 561
normal structure of, 560-61 obstruction of, 562-63 tumours of, 576-77
Intra-abdominal desmoplastic small cell tumour, 591
Intracellular accumulations, 37-40 of fat, 37-39
of glycogen, 40 of proteins, 39
Intracellular fluid compartment, 93 Intracerebral haemorrhage, 881-82 Intracranial haemorrhage, 881-82 Intraepithelial neoplasia, 207
breast, 760-61 bronchus, 498f cervix, 271-72, 725-28 skin, 782
vulval, 723
Intratubular germ cell neoplasia, 709 Intravascular haemolysis, features of, 311 Intrinsic factor (IF), 303, 308, 545 Intussusception, 563
Inversions, chromosomal, 259 Involucrum, 832
Ionising radiation, 34, 221 Iron cycle, 296f
Iron metabolism, 295-96 Irreversibility of shock, 112 Irreversible cell injury, 30-31 Ischaemia, 124-26
brain, 879-81 definition of, 124
effects of, 125-26 etiology of, 124
factors determining, 125 myocardial, 428
Ischaemic bowel disease, 563-65 Ischaemic brain damage, 879-81 Ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 427-37
chronic, 436
coronary atherosclerosis in, 427 effects of, 428 etiopathogenesis of, 427-28 lesions in, 429-37
sudden cardiac death in, 436-37 Islet cell changes in diabetes, 822-23 Islet cell tumours, 828-29 Isochromosome, 259
Isograft, 65
Ito cells, 593, 618
J
Jamshidi needle, 286 Janeway’s spots, 448 Jaundice, 42, 596-600
classification of, 597-98
conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, 599-600 neonatal, 600-01
unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, 598 Jaw, lumpy, 163
cysts of, 529-31 Jenner, Edward, 3 Jodbasedow disease, 802 Joints, disease of, 850-56 Joint mice, 851
Joint, normal structure of, 850 Jones’ criteria, revised, 443 Jugular paraganglioma, 515 Junctions, intercellular, 24-25 Juvenile melanoma, 787
Juvenile (retention) polyps, 582-83 Juvenile polyposis syndrome, 586 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 852 Juxtaglomerular apparatus, 650-51
tumour of, 694
K
Kallikrein, 140f Kangri cancer, 218, 783
Kaposi’s sarcoma, 225, 226, 415-16 Kartagener’s syndrome, 484, 705 Karyolysis, 30
Karyorrhexis, 30
Karyotypic abnormalities, 257-59 Karyotyping, 257
Kawasaki’s disease, 404 Keloid, 170 Keratoconjunctivitis, 508 Keratohyaline granules, 772 Keratoma, 514-15 Keratomalacia, 247 Keratosis follicularis, 770 Keratosis, solar, 782
Keratosis palmaris et plantaris, 770 Keratosis, smokers’, 525
solar, 782 Kerley lines, 101
Kernicterus, 42, 600-01 Ketoacidosis, diabetic, 825
versus non-ketotic coma, 825t
Ketonuria, 827
Kidney, 649-98 adenocarcinoma of, 694-96 biopsy, 652
clearance tests, 653 concentration test, 652-53
congenital malformations of, 656-60 CVC, 107
cystic disease of, 656-60 dilution test, 652-53 end-stage, 674-75 flea-bitten, 666, 688 function tests, 652-53 horse shoe, 656 infarcts, 127-28
large white, 667
normal structure of, 649-52 papilla of, 649, 682
shock, 113, 679
small contracted, 687 stones, 690-92 tumours, 693-98
Kiel classification, 366 Killing, bacterial, 135-36
Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions, 677-78 Kinin system, 139
Klinefelter syndrome, 258, 704 Knock knee, 249
Knudson two-hit hypothesis, 213 Koch’s bacillus, 149
Koch’s phenomenon, 152 Koch, Robert, 4
KOH preparation, 183 Koilocytosis, 271-72 Korsakoff psychosis, 240, 252 Kraurosis vulvae, 721
Krukenberg tumour, 202-03, 750 Kulchitsky cells, 561
Kupffer cells,143, 593 Kussmaul’s respiration, 104 Kviem test, 165 Kwashiorkor, 246
L
Laboratory values of clinical significance, 897-903
Lacis cells, 651
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), 30, 434-35 Laennec’s cirrhosis, 622-24
Laennec, RTH, 3 Lambl’s excrescences, 444 Laminin, 170 Landsteiner, Karl, 5
Langerhans’cells, 64, 143, 385-86 Langerhans’cell
histiocytosis (histiocytosis-X), 385-86 Langhans’ giant cells, 143, 153 Laryngitis, 519
Larynx, 519-20 carcinoma of, 520
normal structure of, 519 oedema of, 519 papilloma, 519
polyp of, 519 tuberculosis of, 519 tumours of, 519
Laser microdissection, 19 Lateral aberrant thyroid, 812 Lateral vaginal smear, 267t, 268 Lavage, gastric, 273
923
INDEX
924
INDEX
LE cell phenomenon, 79 |
Leukoplakia, 525-26, 714, 721-22 |
acute, 343 |
Lead poisoning, 240-41 |
Leukotrienes, 138 |
chronic, 343-45 |
Lecithin, 639 |
Lewis experiment, 134 |
Lymphadenopathy, angioimmunoblastic, 344 |
Leeuwenhoek, von, 3 |
Lewy bodies, 885 |
angiofollicular, 343-44 |
Legionnaire’s disease, 474 |
Leydig cell tumour, 713, 749 |
dermatopathic, 344 |
Leiomyoblastoma, 559 |
Leydig cells, 703 |
HIV-related, 344-45 |
Leiomyoma, 737 |
Libman-Sack endocarditis, 444-45 |
Lymphangioma, 412, 521 |
epithelioid cell, 559 |
Lichen planus, 778-79 |
Lymphangiosarcoma, 414 |
Leiomyosarcoma, 559, 737-38 |
Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus, 714, 721-22, 775 |
Lymphangitis, 97, 410 |
Leishman, Sir William, 5 |
Li-Fraumeni syndrome, 213, 759, 860 |
Lymphatic obstruction, 97, 410 |
Lentigo, 40, 787 |
Ligandin, 597 |
Lymphatic spread of tumours, 200-01 |
Leonardo da Vinci, 3 |
Line of separation, 49, 50 |
Lymphatics, 410-11 |
Lepra reaction, 159-60 |
Lines of Zahn, 117 |
Lymphoblast, 347 |
Lepromin test, 159 |
Linitis plastica, 557, 559f, 560f |
Lymphoblast versus myeloblast, 347t |
Leprosy, 157-61 |
Lipid cell tumour, ovary, 749-50 |
Lymphocytes, 61, 142, 349 |
bacterial index (BI) in, 158 |
Lipiduria, 661 |
atypical, 352 |
borderline, 160-61 |
Lipoblast, 866 |
differences between T and B, 62t |
causative organism of, 157 |
Lipodystrophy, intestinal, 576 |
subpopulations of, 61-64 |
classification of, 159 |
Lipofuscin, 43 |
Lymphocytosis, 142, 179, 349 |
clinical features of, 161 |
Lipogranuloma, 39, 621 |
Lymphoedema, 97, 410, 706 |
histopathology of, 160-61 |
Lipoid nephrosis, 669-70 |
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 186 |
immunology of, 158-59 |
Lipoma, 865-66 |
Lymphoid hyperplasia, 343-44 |
incidence of, 158 |
Lipooxygenase pathway, 137-38 |
angiofollicular, 343-44 |
indeterminate, 161 |
Lipopolysaccharides, 110 |
follicular, 342 |
lepromatous, 160 |
Lipoproteins, 339-40 |
Lymphoid neoplasms, 365-84 |
lepromatous versus tuberculoid, 159t |
HDL, 394 |
classifications, 365-68 |
multibacillary, 158 |
LDL, 394 |
general comments, 368-69 |
nose, 517 |
VLDL, 394 |
Hodgkin’s disease, 369-73 |
paucibacillary, 158 |
Liposarcoma, 866-67 |
peripheral (mature) B cell malignancies, |
reactions in, 159-60 |
Liver, 592-637 |
374-79 |
Ridley-Jopling classification, 159 |
abscess, 614-15 |
peripheral (mature) T cell malignancies, |
Leptocytosis, 293 |
biopsy, 596 |
379-80 |
Leptomeninges, 872 |
chemical and drug injury, 617-18 |
precursor (immature) B and T cell |
Lesions, definition of, 1 |
coagulation disorders, 336-37 |
leukaemia-lymphomas, 373-74 |
Lethal midline granuloma, 380, 403, 517 |
CVC, 106-07 |
Lymphoid series, 347 |
Letterer Siwe disease, 386 |
fatty change, 37-39, 621-22 |
Lymphokines, 138 |
Leucocytes in health and disease, 347-50 |
metastasis in, 637 |
Lymphomas, general, 353-56 |
Leucocytoclastic vasculitis, 403, 404 |
normal structure of, 592-93 |
adult T cell (ATLL), 227-28, 379-80 |
Leucocytosis, 145, 147-51, 348 |
tumours and tumours-like lesions, 632-37 |
bowel, |
Leucodema, 522 |
Liver cell necrosis, types of, 604-05 |
Burkitt’s, 225, 377-78 |
Leucoderma, 40 |
bridging, 612 |
classifications, 353-54, 365-68, 368t |
Leucodystrophy, progressive multifocal, 878 |
piecemeal, 611 |
CNS, 889 |
Leucoerythroblastic reaction, 326 |
Liver function tests, 593-96, 594t |
contrasting features of, 373t |
Leucopenia, 347-51 |
Lobar pneumonia, 468-71 |
cutaneous T cell, 379 |
Leukaemias-lymphomas, |
Lobule, liver, 592 |
etiology, 354-55 |
classifcation of, 353-54 |
Lock jaw, 180 |
gut, 559-60 |
etiology of, 354-55 |
Löeffler’s endocarditis, 456 |
Hodgkin’s, 369-73 |
general aspects, 353-56 |
Löeffler’s syndrome, 494 |
nasopharynx, 380 |
pathogenesis of, 355-56 |
Loose bodies, joints, 851 |
non-Hodgkin’s (NHL), 373-80 |
Leukaemia, lymphoid, 354 |
Lordosis, 249 |
pathogenesis, 355-56 |
acute (ALL), 373-74 |
Ludwig’s angina, 517 |
staging of, 372t, 380 |
ALL versus AML, 375t |
Lukes-Collins classification, 366 |
testis, 713 |
chronic lymphoid (CLL), 375-77 |
Lung, 461-504 |
WHO classification of, 368t |
etiology of, 354-55 |
abscess, 475-76 |
Lymphopenia, 349 |
FAB classification of, 366t |
CVC, 106 |
Lymphopoiesis, 347 |
hairy cell (HCL), 378-79 |
fungal infections, 476-77 |
Lyon hypothesis, 257 |
pathogenesis of, 355-56 |
normal structure of, 461-62 |
Lysosomal components, 138 |
WHO classification of, 368t |
oedema, 100-01 |
Lysosomal storage diseases, 261-62 |
Leukaemia, myeloid, 354 |
paediatric disease, 462-65 |
Lysosomes, 24, 37 |
acute (AML), 362-65 |
shock, 113 |
changes in, 37 |
AML versus ALL, 375t |
tuberculosis, 155-57 |
|
chronic myeloid (CML), 357-59 |
tumours, 496-504 |
M |
classification of AML, 362t |
Lupus erythematosus (LE) cell, 79 |
|
etiology of, 354-55 |
Lupus nephritis, 80t, 675-77 |
|
FAB classification of, 362t |
Lupus vulgaris, 774 |
M-band, 383 |
pathogenesis of, 355-56 |
Lupus, nose, 517 |
MacCallum’s patch, 441 |
WHO classification of, 357t |
Luteal phase defect, 732 |
Macrocytes, 292, 306 |
Leukaemoid reaction, 352-53 |
Lymph nodes, 342-85 |
Macroglossia, 522 |
lymphoid, 353 |
metastatic tumours, 385 |
Macrophage, |
myeloid, 353 |
structure of, 342 |
alveolar, 106, 143 |
versus CML, 354 |
Lymphadenitis, reactive, 343-45 |
Macular degeneration, retina, 510 |
Madura foot, 182 |
uveal, 512 |
Milroy’s disease, 97, 410 |
Maffucci’s syndrome, 844 |
versus nevus, 788 |
Minimal change disease, 669 |
Major histocompatibility complex, 64-65 |
versus retinoblastoma, 513 |
Mitochondrial changes, 37 |
Malabsorption syndrome, 573-76 |
Melanosis coli, 40 |
Mitosis, 26-27, 165-66 |
classification of, 573 |
Membrane attack complex (MAC), 76, 139-40 |
Mitotic counts, 18 |
Malakoplakia, 699 |
Membrane damage, cell, 30 |
Mitotic figures, 198 |
Malaria, 188-89, 313 |
Membrane filter, 134 |
Mitral stenosis and insufficiency, 450-51 |
Malformations, 256-57 |
Membranous colitis, 181, 565, 580t |
Mitral valve prolapse, 451-52 |
arteriovenous, 413 |
Memory cells, 62 |
Mitsuda reaction, 159 |
Malignant melanoma, skin, 787-88 |
MEN syndrome, 206, 829 |
Mixed salivary tumour, 534-35 |
uveal, 512 |
Mendelian disorders, 259-60 |
malignant, 537 |
Malignant peripheral nerve |
Ménétrier’s disease, 549 |
MMTV, 207, 227, 760 |
sheath tumour (MPNST), 894-95 |
Meningioma, 890-91 |
Mole, hydatidiform, 751-53 |
Mallasez cells, 529 |
Meningitis, 874-76 |
Molecular genetics, cancer, 208-16 |
Mallory hyaline, 35, 621-22 |
CSF in, 876t |
Molecular pathology, 17-18 |
Mallory Weiss syndrome, 540 |
Meningocele, 873 |
Molluscum contagiosum, 773 |
Malpighi, Marcello, 3 |
Meningomyelocele, 873 |
Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis, 52, 392 |
MALT, 61, 142, 342 |
Mercury chloride nephropathy, 680 |
Moniliasis, 182, 270, 723 |
Malt-workers’ lung, 494 |
Merkel cells, 769 |
Monoblast, 346 |
MALToma, 378 |
Mesangial cells, 650 |
Monoclonal gammopathy, 380-85 |
small intestine, 576 |
Mesonephroid tumour, ovary, 745 |
of undetermined significance (MGUS), |
stomach, 559-60 |
Mesothelioma, 505-06, 591 |
384-85 |
Mammary duct ectasia, 755 |
Metachromasia, 87-88 |
Monoclonal hypothesis, 397 |
Mammary dysplasia, 755-57 |
Metamyelocyte, 345 |
Monoclonality of tumours, 208 |
Mantoux test, 152 |
Metaphyseal fibrous defect, 838 |
Monocyte-macrophage series, 64, 143, 346 |
Maple-bark disease, 494 |
Metaplasia, 57 |
Monocytes, 349-50 |
Mapping, human genome, 7 |
cartilaginous, 58 |
Monocytosis, 350 |
Marasmus, 245f |
bronchus, 57, 498f |
Monokines, 139, 143, 346 |
Marble bone disease, 834 |
cervix, 57, 269, 725 |
Mononuclear phagocyte system, 64, 143, 346 |
Marek’s disease virus, 225 |
columnar, 57 |
Mononucleosis cells, 352 |
Marfan syndrome, 36, 331, 407, 451 |
epithelial, 57 |
Monosomy, 258 |
Margination, 116, 133 |
intestinal, 57, |
Morphometry, 19 |
Marjolin’s ulcer, 207, 783 |
mesenchymal, 58 |
Morgagni, Giovanni, 3 |
Markers in hepatitis B, 607 |
oesophagus, 57-58 |
Mostofi classification, 701 |
Masson, Pierre, 5 |
osseous, 58 |
M-protein, 383 |
Mast cells, 136, 141-42, 350 |
squamous, 57, 269, 497 |
Mucinous tumours of ovary, 743-44 |
Mastitis, 755 |
Metastasis, 200-04 |
Mucocele, |
granulomatous, 755 |
biology of, 203-04 |
appendix, 579 |
plasma cell, 755 |
haematogenous, 201-02 |
gallbladder, 641 |
Masugi’s nephritis, 664 |
lymphatic, 200-01 |
oral cavity, 524 |
Matrix, extracellular, 170 |
mechanisms of, 203-04 |
sinus, 515 |
Maturation index (MI), 269t |
prognostic markers in, 204 |
Mucocutaneous syndrome lymph node, 404 |
M. avium-intracellulare, 72, 151, 155 |
retrograde, 201-02 |
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 536-37 |
May-Grunwald, 4 |
routes of, 200-03 |
Mucoid degeneration, 35-36 |
McArdle’s disease, 262 |
skip, 200 |
Mucopolysaccharidoses, 262 |
McClintock, Barbara, 6 |
transcoelomic, 202-03 |
Mucormycosis, 176f, 181t |
MCH, 289, 901t |
Metastatic calcification, 51, 53 |
Mucoviscidosis, 645 |
MCHC, 289, 901t |
Metatypical carcinoma, 785 |
Multifactorial inheritance, 263 |
MCV, 289, 901t |
Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, 699 |
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), 206, 829 |
Meckel’s diverticulum, 561 |
Microalbuminuria, 687 |
Multiple myeloma, 86, 380-84 |
Medial calcific sclerosis, 392 |
Microangiopathy, thrombotic, 689 |
Multiple (isseminated) sclerosis, 883-84 |
Medial necrosis, cystic, |
Microarrays, 7, 19 |
Mumps, 533 |
Erdheim’s, 36, 407 |
Microcytes, 292, 299, 323 |
Munro abscess, 778 |
Mediators of inflammation, 136-40 |
Microfilaments, 23 |
Muramidase, serum, 364 |
Medullary sponge kidney, 658-59 |
Microfilaria, 190 |
Muscle, skeletal, diseases of, 856-59 |
Medullary, definition of, 199 |
Microglia, 872 |
Muscular dystrophies, 858-59 |
Medulloblastoma, 889 |
Microglossia, 522 |
Mushroom-workers’ lung, 494 |
Megacolon, 569, 580 |
Microorganisms, identification of, 175t |
Mutagenesis, 220, 222-24 |
Megakaryocyte, 327 |
MicroRNAs in cancer, 216 |
Mutations, 208-09, 259-60 |
Megakaryopoiesis, 327 |
Microsatellite instability mechanism, 587 |
Mutator gene, 215 |
Megaloblasts, 307 |
Microscopy, |
Myasthenia gravis, 857 |
Megamitochondria, 37 |
basic, 13-14 |
Mycetoma, 182 |
Meigs’ syndrome, 505, 749 |
light, 13-14 |
Mycobacteria, atypical, 72, 149-51 |
Meissner’s corpuscle, 769 |
electron, 14-15 |
Mycobacteriosis, 72, 149 |
plexus, 561, 579 |
fluorescent, 14 |
Mycobacterium, |
Melaena, 554, 591t |
Microtubules, 24 |
avium intracellulare, 72, 151 |
Melanin, 40 |
Microvilli, 23 |
Mycobacterium leprae, 157 |
Melanocytic tumours, 787-89 |
Mikulicz syndrome, 81, 511 |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 72, 149 |
Melanoma, 787-89 |
Miliaria, 771 |
Mycosides, 152 |
oesophagus, 542 |
Milk spots, 458-59 |
Mycosis fungoides, 379, 790 |
skin, 787-89 |
Milk-alkali syndrome, 53 |
Mycosis, superficial, 183, 773-74 |
925
INDEX
926
INDEX
Mycotoxin, 219, 222, 634 MYC gene, 211t, 212 Myelin figures, 31f Myeloblast, 345
Myeloblast versus lymphoblast, 347t Myelocele, 873
Myelocyte, 345
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), 361-62 FAB classification of, 361
WHO classification, 361 Myelofibrosis, 325-26
Chronic idiopathic, 360-61 Myelogram, 287t
Myeloid metaplasia, 360-61 Myeloid neoplasms, 356-65, 357t
acute myeloid leukamia, 362-64 chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, 360-61 chronic myeloid leukaemia, 357-59 essential thrombocytosis, 360 myelodysplastic syndromes, 361-62 polycythaemia vera, 359
Myeloid series, 345-46 Myelolipoma, 800 Myeloma, 380-84
kidney, 382, 684 multiple, 380-84 neuropathy, 382 Myeloma cells, 382f
Myeloproliferative disorders, 357-61 Myoblastoma, granular cell, 525, 869 Myocardial blood supply, 418 Myocardial depressant factor (MDF), 112 Myocardial infarction, 429-38
changes in early, 434
chemical and histochemical, 434 changes in, 431-34
clinical features of, 434-35 complications of, 435-36 CK in, 434
diagnosis of, 434-35 ECG changes in, 434
electron microscopic changes in, 434 enzyme determination in, 434-35 etiopathogenesis of, 429-30
gross changes in, 431-33 incidence of, 429
LDH in, 434-35 location of, 430-31 myoglobin in, 435
morphologic features of, 431-33 serum cardiac markers in, 434-35 transmural versus subendocardial, 430t troponins in, 435
types of, 430
Myocardial ischaemia, non-infarct effects of, 429f
Myocarditis, 452-54 classification of, 452t Fiedler’s, 453 granulomatous, 453 idiopathic, 453
in connective tissue diseases, 453 infective, 453
miscellaneous types of, 453-54 rheumatic, 441-42
Myofibroblast, 167, 396 Myoglobin, 435 Myometritis, 732 Myometrium, 730-38
normal structure of, 730 Myopathies, 858-59
Myositis ossificans, 869-70 Myxoedema, 803-04 Myxoma heart, 459 Myxoma, odontogenic, 532 Myxomatosis, 226
Myxomatous degeneration of cardiac valves, 451-52
N
Naevi, naevocellular, 41f, 787 Naevus sebaceus, 785 Nail-patella syndrome, 678
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, anaplastic, 225-26, 518-19
Natural killer (NK) cells, 64, 230, 368, 380 Neck, 520-21
cysts of, 520-21 tumours in, 521
Necrosis, 44-46
avascular, bone, 833-34 bridging, 611-12 caseous, 45, 155
centrilobular, haemorrhagic, 106 coagulative, 45
colliquative, 45 cortical, renal, 690 fat, 45-46 fibrinoid, 46 liquefactive, 45 liver cells, 604-05 massive, 613-14 piecemeal, 611 submassive, 613-14 types of, 45-46
versus apoptosis, 48t Necrotising enterocolitis, 181, 565 Necrotising papillitis, 678, 682 Negri bodies, 186
Neonatal hepatitis, 601-02
Neoplasia, (also see under Tumours), 192-235 characteristics of, 194-205
classification of, 193t clinical aspects of, 228-35 definition of, 192 diagnosis of, 232-35 epidemiology of, 205-08 etiology of, 208-28 intraepithelial, 207 pathogenesis of, 208-28
Neoplastic cells, 196-99 Neovascularisation, 167, 199, 215 Nephritic syndrome, 99, 660
versus nephrotic syndrome, 662t Nephritic versus nephrotic oedema, 99t, 662t Nephritis, hereditary, 678
Nephritis, tubulointerstitial, 680-85 Nephroblastoma, 696-98 Nephrocalcinosis, 53f, 684-85, 816 Nephrolithiasis, 690-92 Nephroma, mesoblastic, 694 Nephron, structure of, 649-52 Nephronophthiasis-medullary
cystic kidney disease complex, 659
Nephropathy,
analgesic (phenacetin abuse), 681t diabetic, 677-78
IgA, 674 lupus, 675-76
mercuric chloride, 680 myeloma, 382, 684 reflux, 682
Nephrosclerosis, 687-89 benign, 687-88 malignant, 688-89
Nephrotic syndrome, 99, 660 versus nephritic syndrome, 662t
Nerve sheath tumours, 893-95 Nervous system, 871-95
central, 871-91 healing of, 172, 891-92
normal structure of, 871-72 peripheral, 891-95
Neurilemmoma, 893
versus neurofibroma, 895t Neuroblastoma, 517, 800-01, 886t Neuroendocrine system, 791-829 Neurofibrillary tangles, 884 Neurofibroma, 893-94
plexiform, 894
versus schwannoma, 895t Neurofibromatosis, 206, 893 Neurofibrosarcoma, 894-95 Neurofilaments, 16, 23-24 Neuroglia, 871-72 Neurohypophysis, 793 Neuronophagia, 872 Neuroma, acoustic, 515, 893
traumatic, 893 Neuromuscular diseases, 857-59
Neuropathy, peripheral, 892-93, 826 Neuropeptide, 137
Neuropil, 871 Neurosyphilis, 163 Neutropenia, 141, 348
Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP), 353, 358
Neutrophilia, 141, 348 Neutrophils, 64, 141, 347-49
toxic granules in, 349f vacuoles in, 349f
Nexus, 25
Niacin, 253
Niemann-Pick disease, 262-63 Nissl substance, 871
Nitric oxide mechanism, 139 Nitrosamines, 219, 555
NK cells, 64, 230, 368, 380 Nodular fascitis, 862 Nodule, vocal, 519 Noma, 523
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL), 373-380 adult T cell (ATLL), 379-80
anaplastic large cell (ALCL), 380 Burkitt type, 377-78
CD markers in, 367f classification of, 365-68 etiology of, 354-55 pathogenesis of, 355-56 extranodal, 378 follicular, 377 maltoma, 378 marginal zone, 378
mycosis fungoides, 379-80 mantle cell, 378
mature B cell type, 374-79 mature T cell type, 379-80 monocytoid, 379
periperal B cell type, 374-79 peripheral T cell type, 379-80
precursor B and T cell type, 377-78 splenic margina;l zone, 379 SLL/CLL, 375-77
staging of, 380
versus Hodgkin’s disease, 373t
working formulations for clinical usage, 366 WHO classification, 367-68, 368t
Noncirrhotic portal fibrosis, 629-30 Nondisjunction, 258 Nonossifying fibroma, 838-39 Normal values, 896-903
in clinical chemistry, 898-900 in haematology, 901-03 other body fluids, 900-01
weights and measurements of organs, 896-97
Normoblastaemia, 292
Normoblasts, 287-88
Nose and paranasal sinuses, 515-17 carcinoma of, 517
inflammatory conditions of, 515-17 normal structure of, 515
tumours of, 517 Notochord, 849
Nucleocytoplasmic ratio, 197-98, 271 Nucleolar organiser regions (NORs), 198 Nucleolus, 23
Nucleotides, 23
Nucleus, structure of, 22-23 Nutmeg liver, 106-07 Nutritional diseases,
of brain, 886
O
Oat cell carcinoma, lung, 500 Obesity, 243-44 Occupational lung diseases
(also see under Pneumoconiosis), 43, 487-93 Ochronosis, 40-41
Odontogenic tumours, 531-32 Odontomas, 532
Oedema, 96-102 angioneurotic, 76, 97, 770 cardiac, 99-100
cerebral, 101-02 definition and types of, 96 dependent, 99
hepatic, 102 high altitude, 101 inflammatory, 97
morphology of, 99-102 nephritic, 99, 660 nephrotic, 99,660
nephritic versus nephritic, 99t pathogenesis of, 96-99 pitting versus non-pitting, 99 postural, 97
pulmonary, 100-01 nutritional, 102 renal, 99
Oesophagitis, 540-41
Barrett’s, 540-41 infective, 541 reflux (peptic), 540
Oesophagus, 538-43 atresia of, 538 cancer, 541-43
congenital anomalies of, 538 diverticula of, 539
muscular dysfunctions of, 538-39 normal structure of, 538
rings of, 539 rupture of, 540 tumours of, 541-43 varices, 539-40 webs of, 539
Oestrogen, 207, 731 Oligodendrocytes, 872 Oligodendroglioma, 882 Oliguria, 654, 679f Ollier’s disease, 844 Omega-3 fatty acids, 394
Oncocytoma, 37, 535-36, 694 Oncofoetal antigens, 234, 709 Oncogenes, 209-12
versus anti-oncogenes, 214
Oncogenesis, (also see under Carcinogenesis), 208-28
Oncogenic viruses, 222-28 DNA, 224t
RNA, 227t Oncology, 192 Oncomirs in cancer, 216
Oncotic pressure, 95, 96-97 Ontogenesis, 264
Opportunistic infections, 72f, 181, 449, 523t Opsonins, 135
Opsonisation, 135 Oral soft tissues, 522-27
developmental anomalies of, 522 normal structure of, 522 tumours of, 523-27
white lesions of, 522 Orchitis, 705
granulomatous, 705 tuberculous, 705
Organelles, 23-24 Organoid pattern, 814 Ormond’s disease, 591 Osler’s nodes, 448
Osler-Weber-Rendu disease, 331, 525, 860 Osmolality, 94
Osmolarity, 94
Osmotic fragility, 315, 324 Osmotic pressure, 95
colloid, 95 crystalloid, 95
Ossification, 839 Osteitis deformans, 837
Osteitis fibrosa cystica, 835-36 Osteoarthritis, 850-51 Osteoblast, 830
Osteoblastic tumours, 840-43 Osteoblastoma, 841 Osteochondroma, 843-44 Osteoclastoma, 846-48 Osteocyte, 830 Osteodystrophy, renal, 836-37 Osteogenesis, 831,842 Osteogenesis imperfecta, 834 Osteoid osteoma, 841 Osteoma, 841
Osteomalacia, 250 Osteomyelitis, 831-33
pyogenic, 831-33 tuberculous, 833 Osteonecrosis, 833-34
Osteopetrosis, 834
Osteophytes, 851
Osteoporosis, 835
Osteosarcoma, 841-43 central, 841-43
central versus surface, 844t juxtacortical, 843 medullary, 841-43 surface, 843
periosteal, 843 parosteal, 843 telangiectatic, 842
Otitis media, 514 Otic polyp, 514 Otosclerosis, 514 Ovalocytosis, 315
Ovarian tumours, 740-51 clinical features of, 741 classification of, 742t etiopathogenesis of, 740-41 germ cells, 745-48 metastatic, 750 miscellaneous, 749-50
sex cord stromal, 748-49 staging of, 751t
surface epithelial, 741-45 Ovary, 739-51
non-neoplastic cysts of, 740 normal structure of, 739-40 tumours of, 740-51
Overhydration, 102-03 Overinflation, lung, 482-83 Oxygen dissociation, 290f Oxygen-derived radicals, 31-33, 139 Ozone, 236
P
Paan, in oral cancer, 206 Pacinian corpuscles, 769 P-component, 83, 88 Paediatric diseases, 263-65 Paediatric lung disease, 462-65
Paediatric tumours, 206-07, 263-64 Paget’s disease,
of bone, 837
of nipple, 764-65 of vulva, 722
Pancarditis, rheumatic, 440-42 Pancoast’s syndrome, 502 Pancreas, 644-48
carcinoma, 647-48 cystic fibrosis of, 645 endocrine, 818-29 exocrine, 644-48
fat necrosis of, 45-46 heterotopia, 545
normal structure of, 644-45 pseudocyst of, 647
Pancreatitis, 646-48 acute, 646 chronic, 646-47
Pancytopenia, 325t Panhypopituitarism, 794-95 Panniculitis, 771
Pannus formation, 852 Papanicolaou, George, 5, 266
Papanicolaou’s (Pap) smear, 268-72, 275-76 stain, 277
Papillitis, necrotising (papillary necrosis), 678, 683
Papilloedema, 511
927
INDEX
928
INDEX
Papilloma, 193t |
Permeability factors, 136-40 |
rheumatoid, 490 |
breast, intraductal, 759 |
Permeability, vascular, 131-33 |
silicosis, 490-91 |
choroid plexus, 889 |
Pertussis, 178 |
Pneumocytes, 461-62 |
juvenile, 224 |
Petechiae, 107, 329, 331 |
Pneumonia, 467-75 |
larynx, 519 |
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 582 |
aspiration, 474-75 |
mouth, 524 |
Peyronie’s disease, 170 |
atypical, 472-74 |
nose and paranasal sinuses, 517 |
p53 gene, 213 |
bacterial, 468-71 |
skin, 780 |
pH of blood, abnormalities of, 103-04 |
broncho (lobular), 471-72 |
urinary bladder, 701 |
Phagocytes, 64, 143 |
caseous, 156 |
Papilloma viruses, 224-25 |
Phagocytosis, 64, 134-36, 143 |
classification of, 468t |
Papillomatosis, florid, 224, 757 |
Phagolysosome, 135f |
hypostatic, 475 |
Papovaviruses, 224-25 |
Phagosome, 135f |
Legionella, 474 |
Pappenheimer bodies, 300 |
Pharynx, 517-19 |
lipid, 475 |
Paradoxical embolus, 119 |
Phase reactant proteins, 83, 140 |
lobar, 468-71 |
Paraganglioma, extra-adrenal, 801 |
Pheochromocytoma, 79-800 |
lobar versus bronchopneumonia, 473t |
Parakeratosis, 769 |
Philadelphia chromosome, 199, 353, 355, 356f, |
lobular, 471-72 |
Paranasal sinuses, 515-17 |
358 |
pathogenesis of, 467-68 |
Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS), 231-32, 502 |
Phimosis and paraphimosis, 714 |
Pneumocystis carinii, 474 |
Paraphimosis, 714 |
Phlebothrombosis, 409 |
primary atypical, 472-74 |
Paraproteinaemias, 380-85 |
Phlebotomy, 359 |
viral and mycoplasmal, 472-74 |
Parasitic diseases, 187-91 |
Phlegmasia, 410 |
Pneumonitis, 467-75 |
Parasitism, 174 |
Phocomelia, 256 |
allergic, 493-94 |
Parathormone, 816 |
Phosphatidylserine, 48 |
hypersensitivity, 493-94 |
Parathyroid gland, 815-18 |
Phthisis bulbi, 510 |
interstitial, 472-74 |
normal structure of, 815-16 |
Phyllodes tumour, 758-59 |
rheumatic, 443 |
tumours of, 817-18 |
Physaliphorous cells, 849 |
Pneumothorax, 505 |
Parkinsonism, 884-85 |
Physical carcinogenesis, 220-22 |
Podocytes, 650, 669 |
Paronychia, 182 |
Physical injury, 28, 34, 242-43 |
Poikilocytosis, 292 |
Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (PCH), 313 |
Pica, 298 |
Poisoning, |
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH), |
Pickwickian syndrome, 244-45 |
aluminium phosphide, 242 |
314 |
Pigmented villonodular synovitis, 855 |
carbon monoxide, 241 |
Partial thromboplastin time with kaolin (PTTK), |
Pigments, 40-44 |
cyanide, 242 |
330 |
malarial, 42 |
lead, 240-41 |
Pasteur, Louis, 4 |
wear and tear, 43 |
mercuric chloride, 680 |
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), 424 |
Piles, 581 |
organophosphate, 242 |
Patent truncus arteriosus, 425 |
Pilomatricoma, 785 |
Pollutants, 236-37 |
Pathology, definition of, 1 |
Pinguecula, 510 |
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), 402 |
evolution of, 1-7 |
Pinocytosis, 143 |
Polyarthritis, 442-43, 851 |
history of, 1-7 |
Pituitary gland, 79296 |
migratory, 442-43 |
subdivisions of, 7-8 |
normal structure of, 792-93 |
Polychondritis, relapsing, 514 |
Paul-Bunnel test, 352 |
tumours of, 795-96 |
Polychromasia, 292 |
Pavementing, 116, 133 |
Placenta, 751-53 |
Polyclonal, 15, 383 |
Pelger-Huet anomaly, 349 |
normal structure of, 751 |
Polycystic kidney disease, 657-58 |
Pellagra, 253 |
Plague, 175-77 |
adult, 657-58 |
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 738-39 |
Plaque, bacterial, 528 |
infantile, 658 |
Pelvis, kidney, 649 |
Plaque, pericardial, 458-59 |
Polycystic ovary disease, 740 |
tumours of, 700-02 |
Plaques, atheromatous, 398-99 |
Polycythaemia vera, 359 |
Pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction, 690t, |
Plasma cell, 63, 142-43, 349, 380 |
Polyembryoma, 711, 742t |
692 |
granuloma, 384 |
Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes, 829 |
Pemphigoid, 777 |
Plasma cells, disorders of, 380-84 |
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 6, 18 |
Pemphigus, 776-77 |
Plasmacytoma, localised, 384 |
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), 64, |
Penis, 714-16 |
Plasmacytosis, reactive, 382 |
141, 347-49 |
carcinoma of, 715-16 |
Plasmin, 116f, 139, 141f, 330f |
Polymyositis-dermatomyositis, 81, 495 |
normal structure of, 715 |
Platelet, 327-28 |
Polyol mechanism in diabetes, 825 |
Pepsin, 545 |
activating factor (PAF), 138 |
Polyoma virus, 225 |
Peptic ulcer, 549-54 |
adhesion, 115, 328 |
Polyploidy, 258 |
acute (stress), 550 |
aggregation, 115, 328 |
Polyps, |
benign versus malignant, 557 |
release reaction, 115, 327 |
adenomatous, 584 |
chronic duodenal versus gastric, 551 |
tests for, 329 |
antrochoanal, 515-16 |
duodenal, 550-54 |
Pleomorphic adenoma, salivary gland, 534-35 |
aural, 514 |
gastric, 550-54 |
Pleomorphism, 197 |
cervical, 725 |
Pericardial fluid accumulations, 456-57 |
Pleura, 504-06 |
colorectal, 582-86 |
Pericardial plaques, 458-59 |
tumours of, 505-06 |
endometrial, 735 |
Pericarditis, 457-59 |
Pleuritis, (pleurisy), 504-05 |
fibroepithelial, 722, 780 |
Periodontal disease, 529 |
Plummer-Vinson syndrome, 298, 526, 539, 541 |
gastric, 554 |
Periodontal tissue, |
Pneumoconiosis, 487-93 |
hamartomatous, 554, 582 |
normal structure of, 527-28 |
asbestos disease, 492-93 |
hyperplastic, 554, 582 |
Peritoneal bands and adhesions, 562-63 |
berylliosis, 493 |
inflammatory, 583 |
Peritoneum, 590-91 |
Caplan, 490 |
juvenile, 582, 586 |
tumors, 591 |
classification of, 488t |
lymphoid, 583 |
Peritonitis, 590-91 |
coal-workers’, 488 |
retention, 582 |
nasal, 515-16 |
Pseudocartilage, 535 |
Raynaud’s disease and phenomenon, 405 |
|
neoplastic, colorectal, 583-85 |
Pseudocyst of pancreas, 647 |
RB gene, 213 |
|
Peutz Jeghers, 582 |
Pseudogout, 855 |
REAL classification, 366-67 |
|
stomach, 554 |
Pseudolymphoma, 81, 560 |
Recessive inheritance, 260 |
|
stromal, 722, 780 |
Pseudomembrane, 181, 565 |
Red blood cells, 287-326 |
|
Polyribosomes, 24 |
Pseudomembranous inflammation, 144 |
Red cell membrane, 289 |
|
Polyserositis, 458 |
Pseudomyxoma peritonei, 203, 579, 743 |
hereditary abnormalities of, 314-15 |
|
Pompe’s disease, 262 |
Pseudopolyp, 568 |
Red line response, 131 |
|
Porcelain gallbladder, 642 |
Pseudotumour, inflammatory, 511 |
Reed-Sternberg (RS) cell, 369-70 |
|
Pores of Kohn, 462 |
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, 31 |
Reflux nephropathy, 682 |
|
Porphyria, 42-43 |
Psoriasis, 778-79 |
Regeneration, 165-66 |
|
Porphyrins, 42-43 |
PTEN gene, 759, 787 |
Regurgitation, valvular, 449-51 |
|
Porta hepatitis, 592 |
Pterygium, 510 |
Reid index, 478 |
|
Portal hypertension, 630-32 |
Ptyalism, 533 |
Reidel’s struma, 805-06 |
|
Portal venous obstruction, 604 |
Pulmonary embolism, 120-21 |
Reinke’s crystals, 703 |
|
Portwine stain, 411 |
Pulmonary eosinophilia, 456, 494 |
Reiter’s syndrome, 81-82, 699 |
|
Post-myocardial infarction syndrome, 436 |
Pulmonary fibrosis, idiopathic, 495-96 |
Rejection reactions, 65-66 |
|
Pott’s disease, 833 |
Pulmonary hypertension, 466-67 |
Renal cell carcinoma, 694-96 |
|
Pott, Sir Percival, 3 |
Pulmonary oedema, 100-01 |
Renal clearance tests, 653 |
|
Poxviruses, 186, 226 |
Pulmonary tuberculosis |
Renal cortical necrosis, 690 |
|
PPD test, 152 |
(see under Tuberculosis), 149-57 |
Renal cysts (also see under Cysts, kidney), |
|
Precocious puberty, 794, 838 |
Pulmonary valve, atresia, 426 |
656-60 |
|
Predisposing factors in tumours, 205-08 |
stenosis, 426 |
Renal dysplasia, 657 |
|
Pregnancy tumour, 412, 524 |
Pulpitis, 529 |
Renal failure, 653-56 |
|
Preleukaemic syndrome, 361-62 |
Pulseless disease, 404 |
acute (ARF), 654 |
|
Premalignant lesions, 207 |
Punctate basophilia, 292 |
chronic (CRF), 654-56 |
|
Pre-proinsulin, 819 |
Pure red cell aplasia, 326 |
Renal function tests, 652-53 |
|
Pressure gradients, 94-95 |
Purines, 23 |
Renal osteodystrophy, 836-37 |
|
Primary complex, 153-55 |
Purpura, 107, 331-34 |
Renal pelvis, tumours of, 702 |
|
Primitive neuroectodermal tumour (PNET), |
Henoch-Schonlein, 331 |
Renal vascular disease, 685-90 |
|
836t |
idiopathic thrombocytopenic (ITP), 332-34 |
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone |
|
Prinzmetal’s angina, 429 |
thrombotic thrombocytopenic (TTP), 334 |
mechanism, 98, 686-87, 796 |
|
Prion proteins, 83, 174, 878 |
Pus, 145 |
Reninoma, 694 |
|
Probe, 17, 18 |
Putrefaction, 49 |
Repair, 166-73 |
|
Procallus, 171-72 |
Pyaemia, 145 |
Reperfusion injury, 31-33 |
|
Proerythroblast, 287 |
Pyelitis, 681 |
in myocardial infarction, 433 |
|
Progeria, 60 |
Pyelonephritis, 680-84 |
Residual bodies, 24, 43 |
|
Progestrogen, 208, 731 |
acute, 680-82 |
Resistance, 66 |
|
Progressive massive fibrosis, 489-90 |
chronic, 682-84 |
Respiratory burst, 135 |
|
Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy |
diabetic, 678 |
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 462-65 |
|
(PML), 878 |
obstructive, 682 |
adult, 462-65 |
|
Progressive systemic sclerosis, 80-81 |
tuberculous, 684 |
neonatal, 462-65 |
|
Proinsulin, 819 |
xanthogranulomatous, 683 |
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 472 |
|
Prolapse, mitral valve, 451-52 |
Pyknosis, 30 |
Response-to-injury hypothesis, 395-97 |
|
Promyelocyte, 345 |
Pyknotic index, 269 |
Reticulocyte, 288 |
|
Pronormoblast, 287 |
Pyloric stenosis, 546 |
Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 64, 143 |
|
Properdin, 664 |
Pyogenic granuloma, 412, 524 |
Retinal detachment, 510 |
|
Prostacyclin, 137 |
Pyonephrosis, 682 |
Retinitis pigmentosa, 507 |
|
Prostaglandins, 137 |
Pyorrhoea, 529 |
Retinoblastoma, 512-13 |
|
Prostate, 716-20 |
Pyridoxine, 253 |
versus malignant melanoma, 513t |
|
acid phosphatase (PAP), 720 |
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency, 317 |
Retinol, 247-48 |
|
carcinoma, 718-20 |
Q |
Retinopathy, |
|
cytology of, intraepithelial neoplasia |
diabetic, 508-09, 826 |
||
(PIN), 719 |
|
hypertensive, 509-10 |
|
nodular hyperplasia, 717-18 |
Quality control in histopathology, 11 |
prematurity, 507 |
|
normal structure of, 716-17 |
Quick’s one stage method, 330 |
Retrolental fibroplasia, 507 |
|
specific antigen (PSA), 720 |
Quinacrine banding, 257 |
Retroperitoneal fibromatosis, 591 |
|
Prostatitis, 716-17 |
Quinsy, 518 |
Retroviruses, 183, 227-28 |
|
granulomatous, 717 |
R |
Reversible cell injury, 29-30 |
|
Protease inhibitor, 479-80, 628 |
morphology of, 34-36 |
||
Protease-antiprotease hypothesis, 479-80 |
Reye’s syndrome, 38, 602 |
||
|
|||
Protein, serum, 595 |
Rabies, 186 |
Rhabdomyoma, 455, 867 |
|
Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), 245-46 |
Rachitic rosary, 249 |
Rhabdomyosarcoma, 867-68 |
|
Proteinuria, 99t, 652, 660-61 |
Radiation carcinogenesis, 34, 220-22, 242 |
embryonal, 867 |
|
highly selective, 660, 669 |
Radicals, free, 31-33, 139 |
Rhesus system, 339 |
|
non-selective, 660, 671 |
Radioautography, 18 |
Rheumatic fever and RHD, 438-44 |
|
Proteoglycans, 83, 170, 262 |
Radiolysis, 34f |
acute stage, 440 |
|
Prothrombin time, 330 |
Ranula, 524 |
cardiac lesions in, 439-42 |
|
Prothrombotic factors, 114 |
Rappaport classification, 365 |
causes of death in, 443-44 |
|
Prussian blue reaction, 13t, 41, 301 |
RAS gene, 210-11 |
chronic stage, 441 |
|
Psammoma bodies, 52, 813, 890 |
Ray fungus, 164 |
clinical features of, 443-44 |
929
INDEX
930definition of, 438 endocarditis, 441 etiopathogenesis of, 438-39 extra-cardiac lesions in, 442-43 incidence of, 438
morphologic features of, 439-43 myocarditis in, 441-42 pericarditis in, 442
pleuritis, 443 pneumonitis, 443 stigmata of, 443 valvulitis in, 440-41 vasculitis in, 443
vegetations in, 441, 442f, 447t
Rheumatoid arthritis, 78t, 851-53
Rheumatoid factor, 851
Rheumatoid nodules, 852
Rheumatoid pneumoconiosis, 490
Rheumatoid spondylitis, 853
Rhinitis, 515
Rhinoscleroma, 516
Rhinosporidiosis, 181t, 516
Riboflavin, 253
Ribosomes, 24
Rickets, 249
Ridley-Jopling classification, 159
Ring chromosome, 259f
RNA oncogenic viruses, 227t
Rodent ulcer, 784-85
Rokitansky’s protuberance, 746
Rokitansky, Carl F, 4
Rokitansky-Aschoff sinus, 642
Romanowsky, DL, 4
Rosettes, 62t
Rotor’s syndrome, 601
Rouleaux formation, 382
Round cell tumours, 848, 861
RS cell marker, 369, 371f
Russell bodies, 35, 382
Rye classification, 371
INDEX |
S |
|
|
|
Sacrococcygeal teratoma, 264t |
|
Saddle nose deformity, 163 |
|
Saddle thrombus, 120 |
|
Salah bone marrow needle, 287f |
|
Salivary glands, 533-37 |
|
normal structure of, 533 |
|
tumours of, 534-37 |
|
tumours of minor, 534t |
|
Salmonellosis, 176t, 572 |
|
Salpingitis, 738-39 |
|
tuberculous, 739 |
|
Salt deficiency, 103t |
|
Saponification, 46 |
|
Saprophytism, 174 |
|
Sarcoidosis, 164-65 |
|
Sarcoma, botryoides, 519, 724, 867, 868f |
|
Sarcoma, definition of, 192 |
|
SARS, 185 |
|
Scab, 169 |
|
Scar, hypertrophic, 170 |
|
Schaumann bodies, 165 |
|
Schiller Duval body, 748 |
|
Schiller’s test, 727 |
|
Schilling test, 308, 545,901t |
|
Schistocytosis, 293 |
|
Schistosomiasis, 222, 700, 722 |
|
Schwann FT, 5 |
Schwannoma, 893-95 acoustic, 515, 893
versus neurofibroma, 895t Scirrhous tumours, 199, 557, 762 Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis), 80-81 Sclerosing adenosis, breast, 757 Scotomas, 509
Scurvy, 251-52
Sebaceous gland tumours, 785-86 Seborrheic keratosis, 780, 781f Seed-soil theory, 201
Selectin, 25, 134
Semen examination, 703, 900t Seminoma, spermatocytic, 710 Seminoma, classic, 709-10 Senile keratosis, 782
Senile plaques, 87, 884 Sentinel lymph node, 765 Septicaemia, 145
Sequestration, bronchopulmonary, 462 Sequestrum, 832
Serotonin, 137
Serous tumours of ovary, 742-43 Sertoli cell tumour, 713, 749
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), 185 Sex chromatin, 23, 257f, 275
Sex chromosomes, 23, 257 Sex cord-stromal tumours,
ovary, 748-39 testis, 713
Sezary syndrome, 379, 790 Sheehan’s syndrome, 794 Shift-to-left, 348, 353 Shift-to-right, 307, 348-49 Shigella, disentery, 176t, 572 Shingles, 185, 773
Shock, 108-13 adrenal in, 113
anaphylactic, 73, 109 brain in, 112-13 cardiogenic, 109, 110 clinical features of, 113
compensated (reversible), 111-12 complications of, 113 decompensated (irreversible), 112-13 definition of, 108
etiology and classification of, 109 hypovolaemic, 109 inflammatory mediators of, 111f kidney in, 113
lungs in, 113
morphologic features in, 112-13 neurogenic, 109
pathogenesis of, 109-11 septic, 109, 110-11 stages of, 111-12
true, 108
Shock, kidney, 113, 679 Shock, lung, 113 Shunts, heart, 423-26
left to right, 423-24 right to left, 424-26
Sialadenitis, 533-34
Sialolithiasis, 533
Sialorrhoea, 533
Sicca syndrome, 81, 533 Sickle cell syndrome, 318-19 Sideroblasts, 300-01
ring, 300f Siderocytes, 301
Siderofibrotic nodule, 106-07, 108f
Siderosis, 42, 627 Sigmoid curve, 289
Signal transduction proteins, 212, 216f Signet ring carcinoma, 557, 560f Silicosis, 490-91
Silo-filler’s disease, 494 Simmond’s syndrome, 794 Simple cyst, bone, 839-40 Single gene defect, 259-60 Sinus histiocytosis, 344 Sinusitis, 515
Sipple syndrome, 829 Sjögren’s syndrome, 81, 533
Skeletal muscles, structure of, 856-57 tumours, 867-68
Skeletal system, 830-56 Skin, 768-90
dermatoses, 769-79 normal structure of, 768-69 tumours of, 779-90
Slow releasing substance of anaphylaxis (SRS-A), 137
Slow transforming viruses, 227 Sludge, biliary, 639f
Small cell carcinoma lung, 500-01 versus non-small cell carcinoma, 500t
Small cell tumour, desmoplastic, 591 Smog, 236
Smoking, 218, 237, 480f, 497-98 passive, 237
Sodium and water, 94, 687 deficiency of, 103 retention of, 97
Soft tissue tumours, 860-70 classification of, 860 diagnostic criteria of, 860-61
etiology and pathogenesis of, 860 general features of, 860
staging and grading of, 861 Solar keratosis, 782
Soldiers’ spots, 459 Solitary cyst, bone, 839-40
Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, 581 Somogyi effect, 825
Sorbitol mechanism, 824-25 Southern blot, 17
Special stains, 11-13 Spectrin, 289, 314-15
Speech recognition system, 19 Spermatic granuloma, 705-06 Spherocytosis, 314-15
Spina bifida, 256, 873 Spinal cord defects, 256, 873 Spiradenoma, 786
Spleen, 386-88 CVC of, 106
normal structure of, 386 Splenectomy, effects of, 387-88 Splenic rupture, 388
Splenic tumour, acute, 388 Splenitis, 388 Splenomegaly, 387t
congestive, 387 Splenosis, 388 Spondylitis, 853
Spongiform encephalopathy, 878 Spongiosis, 769
Spread of tumours, 200-03 Sprue, 575
Sputum examination, 272, 275-76 Squamocolumnar junction, 724
Squamous cell carcinoma, 192f cervix, 728-29
lung, 499-500 oesophagus, 541-42 oral cavity, 526-27 penis, 715-16
skin, 783-84 vulva, 723
Squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), H-SIL, 271
L-SIL, 271
Squamous metaplasia, 57, 269, 497 Staghorn stone, 691
Staging of tumours, 205, 861 AJC, 205, 861 Enneking’s, 861
TNM, 205, 861 Staphylococcal infections, 179-80 Starling’s hypothesis, 420 Starvation, 245
Stasis, vascular, 131 Steatocystoma multiplex, 782 Steatohepatitis,
alcoholic, 37-39, 621-22 non-alcoholic (NASH), 629
Steatorrhea, 574 Steatosis, 37-39, 621-22
Stein-Leventhal syndrome, 740 Stem cells, haematopoietic, 285 Stem cell research, 7
Stenosis, valvular, 425-26, 449-51 aortic, 426, 450-51
mitral, 449-50 pulmonary, 426 tricuspid, 425-26
Stevens-Johnson syndrome, 522, 777 Stitch abscess, 168
Stomach, 543-60
acute dilatation of, 546 cancer of, 555-60
normal structure of, 543-44 rupture of, 546
tumours and tumour-like lesions of, 554-60
Stomatitis, 522-23
Stomatocytosis, 316 stomatin in, 316
Stones, gallbladder, 638-41 Stones, kidney, 690-92 Storage diseases, 260-63
neuronal, 885 Storage iron, 295
Storiform pattern, 860, 864-65 Stout, AP, 5
Streptococcal infections, 180-81 Stroke syndrome, 400, 879 Stromal fatty infiltration, 39 Struma ovarii, 747
Struvite (staghorn) stone, 691 Sty, 508
Subarachnoid haemorrhage, 882 Subependymoma, 889
Sudden cardiac death, 429f, 436-37 Sulfur granules, 164
Suppuration, 145
Surfactant, 462
Surgical pathology, protocol, 9-11 Sushruta, 3
Suture tracks, 168
Sweat gland tumours, 786 Swine flu, 185-86
Sydney classification, gastritis, 548 Symbiosis, 174
Sympathetic ophthalmia, 508 Sympathicoblastoma, 800 Synovial sarcoma, 868-69 Synovioma, benign, 855 Synovitis, villonodular, 855 Syphilis, 161-63
aortitis, 401 cardiovascular, 163 causative organisms of, 161 congenital, 163 immunology of, 161-62
mode of transmission of, 162 nose, 163
primary, 162 secondary, 162 stages of, 162-63 tertiary, 162-63
Syphilitic aortitis versus aortic atheroma, 402t Syringobulbia, 873
Syringomyelia, 873 Syringomyelocele, 873 Syrinx, 873
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 78-80, 495, 675-77
heart in, 444
Systemic sclerosis, 80-81, 495
T
Tabes dorsalis, 163
Tabes mesenterica, 154, 570 Takayasu’s arteritis, 404 Tamm-Horsfall protein, 382, 652 Target cell, 293
Tart cell, 79 Tattooing, 44
Teare’s disease, 454-55
Teeth, normal structure of, 527-28 Telepathology, 19-20 Telomerase, 215
Telomere, 59
Tenascin, 170 Tenosynovitis, nodular, 855 Teratogens, 256 Teratology, 256
Teratoma,
of ovary, 746-47 of testis, 711-12
sacrococcygeal, 264t Testicular tumours, 706-13 Testis, 703-13
normal structure of, 703 torsion of, 706 tumours of, 706-13
Tetanus, 180 Tetralogy of Fallot, 425 Thalassaemias, 320-24
alpha, 321 anaemia in, 320 beta, 322-24
classification of, 321t definition of, 320
Thalidomide malformations, 256 Thecoma, 749
Thermal injury, 34, 242 Thiamine, 252 Thioflavin, 88 Thrombasthenia, 334 Thrombin time, 320, 329t
Thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger’s disease), 404
Thrombocytopenias, 332-34 drug-induced, 332-34 heparin-induced, 332 immune, 332-34 thrombotic, 334
Thrombocytosis, 334 essential, 360
Thromboembolism, 120-21, 435 Thrombogenesis, 114-17 Thrombogenic theory, 395 Thrombolytic therapy, 433 Thrombomodulin, 114 Thrombophlebitis, 409-10
migrans, 410 Thrombopoiesis, 327-28 Thrombopoietin, 327 Thrombosis, 113-19,
clinical effects of, 119 coronary, 430 definition of, 113-14 fate of, 118-19 morphology of, 117-18
pathophysiology of, 114-17 predisposing factors in, 117
Thrombospondin, 328 Thrombotic microangiopathy, 689 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic,
purpura (TTP), 334 Thromboxane, 137 Thrombus, 113
antemortem versus postmortem, 118t arterial versus venous, 118t
ball valve, 118 morphology of, 117-18
Thrush, oral, 182, 523 Thymocytes, 388 Thymoma, 388-89 Thymus, 388-89 Thyroglossal cyst, 520 Thyroid cancer, 811-15
etiolopathogenesis of, 812 follicular, 813
medullary, 813-14 papillary, 812-13
undifferentiated (anaplastic), 814-15 Thyroid gland, 801-15
function tests, 802
functional disorders of, 802-04 normal structure of, 801-02 tumours of, 810-15
Thyroiditis, 804-06 autoimmune, 804-05 deQuervain’s, 805 granulomatous, 805 Hashimoto’s, 804-05 infectious, 805 lymphocytic, 805 Riedel’s, 805-06
Thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism), 802-03 Tinea, 773-74
Tissue tension, 95 TNM staging, 205, 861
Tobacco smoking, 218, 237, 480f, 497-98 Tocoferol, 250-51
Tolerance, immune, 77 Tongue, lesions of, 522-23 Tonsillitis, 517-18
Tooth, 527-32 diseases of, 528-32
normal structure of, 527-28
931
INDEX
932
INDEX
Tophi, 854f |
meninges, 876 |
stress, 550 |
TORCH complex, 190-91 |
miliary, 162 |
Ulcerative colitis, versus Crohn’s disease, 566t |
Torsion testis, 706 |
nose, 517 |
Ultimate carcinogens, 218 |
Torticollis, 521 |
open, 155 |
Ultraviolet light, 34, 221 |
Toxic granules, in neutrophils, 348 |
oral cavity, 523 |
Unicameral, bone cyst, 839-40 |
Toxic shock, 109, 110-11 |
primary, 153-55 |
Union, wounds, 168-69 |
Toxoplasmosis, 191 |
pulmonary, 154-56 |
primary, 168 |
TP53 gene, 213 |
secondary, 155-56 |
secondary, 168-69 |
Trace elements, 254 |
sinus tracts in, 153 |
Urachal abnormalities, 698 |
Tracheo-oesophageal fistula, 538 |
spread of, 151-52 |
Urachal cyst, 698 |
Trachoma, 508 |
transmission of, 151 |
Uraemia, 655-56 |
Tram-track appearance, 671 |
Tuberculous meningitis, 876 |
Uraemic manifestations, 655-56 |
Transaminases, 595, 898 |
Tubular necrosis, acute (ATN), 679-80 |
Urate nephrolithiasis, 692 |
Transcellular fluid, 93 |
Tubules, |
Ureter, normal structure of, 698 |
Transcobalamin, 253, 303-04 |
diseases of, 678-80 |
Ureterocele, 698 |
Transcoelomic spread, 202-03, 750 |
structure of, 651-52 |
Urethra, normal structure of, 698 |
Transferrin, 295 |
Tubulointerstitial disease, 680-85 |
Urethral carcinoma, 702 |
Transfusion, of blood, 339-40 |
Tumoral calcinosis, 779 |
Urethral caruncle, 702 |
complications of, 339-40 |
Tumour host interrelationship, 228-32 |
Urethritis, 699-700 |
Transient ischaemic attacks (TIA), 879 |
Tumour markers, 233-34, 709, 720 |
Uric acid stones, 692 |
Transitional cell carcinoma, |
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF), 25-26, 109, |
Urinary bladder, 698-700 |
nasopharynx, 518-19 |
138-39, 146, 230, 381 |
normal structure of, 698 |
urinary bladder, 700-02 |
Tumours (also see under Neoplasia), 192-235 |
tumours of, 700-702 |
Translocations, 199, 259, 353, 355, 356f, 358 |
anaplasia in, 197 |
Urinary calculi, 690-92 |
reciprocal, 259 |
angiogenesis in, 199, 215 |
Urinary cytology, 273, 276 |
Robertsonian, 259 |
benign versus malignant, 194 |
Urinary tract infection (UTI), 681, 682, 698 |
Transplant rejection, 65-66 |
characteristics of, 194-204 |
Urinary tract, lower, 698-702 |
Transplantation, 65 |
classification of, 193t |
Urine analysis, 652 |
cardiac, 460 |
cytomorphology of, 197-99 |
Urobilinogen, 593 |
bone marrow, 326, 365, 374 |
diagnosis of, 232-35 |
Urolithiasis, 690-92 |
Transposition of great arteries, 425-26 |
differentiation in, 197 |
Uropathy, obstructive, 690-93 |
Transthyretin, 83 |
epidemiology of, 205-07 |
Urothelial tumours, 700-02 |
Transudate versus exudate, 96t |
etiology and pathogenesis of, 208-28 |
Urticaria, 97, 770 |
Trauma to brain, 882-83 |
functional changes in, 198 |
Urticaria pigmentosa, 770 |
Trephine, 286-87 |
genetic abnormalities in, 199 |
Uveal melanoma, 512 |
Treponema, 161 |
grading of, 204 |
Uveitis, 508 |
Trichoepithelioma, 785 |
gross features of, 196 |
|
Trichomoniasis, 270f |
growth rate of, 194-96 |
V |
Trigone, 698 |
inflammatory reaction in, 199-200 |
|
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), 432 |
invasion of, 200-04 |
|
Triple response, 131f |
metastasis in, 200-04 |
Vaccines, hepatitis, 614 |
Trisomy, 258 |
microscopic features of, 196-200 |
Vaccinia, 186, 773 |
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, 456, 494 |
phenotype of, 196 |
Vagina, 723-24 |
Troponins, cardiac, 417, 435 |
spread of, 200-04 |
normal structure of, 723 |
Trouisier’s sign, 557 |
staging of, 205 |
tumours of, 723-24 |
Trousseau’s syndrome, 232, 410, 503, 648 |
stem cells in, 196 |
Vaginal smear, 268-72, 275 |
Truncus arteriosus, persistent, 425 |
stroma of, 199 |
Vaginitis, 723 |
Trypanosomiasis, 453, 538, 580 |
vascular invasion of, 201-02 |
monilial, 270, 723 |
Tryptophan, 243 |
Tunicae, arteries, 390 |
Valvular deformities, 426, 449-51 |
Tubercle, 152-53, |
Turban tumour, 786 |
Valvulitis, rheumatic, 440-41 |
evolution of, 152-53, 155, 156 |
Turbulence, 116, 133 |
van den Bergh diazo reaction, 593 |
hard and soft, 153 |
Turcot’s syndrome, 586 |
Vanillyl mandellic acid (VMA), 800 |
Tubercle bacillus, 149 |
Turk cell, 349 |
Varicella-zoster infection, 186, 773 |
Tuberculin test, 152 |
Turner’s syndrome, 258 |
Varices, 539-40, 631-32 |
Tuberculoma, brain, 877 |
Typhoid fever, 571-72 |
Varicocele, 706 |
Tuberculosis, 149-57 |
Typhoid ulcers, 572f |
Varicosities, 409 |
brain, 877 |
Tyrosinase, 40 |
Variola, 186, 773 |
caseous necrosis in, 45, 153, 155, 156 |
|
Vasa recta, 650 |
caseous pneumonia in, 156 |
U |
Vasa vasora, 390 |
causative organism in, 149 |
Vascular purpuras, 331 |
|
cavitary, 155-56 |
|
Vascular permeability, 130-33 |
clinical features of, 156-57 |
Ubiquitin, 26 |
alterations of, 131 |
dystrophic calcification in, 52f |
UICC staging, 205 |
mechanisms of, 131-33 |
fibrocaseous, 155-56 |
Ulcer, |
Vascular tumours, 411-16 |
hypersensitivity and immunity in, 152 |
amoebic, 187-88 |
Vasculitis, 400-05 |
incidence of, 151 |
aphthous, 522-23 |
allergic, 402-03 |
intestinal, 569-71 |
Curling’s, 113, 550 |
hypersensitvity, 402-03, 404 |
kidney, 156, 684 |
Cushing’s, 550 |
leucocytoclastic, 403f |
liver, 162, 615-16 |
peptic, 549-54 |
lymphocytic, 403 |
lymph node, 45, 154f |
rodent, 784-85 |
Vasoactive amines, 136-37 |
Vasopressin, 98, 794 VDRL, 162
Vegetations, distinguishing features of, 447t Veins, 409-11
normal structure of, 409 varicose, 409
Vena caval syndrome, 410 Venous congestion, 105-06
Ventricular hypertrophy, 55, 421-22 Ventricular septal defect (VSD), 423 Verocay bodies, 893
Verrucae, 224, 440, 771-72 Verrucous carcinoma, 527, 542, 784 Vesalius, 3
Vesico-ureteric reflux, 682 Vessels, 390-416
tumour and tumour-like lesions of, 411-16 Villonodular tenosynovitis, 855
Villous atrophy, 575 Vimentin, 16, 23-24, 861 Vincent’s angina, 517 Viral diseases, 183t
Viral hepatitis, (also see under Hepatitis, viral), 605-14
Viral oncogenesis, 222-28 DNA, 222, 224-26, 224t RNA, 223-24, 227-28, 227t
Virchow cells, 160 Virchow’s node, 200 Virchow’s sign, 557 Virchow-Robin space, 872 Virchow, Rudolf, 5 Virilism, adrenal, 798 Virtual microscopy, 19
Viruses and human cancer, 228 Viruses, diseases caused by, 183t Vital reaction, 44
Vital staining, 288 Vitalism, theory of, 3
Vitamins, disorders of, 246-55 A, 247-48
B1, 252-53 B2, 253 B3, 253 B6, 253 B12,
B-complex, 252
B12 metabolism, 303-04 biotin, 253-54
C, 251-52 choline, 254 D, 248-50 E, 250
fat-soluble, 247-51
flavonoids, 254 folate, 253
folate metabolism, 304-05 K, 250-51
niacin, 253 water-soluble, 251-54
Vitellointestinal duct, 561-62 Vitiligo, 40
Vocal nodules, 519-20 Volkman’s ischaemic contracture, 172
Volvulus, 563
von Gierke’s disease, 261-62
von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, 694, 829 von Kossa stain, 13t, 51
von Recklinghausen’s disease, 206, 893 von Willebrand’s disease, 336
Vulva, 721-24
normal structure of, 721 tumours of, 722-24
W
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinaemia, 384
Wallerian degeneration, 172, 892 Walthard cell rests, 738 Warthin’s tumour, 535
Warts, 224, 771-72 Wassermann reaction, 162 Water-soluble vitamins, 251-54 Water, total body, 93
deficiency of (dehydration), 102 excess of (overhydration), 102
Watershed (border zone) infarcts, brain, 880 Watson, Crick, 6
Wax-D, 152
Wear and tear pigment, 43 Webs, oesophageal, 539
Wegener’s granulomatosis, 403, 495, 517 limited form, 402
Weights and measurements, normal organs, 896-97
Wermer’s syndrome, 829 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 252
Wet-fixed versus air-dried smear, 280t Wheal, 131
Whipple’s disease, 576
White blood cells, diseases of, 342-86 White lesions, 525-26, 714, 721-22 Whooping cough, 178
Wilms’ tumour, 696-98 Wilson’s disease, 628
Wilmut, Ian, 7 |
933 |
Wintrobe, MM, 6 |
|
Wolffian cyst, 723 |
|
Working formulation for clinical usage, 366 |
|
Wound, |
|
complications of, 169-70 |
|
contraction of, 167 |
|
healing of, 167-73 |
|
strength, 170 |
|
Woven bone callus, 830 |
|
Wry neck, 521 |
|
Wuchereria bancrofti, 97, 190 |
|
X
X-chromosome, 23, 257 X-linked disorders, 260t X-ray crystallography, 82 Xanthelasma, 39 Xanthine stones, 692 Xanthofibroma, 855 Xanthogranuloma, 864
Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis, 683 Xanthomas, 39, 626
Xenograft, 65
Xeroderma pigmentosum, 215, 770, 783 Xerophthalmia, 247
Xerostomia, 81, 533
Y
Y-chromatin, 257, 275 Yellow atrophy, acute, 613 Yellow fever, 183-84
Yolk sac tumour, ovary, 748 testis, 711
Z
Zahn, infarct of, 129 |
INDEX |
Zarda, 237 |
|
lines of, 117 |
|
Zeiss glands, 508 |
|
Zenker’s degeneration, 35 |
|
Zenker’s fluid, 371 |
|
Ziehl-Neelsen staining, 149, 157 |
|
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 545, 829 |
|
Zonal necrosis, liver, 604-05 |
|
Zones, hepatic lobules, 592f |
|
Zonula adherens, 25 |
|
Zonula occludens, 24-25 |
|
Zoster virus infection, 186, 773 |
|