Recovered_PDF_602

ˆá¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¥ clause ¢ ä®à¬¥ \that we introduced in Chapter 3" | á®- «¥æ¨§¬. •à¨¢¥¤•¥--®¥ ¯à ¢¨«®, ª®-¥ç-®, -¥ ®â¬¥-ï¥â ª®-áâàãªæ¨© ⨯ apposition ¨ subject complement:

Infer the fact that the operator A equals zero.

It is clear whose faces were separated by the hyperplane.

ˆ-®£¤ г¯а ¢«¥-¨¥ [Tf] (= [T]+[f]) ¢бва¥з ¥вбп ¢ -¥бª®«мª® а би¨а¥-- -ле ¢ а¨ -в е ¢¨¤ [T]+[n]+[f] ¨«¨ [T]+to+[n]+[f]. •а¨ -¥®¡п§ в¥«м- -®© ¢®§¬®¦-®бв¨ в ª¨е д®а¬ ¯¥а¢ п гª § - б¨¬¢®«®¬ ( )+, ¢в®а п | §- ª®¬ (to)+ ¢ б®®в¢¥вбв¢гой¥¬ ¬¥бв¥ в ¡«¨жл. ’¥ ¦¥ б®£« и¥-¨п ¤¥©бв¢гов ¤«п [Tw]. Žвбгвбв¢¨¥ + ¯а¨ - «¨з¨¨ ( ) ®§- з ¥в ®¡п§ - в¥«м-®бвм ¤ --®£® г¯а ¢«¥-¨п. •®¤з¥аª-¨в¥, зв® ¢ нв¨е ¡®«¥¥ ¯®«-ле д®а¬ е clause ¯®-¯а¥¦-¥¬г п¢«п¥вбп direct object | [dob] (ба¥¤-¨© н«¥- ¬¥-в [n] | нв® indirect object [iob]). Ž¡а в¨в¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, зв® -¥ ¢б•¥ в® [Tw], зв® в ª¨¬ ª ¦¥вбп. • ¯а¨¬¥а:

[Tn] Compare the norms of X which were introduced above. [Tnf] Remind A that B = C.

[T(to)nf] Prove to A that B = C.

‚ ª®«®-ª¥ [Tn] á ¯®¬®éìî ᨬ¢®« ( ) ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥-ë £« £®«ì-ë¥ ã¯à - ¢«¥-¨ï ⨯ [T]+ [n]+[t] (⮫ª®¢ -¨¥ ᨬ¢®«®¢ ( ) ¨ ( )+ ¯à¥¦-¥¥). •à¨ í⮬ ¤®¯ã᪠îâáï á«¥¤ãî騥 âਠ¢®§¬®¦-®áâ¨.

•®б«¥¤-¨© ¢ а¨ -в ¢л¤¥«¥- б¨¬¢®«®¬ (be)+. ”а §л в¨¯ \A demonstrates an opportunity to start" -¥ ®в-®бпвбп ª [Tnt] ¢®¢б¥ (нв® [Tn]).

Žâ¬¥â¨¬, ç⮠ᨬ¢®« + ¢ á⮫¡æ¥ [Tnt] ¯®§¢®«ï¥â ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì

¨ ¢ ਠ-â bare in nitive (â. ¥. ä®à¬ã [Tni] = [T]+[n] + ¨-ä¨-¨â¨¢ ¡¥§ ᢮¥£® §- ª (the sign of in nitive) | ç áâ¨æë to). • ¯à¨¬¥à,

[Tni] We feel it be solvable.

[Tni] We observe the cloud condense.

§ ⥫ì-®áâì bare in nite (ª ª ¢® ¢â®à®¬ ¯à¨¬¥à¥ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ï [Tni]).

‚ á⮫¡æ¥ [Tnn] (= [T]+[n]+[n]) ®¡ê¥¤¨-¥-ë á«¥¤ãî騥 ¤¢ ã¯à - ¢«¥-¨ï. •¥à¢®¥ | âà -§¨â¨¢-ë© £« £®« + [dob] (¢ ä®à¬¥ [n])+[object complement] (¢ ä®à¬¥ [n]). ‚®â ¨««îáâà æ¨ï:

[Tnn] He proclaimed it the Loch Ness Monster.

‚â®à®¥ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ | £« £®« + [iob]+[dob]. ‚®â ®¡à §æë.

[Tnn] Axioms give this theory sound grounds. [Tnn] He writes me a letter.

•®á«¥¤-¨¥ ¯à¨¬¥àë ¤®¯ã᪠îâ áâ -¤ àâ-®¥ ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ -¨¥, ¢ ª®â®à®¬ indirect object ¯¥à¥å®¤¨â ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦-®¥ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥:

[Tnn] Axioms give sound grounds for a theory. [Tnn] He writes a letter to me.

•à¨-ï⮠㪠§ë¢ âì, çâ® ¢ ¯®¤®¡-ëå á«ãç ïå ¯à¥¤«®£ for á¢ï§ - á ¨¤¥¥© \bene t", ¯à¥¤«®£ to | c ¨¤¥¥© \receive." ‚ ¦- ï ¤¥â «ì: ¡¥á¯à¥¤- «®¦- ï ä®à¬ [Tnn] á ®¤ã襢«•¥--ë¬ indirect object ¤®¯ãá⨬ ¢á¥£¤ . …᫨ ¦¥ iob -¥®¤ã襢«•¥-, - ¤•¥¦-®áâ¨ à ¤¨ ¯à¨¬¥-ï©â¥ ¨áª«îç¨â¥«ì- -® ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ á ¯à¥¤«®£®¬.

“¤®¡-® ¢ë¤¥«¨âì ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ [Tna], ᨬ¢®«¨§¨àãî饥 âà -§¨â¨¢- -ë© £« £®«, § ª®â®àë¬ á«¥¤ã¥â [n] ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ direct object; ¯à¨ í⮬ [n] á- ¡¦¥-® ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬ | complement | ¢ ä®à¬¥ [a], â. ¥. adjective ¨«¨ adjective phrase. ‘¨¬¢®«¨ç¥áª¨ [Tna] := [T]+[n]+[a].

‚ ª®«®-ª¥ [Tnn] ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥-ë ¨ ¯®«¥§-ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦-ë¥ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨ï [Tnpr] ⨯

[Tnpr]:=[T]+[n]+[prepositional phrase] = [T]+[n]+preposition+[n],

£¤¥ 㪠§ --ë© ¯à¥¤«®£ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¢§ïâ á।¨ â ¡«¨ç-ëå. Žâ¬¥âìâ¥, ç⮠ᨬ¢®« [n] §¤¥áì á®åà -¥- § ¯à¥¤«®¦-ë¬ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬, ª ª®¢ë¬

â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ - á«®¢® as. …£® ¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥ ¢ ª®«®-ª¥ [Tnn] ¤®¯ã᪠¥â ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ [T]+[n]+as+[n] ¨ [T]+[n]+[as]+[a]. •® ®¡é¥¬ã ¯à ¢¨«ã, as ¯à¨-¨¬ ¥â ing-form. ‘®£« è¥-¨ï ® ¯à¥¤«®£ å ॣ㫨àãîâ ¨ ª®«®-ªã [I], £¤¥ ¢¢®¤¨âáï ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ [Ipr], â. ¥. [I]+preposition+[n]. ‚ -¥ª®â®- àëå á«ãç ïå ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ ¯à¥¤¯®« £ ¥â ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥ ¯à¥¤«®£ £¥àã-¤¨¥¬. ‚ íâ¨å á«ãç ïå ¯à¥¤«®£ ¢ë¤¥«¥-.

‚®â -¥ª®â®àë¥ ®¡à §æë.

62 Russian ! English in Writing. # 21

[Tna] We think the set absorbing.

[Tnn] We refer to A as a manifold without boundary. [Tnn] The proof is considered as very much involved. [Ipr] Withhold from chitchatting.

• §ã¬¥¥âáï, ¢ â ¡«¨æ¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥-ë ¤ «¥ª® -¥ ¢á¥ ¢®§¬®¦-ë¥ ¯à¥¤- «®¦-ë¥ ä®à¬ë, «¨èì ⥠¨§ -¨å, ª®â®àë¥ - ¨¡®«¥¥ â¥á-® á¢ï§ -ë á ã¯à ¢«ïî騬 £« £®«®¬. ‘¢®¡®¤-ë¥ ª®¬¡¨- 樨 | ¢¥¤ì ¬-®£¨¥ ®¡- áâ®ï⥫ìá⢥--ë¥ ®¡®à®âë § ¤ îâáï ¯à¥¤«®¦-묨 äà § ¬¨ | -¥ ®£à - -¨ç¨¢ îâáï -¨ç¥¬, ªà®¬¥ á¬ëá« . ‚ â® ¦¥ ¢à¥¬ï ¢ ᮬ-¨â¥«ì-ëå á«ã- ç ïå ‚ ¬ á«¥¤ã¥â ¤¥à¦ âìáï ¯à®¢¥à¥--®£® ®¡à §æ . ’ ª, ᪠¦¥¬, ¢ë- à ¦¥-¨ï ⨯ \substitute A by/with B" the Concise Oxford Dictionary ª¢ «¨ä¨æ¨àã¥â ª ª vulgar. (Š®-¥ç-®, by ¨ with ¡á®«îâ-® - ¬¥á⥠á replace, ¤«ï £« £®« substitute ¯¨è¨â¥ substitute B for A.)

‚-¨¬ ⥫ì-® ¯à®¤ã¬ ©â¥ ¨ ®á®§- ©â¥ â® ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢮, çâ® ã¯à - ¢«¥-¨ï á® á«®¢®¬ as £®à §¤® ¡®«¥¥ ।ª¨ ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥, 祬 ¨å - «®£¨ ¢ àãá᪮¬ (¯®á«¥¤-¨¥ ¯®ç⨠¯®¢á¥¬¥áâ-ë). •¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ â ª- ¦¥ ® -¥âà -§¨â¨¢-ëå £« £®« å ⨯ act, appear, etc., ª®â®àë¥ ç áâ® ¯à¨-¨¬ î⠯।«®¦-ë¥ äà §ë á as. Œ¥¦¤ã ¯à®ç¨¬, ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ \It acts as an operator" ¤®¯ã᪠¥â ¤¢ £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª¨å ¯®¤å®¤ . •à¨ ¯¥à- ¢®¬ §¤¥áì à áᬠâਢ ¥âáï -¥âà -§¨â¨¢-ë© £« £®« act ¢ ä®à¬¥ [Ipr]. •à¨ ¢â®à®¬ | à¥çì ¨¤•¥â ® âà -§¨â¨¢-®¬ prepositional verb \act as", ª®- â®àë© ãç áâ¢ã¥â ¢ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¨ [Tn]. •â㠮ᮡ¥--®áâì ¢ ¦-® ¯®¬-¨âì ¯à¨ ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¨ á¯à ¢®ç-ëå ¬ â¥à¨ «®¢.

‘«®¢® as ᮤ¥à¦¨âáï ¢® ¬-®£¨å ãá⮩稢ëå ª®-áâàãªæ¨ïå (as well,

¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥ â ª¨å as -¥ á¢ï§ -® á ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ï¬¨ [Tnpr] ¨ [Ipr]. ‘ª ¦¥¬, á«¥¤ãî饥 ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥:

As a result of taking adjoints, we obtain (5.2).

íâ®, à §ã¬¥¥âáï, [Tn]. ‚ â® ¦¥ ¢à¥¬ï ú᪮à ïû äà § ⨯ He introduced Professor Smith as the chair.

¯а¥¤бв ¢«п¥в б®¡®© ¡¥бб¬лб«¨жг | ъ¢¨бпзгоы ª®-бвагªж¨о. •г¤мв¥ ¢-¨¬ в¥«м-л ª as!

‚á⮫¡æ¥ [Tnn] ᮡà -ë ¨ -¥ª®â®àë¥ ¤à㣨¥ £« £®«ì-ë¥ ä®à¬ë.

’ª, ᨬ¢®« out ¢ áâப¥ ¤«ï nd ®§- ç ¥â ¯à¨¥¬«¥¬®áâì \Find A out." €- «®£¨ç- ï ¢®§¬®¦-®áâì ¨««îáâà¨àã¥âáï á«®¢®¬ down (¡¥§ ᪮¡®ª)

¨¤¨®¬ëû. ‡- ç¥-¨¥ áâ¥à¦-¥¢®£® £« £®« , ¯à¥®¡à §®¢ --®£® á ¯®¬®- éìî ¯à¥¤«®£®¢ ¨ ç áâ¨æ, ¯à¥â¥à¯¥¢ ¥â ç áâ® -¥¯à¥¤áª §ã¥¬ë¥ ¨§¬¥-¥- -¨ï. Žâ¬¥âì⥠⠪¦¥, çâ® ¢á¥ £« £®«ë ®¡á㦤 ¥¬®© â ¡«¨æë ®â-®áïâ- áï ª ⨯ã [Tn].

• §ã¬¥¥âáï, ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¥ ¢ëè¥ á¢¥¤¥-¨ï ® ª« áá¨ä¨ª 樨 -¥¯®«- -ë. •¥ª®â®àë¥ ¢ª«îç•¥--ë¥ ¢ â ¡«¨æã £« £®«ë ¨-®£¤ ¤®¯ã᪠îâ ¨-ë¥ á¯®á®¡ë 㯮âॡ«¥-¨ï. „¥â «¨ ¯à¨ ¦¥« -¨¨ ¬®¦-® ¨§¢«¥çì ¨§ ¯®¤à®¡- -ëå á¯à ¢®ç-¨ª®¢. Žá®¡¥--®á⨠ã¯à ¢«¥-¨©, á¢ï§ --ëå á ing-ä®à¬®© ¨ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥--ëå ¢ ª®«®-ª¥ [Tg], ¡®«¥¥ âé ⥫ì-® ®¡á㦤 îâáï -¨¦¥ ¢ # 24.

‚ ¬ ¯®«¥§-® ã¡¥¤¨âìáï, çâ® ¬¥â®¤ë ᮤ¥à¦ ⥫ì-®© - «®£¨¨ ¨

ª «мª¨а®¢ -¨п б агббª®£® п§лª ¯а¨¢®¤пв ª -¥¢¥а-л¬ £а ¬¬ в¨з¥- бª¨¬ д®а¬ ¬. ’ ª, ¯®-агббª¨ б®з¥в -¨¥ ъ- з¨- вм (¯а¨бвг¯ вм), зв® A = Bы -¥¤®¯гбв¨¬®. ‘®®в¢¥вбв¢¥--® г¯а ¢«¥-¨¥ [Tf] ¤«п \commence" ®вбгвбв¢г¥в. Ž¤- ª® ъ¨бª«оз ¥¬, зв® A = Bы ¢®§¬®¦-®, \exclude that A equals B" | б®«¥ж¨§¬. ‘®¢¬¥бв-®¥ а бᬮва¥-¨¥ б«®¢ \prove" ¨ \disprove" в ª¦¥ ¤®«¦-® ¯а®¡г¤¨вм ‚ и㠮ᬮва¨в¥«м-®бвм.

‡- ª ¢ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饬 ¬¥á⥠®¡á㦤 ¥¬®© ¬ âà¨æë ᨬ¢®«¨§¨àã¥â ¨áª«îç¨â¥«ì-ãî ®¯ á-®áâì.

Ž- 㪠§ë¢ ¥â ú«®¦-ëå ¤à㧥© ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª û: ¯®¬¥ç¥--®¥ â ª¨¬ §- - ª®¬ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥ ¢®§¬®¦-® ¢ àãá᪮¬ ï§ëª¥, -® -¥¤®¯ãá⨬® ¢ -£«¨©- ᪮¬. Žè¨¡ª¨, ¢ë§¢ --ë¥ «®¦-묨 ¤àã§ìﬨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª , ®ç¥-ì à á- ¯à®áâà -¥-ë. •®¬-¨â¥ ®¡ í⮬!

‚ ¯¥а¢®¬ бв®«¡ж¥ §- ª -¥ ¯а®бв ¢«¥-, в ª ª ª §¤¥бм ®- ¬®¦¥в ¡лвм а §¬¥й•¥- ¢® ¢б¥е ¯гбвле ¯®§¨ж¨пе ¡¥§ ¨бª«оз¥-¨п. •®¬¨¬® в®- £®, ª®а®вª¨¥ ъ-¥¯¥а¥е®¤-л¥ы да §л в¨¯ ъŒл ¢л¡¨а ¥¬, - б ¢л¡¨- а ов ...ы, ¯¥а¥¢®¤ ª®в®але б¯®б®¡¥- ¢л§¢ вм § ваг¤-¥-¨п, ¢ - гз-ле в¥ªбв е ¯а ªв¨з¥бª¨ -¥ ¢бва¥з овбп. • ª®-¥ж, ¢ б¯¥ж¨ «м-ле агª®- ¢®¤бв¢ е ¯а¨-пвл а §«¨з-л¥ бе¥¬л ª« бб¨д¨ª ж¨¨ verb patterns. ’¥- ªгй¥¥ ¨§«®¦¥-¨¥ ®¯¨а ¥вбп ¢ ®б-®¢-®¬ - з¥в¢•¥ав®¥ ¨§¤ -¨¥ (1989 £.) б«®¢ ап A. S. Hornby.

#22. “ ‚ á ¥áâì ®á-®¢ -¨ï ¨§¡¥£ âì Continuous Tenses

‚¦-¥©è¥¥ ¨§ -¨å â®, çâ® ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ - ãç-®£® ⥪áâ ¡¥§ â ª¨å ¢à¥¬•¥- ®¡ëç-® ¬®¦-® ®¡®©â¨áì.

„à㣮¥ -¥ ¬¥-¥¥ ¢ ¦-®¥ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢮ á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, çâ® -¥ ¢á¥ £« £®«ë ¤®¯ã᪠î⠨ᯮ«ì§®¢ -¨¥ ¤«ï \the Progressive" (¢ ä®à¬ å ⨯

be+ing-form).

‚뤥«ïîâ ª« ááë stative verbs ¨ dynamic verbs. •¥à¢ë¥ (stative) ¢ ®â«¨ç¨¥ ®â ¢â®àëå (dynamic) -¥«ì§ï 㯮âॡ«ïâì ¢® ¢à¥¬¥--ëå ª®-- áâàãªæ¨ïå ⨯ Continuous.

Šstative ®â-®áïâ £« £®«ë:

¨-¥ав-®£® ᮤ¥а¦ -¨п, б¢п§ --л¥ б ъа¥ж¨¯¨¥-в-®бвмоы ¯®¤«¥- ¦ й¥£® | ®¡а й¥-¨¥¬ ¤¥©бв¢¨п бª §г¥¬®£® £« £®« - -¥£®: hear, notice, see, astonish, impress, etc.;

í¬®æ¨®- «ì-®£® á®áâ®ï-¨ï: adore, care for, like, hate, respect, etc.;

¦¥« -¨©: want, wish, desire, need, etc.;

¬ë᫨⥫ì-ëå ¯à®æ¥áᮢ: admire, assume, appreciate, believe, consider, doubt, expect, feel, imagine, know, mind, presume, presuppose, realize, recognize, recollect, regard, remember, remind, suppose, understand, etc.;

á®®â-®á¨â¥«ì-®áâ¨: apply, be, belong, concern, consist of, contain, depend, deserve, di er, equal, t, have, owe, own, possess, remain, require, resemble, result, signify, stand for, su ce, etc.;

¯à®ç¨¥ (-¥ ¤¨- ¬¨ç¥áª¨¥): agree, appear, claim, consent, displease, envy, fail to do, nd, forbid, forgive, interest, keep doing, manage to do, mean, object, please, prefer, prevent, puzzle, realize, refuse, taste, tend, satisfy, seem, sound, succeed, surprise, value.

•а¨- ¤«¥¦¨в «¨ £« £®« ª в¨¯г stative, -¥ ¢б¥£¤ ¬®¦-® г§- вм ¨§ б«®- ¢ ап. •®«¥§-л© ¯а ªв¨з¥бª¨© ªа¨в¥а¨© б®бв®¨в ¢ ⮬, зв® § ¢¥¤®¬® -¥ п¢«повбп stative £« £®«л ¤¨- ¬¨з¥бª®£® г¯®ва¥¡«¥-¨п, ¨«¨ dynamic verbs.

Š ª« ááã dynamic ®â-®áïâ £« £®«ë:

¢ëà ¦ î騥 ¤¥ï⥫ì-®áâì: ask, call, help, learn, look at, say, work, write, etc.;

¢ëà ¦ î騥 ¯à®æ¥ááë: change, deteriorate, grow, integrate, etc.;

¬ â¨ç¥áª¨ ¢¥à-®© ú¤¥¯ áᨢ¨§¨à®¢ --®©û ä®à¬ë. • ¯à¨¬¥à, ¯à¨ à á- ᬮâà¥-¨¨ á«¥¤ãîé¨å äà § ‚ ¬ à §ã¬-® ®â¢¥á⨠¢â®àãî ¨§ -¨å:

Coe cients were assumed to be evaluated.

Coe cients were decided to be evaluated.

‚ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ¨§ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãîé¨å ¨á室-ëå ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨© ⮫쪮 ¯¥à- ¢®¥ ï¥âáï ¯à ¢¨«ì-® ¯®áâ஥--ë¬:

We assumed coe cients to be evaluated.

We decided coe cients to be evaluated.

•¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥, çâ® ¢¢¥¤•¥--®¥ ¢ëè¥ ¯à ¢¨«® | íâ® ¢á¥£® «¨èì ú®áâ®à®¦-®¥û -¥®¡å®¤¨¬®¥ ãá«®¢¨¥. Ž-® -¨ ¢ ª®¥¬ á«ãç ¥ -¥ ï¥âáï ¤®áâ â®ç-ë¬ ¤«ï ª®à४â-®á⨠¯ áᨢ¨§ 樨.

•®¬-¨â¥: ¢® ¬-®£¨å á«ãç ïå ¯ áᨢ¨§ æ¨ï ¯à ¢¨«ì-® ¯®áâ஥--ëå ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨© -¥¤®¯ãá⨬ ᮣ« á-® ï§ëª®¢ë¬ âà ¤¨æ¨ï¬. • ¯à¨¬¥à, ¡á®«îâ-® ¯à¨¥¬«¥¬ë ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï

We prefer functionals to be conjugate-linear. Assumptions cause operators to extend initial data.

• áᨢ¨§¨à®¢ âì ¦¥ ¨å ¯® ä®à¬ «ì-ë¬ ®¡à §æ ¬ -¥«ì§ï. ‘«¥¤ãî騥 ¢®§-¨ª î騥 ¨§ -¨å ¯à¨ ä®à¬ «ì-®© ¯ áᨢ¨§ 樨 ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï | -¥- - áâ®ï騥:

Functionals are preferred to be conjugate-linear.

Operators are caused (by assumptions) to extend initial data.

Œ¥¦¤ã ⥬ ä®à¬ [Tnt], ¢ ª®â®à®© ¢ ¨á室-ëå ¤«ï ¯®á«¥¤-¨å ¯à¨- ¬¥à®¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ïå ¯à¨¬¥-¥-ë £« £®«ë prefer, cause, ¢®®¡é¥ £®¢®àï, ®¡ëç-® ¤®¯ã᪠¥â ¯ áᨢ¨§ æ¨î. ‘।¨ - «®£¨ç-ëå ç áâëå ¤«ï - - ãç-ëå ⥪á⮢ ¨áª«îç¥-¨©, ¯®¬¨¬® 㦥 ®â¬¥ç¥--ëå, 䨣ãà¨àãîâ £« - £®«ë bring, commit, intend, like ¨ -¥ª®â®àë¥ ¤à㣨¥ (¢ ä®à¬ å [Tnt]).

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® «î¡¨¬ë¥ ⥮à¥â¨ª ¬¨ ®¡®à®âë ⨯ ú¯ãáâì íâ® ¡ã¤¥â ⥬û, ¯¥à¥¢®¤¨¬ë¥ ª ª \let this be that", ¯ áᨢ¨§ 樨 -¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ â.

•¨ ¢ ª ª¨å á«ãç ïå -¥«ì§ï ¯ áᨢ¨§¨à®¢ âì ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï á £« £®- « ¬¨ have, resemble, equal ¨ -¥¬-®£¨¬¨ ¤à㣨¬¨. •¥ª®â®àë¥ £« £®«ë, - ®¡®à®â, ¢ ᢮¨å ®¡ëç-ëå ä®à¬ å ¯à¥¤¯®ç¨â îâ Passive; - ¯à¨¬¥à: a liate, orient, motivate, promote ¨ â. ¯.

‡ ¯à¥é¥- ¯ áᨢ¨§ æ¨ï ¢á¥å ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨©, ¨á¯®«ì§ãîé¨å £« - £®«ì-ë¥ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ï [Tt], [Tg]. •®âï ¯® ®¡é¥¬ã ¯à ¢¨«ã à §à¥è¥- ¯ áᨢ¨§ æ¨ï [Tn], [Tf] ¨ [Tw], ª ª ¨ ¤«ï [Tnt], §¤¥áì ¢áâà¥ç îâáï ¨á- ª«îç¥-¨ï.

• ¯à¨¬¥à, -¥«ì§ï ¯ áᨢ¨§¨à®¢ âì á«¥¤ãî騥 ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï.

They get the following relations.

The Rolle Theorem says where to nd optima.

The supervisor sees how the calculation is accomplished. We reason that the conjecture should be refuted.

‚ â® ¦¥ ¢à¥¬ï ä®à¬ë [Tnn] (¢ª«îç ï ¢ ਠ-â á as) ®¡ëç-® ¤®¯ã᪠îâ the Passive Transformation.

•®«¥§-® §- âì, çâ® ¯ áᨢ¨§ 樨 -¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ â ⥠¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï, ¢ ª®â®àëå á¢ï§ì ¬¥¦¤ã áã¡ê¥ªâ®¬ ¤¥©áâ¢¨ï ¨ ¥£® ®¡ê¥ªâ®¬ ¢ëà ¦¥- - á ¯®¬®éìî possessive (re exive or reciprocal) pronouns. ˆ- ç¥ £®¢®- àï, - «¨ç¨¥ á«®¢ ⨯ ourselves, their, etc. ®¡ëç-® ¡«®ª¨àã¥â Passive Transformation. • ¯à¨¬¥à, äà §

Each operator determines its transpose.

¯® 㪠§ --ë¬ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¬ ¯ áᨢ¨§ 樨 -¥ ¯®¤«¥¦¨â.

‘⮨⠥镥 à § ¯®¤ç¥àª-ãâì, ç⮠㢫¥ç¥-¨¥ ¯ áᨢ®¬ ¢®á¯à¨-¨- ¬ ¥âáï ª ª §«®ã¯®âॡ«¥-¨¥ (¨/¨«¨ | á। ¤«ï â ª®¢ëå). ‚ ª ç¥- á⢥ ¨««îáâà 樨 ¬®¦¥â á«ã¦¨âì á«¥¤ãî騩 ¯à¨¬¥à, ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë© •. Š¢•¥àª®¬ ¢ 㦥 æ¨â¨à®¢ --®© ¢ëè¥ ª-¨£¥ The Use of English.

\The speaker, Mr Derek Senior, had said: `Half the dilatoriness, the passing of the bucks, the shirking of responsibility, and the want of initiative ... could be eradicated overnight by simple expedient of forbidding the use of the passive voice in any o cial document.' This is no doubt a little optimistic, but we can see what is in Mr Senior's mind."

…áâì ¯®«¥§-ë© ¢-¥è-¨© ä®à¬ «ì-ë© ªà¨â¥à¨© ª®-âà®«ï § ç áâ®â®© passive voice. ˆ§¢¥áâ-®, çâ® ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥 ú¤¥¯ áᨢ¨§¨à®¢ --®£®û ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨ï ï¢-® 㪠§ë¢ ¥âáï ¢ ¯ áᨢ-®© ä®à¬¥ (â. ¥., ª ª £®¢®àïâ, ä¨- £ãà¨àã¥â ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ retained object) -¥ ¡®«¥¥ 祬 ¢ âà¥â¨ ॠ«ì-ëå ¯ áᨢ-ëå ª®-áâàãªæ¨© -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª . “ ‚ á -¥â ®á-®¢ -¨© ¬¥- -ïâì íâã áâ â¨á⨪ã.

‚® ¢á¥å ¬ «®-¬ «ì᪨ ᮬ-¨â¥«ì-ëå á«ãç ïå ¯à®ï¢«ï©â¥ ¡¤¨â¥«ì- -®áâì ¨ ª®-áã«ìâ¨àã©â¥áì á® á«®¢ à•¥¬. ‚ è¥ §®«®â®¥ ¯à ¢¨«®: Passive ⮫쪮 ¯® -¥®¡å®¤¨¬®áâ¨! ‚¯à®ç¥¬, -¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ ¨ ª« áá¨ç¥áª®¥ 㪠- § -¨¥ •¥à- ठ˜®ã: \The golden rule is that there are no golden rules."

#24. Š ª ¯à¥¢à â¨âì £¥àã-¤¨©-¤«ï-ᥡï

¢£¥àã-¤¨©-¢-ᥡ¥?

ƒ¥àã-¤¨© | gerund | íâ® ¢¥áì¬ à á¯à®áâà -•¥-- ï ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï, ª ª®â®à®© «î¡ï⠯ਡ¥£ âì í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨¥ ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª¨. Š ᮦ «¥-¨î, -¥ª®â®à묨 ¨§ -¨å ®- ç áâ® ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥âáï á £àã¡ë¬¨ ®è¨¡ª ¬¨.

•®¯лвª¨ а §®¡а вмбп ¢ ®б®¡¥--®бвпе г¯®ва¥¡«¥-¨п £¥аг-¤¨п ¨-®- £¤ ¢л§л¢ ов п¢-л¥ -¥¤®г¬¥-¨п ¨ ®§ ¡®з¥--®бвм. ’аг¤-®бв¨ б¢п§ -л г¦¥ б б ¬¨¬ в¥а¬¨-®¬. ’ ª, ¢ £а ¬¬ в¨ª¥ •. Š¢•¥аª ¨ ¤а. ®- ¢®¢б¥ ®вбгвбв¢г¥в (¥£® - «®£ | nominal ing-clause). ‘«®¢ ам •®а-¡¨ ®¯а¥- ¤¥«п¥в £¥аг-¤¨© ª ª verbal noun. €- «®£¨з-® ¯®бвг¯ ¥в ¨ ‹®-£¬ -. ˆ-®£¤ ¯а® £¥аг-¤¨© ¯¨игв:

\A term in traditional grammar designating the -ING-form of a verb used as a noun."

‚®â ¥é•¥ ¢ ਠ-â:

\The gerund is a word ending in -ing that behaves in some ways like a noun and in some ways like a verb."

“з•¥-л¥ ¯а¨¢лª«¨ ª ¥бв¥бв¢¥--®© б®¯®¤з¨-•¥--®бв¨ ®¡й¥£® ¨ з бв-®- £®. „«п -¨е, бª ¦¥¬, ¢л¯гª« п дг-ªж¨п | ¯а¥¦¤¥ ¢б¥£® дг-ªж¨п. €- «®£¨з-®, ¯®-пв¨¥ verbal noun ¥бв¥бв¢¥--® ¢®б¯а¨-¨¬ ¥вбп ª ª а §- -®¢¨¤-®бвм noun. Œ¥¦¤г в¥¬ в ª®© ¯®¤е®¤ ª £¥аг-¤¨о за¥¢ в ®и¨¡- ª ¬¨. •а ¢¨« ¯®п¢«¥-¨п £¥аг-¤¨п ¢ ¢¥а-® ¯®бва®¥--®¬ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ -¥ п¢«повбп б¯¥ж¨ «¨§ ж¨¥© ®¡й¨е ¤«п noun ¤¨а¥ªв¨¢. • з-•¥¬ б -¥- ®¡е®¤¨¬ле д®а¬ «м-ле гв®з-¥-¨©.

„«ï ‚ á, í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨© ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª, ¯® ®¯à¥¤¥«¥-¨î £¥àã-¤¨©-¤«ï- á¥¡ï ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ï¥â ᮡ®© ing-ä®à¬ã £« £®« ¢¬¥áâ¥ á ‚ 訬 ¦¥« -¨¥¬ ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¥•¥ ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®£®. ƒ¥àã-¤¨©-¢-ᥡ¥ (gerund- per-se, gerund-an-sich, £¥àã-¤¨©-¤«ï-¤àã£¨å ¨«¨ ¯à®áâ® gerund) | íâ® â ¦¥ ing-ä®à¬ , 㯮âॡ«ï¥¬ ï £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª¨ ª®à४â-® ¨ ®¤-®¢à¥- ¬¥--® ¢ ¬ ªá¨¬ «ì-® ¢®§¬®¦-®© á⥯¥-¨ ॠ«¨§ãîé ï ¨á室-ë¥ ãáâà¥- ¬«¥-¨ï. (Žâ¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® ing-ä®à¬®© ®¡« ¤ î⠢ᥠ£« £®«ë, ªà®¬¥ ¬®- ¤ «ì-ëå.)

ˆ¤¥ «ì-®¥ ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥-¨¥ ®¡ ing-ä®à¬¥, ᢮¡®¤-® ¯à¥¢à é•¥--®© ¢

covering, embedding, ending, mapping. •®«¥¥ в®£®, в¥®а¥в¨з¥бª¨ «о- ¡го ъз¨бвгоы ing-д®а¬г ¬®¦-® ¨б¯®«м§®¢ вм ª ª ъ®в£« £®«м-®¥ы бг-