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20 Russian ! English in Writing. # 7

ï§ëª ) | ¥£® ç¨â âì «¥£ª® ¨ ¯à¨ïâ-®. ‚ £à ¬®â-®© ¨ âé ⥫ì-® - ¯¨- á --®© | ã§ã «ì-®© | à ¡®â¥ ‚ë á 㤮¢®«ìá⢨¥¬ ®â¬¥â¨â¥ â®ç-ãî à ááâ -®¢ªã ¯à¥¤«®£®¢, ¨¤¨®¬ â¨ç-®áâì ®¡®à®â®¢, ‚ ¬ ¤®áâ ¢¨â à - ¤®áâì ¯®-¨¬ -¨¥ ¯à¨ç¨-, ¯® ª®â®àë¬ ¢ë¡à -ë â ¨«¨ ¨- ï ª®-áâàãª- æ¨ï, ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥ ¨«¨ ã¯à ¢«¥-¨¥. •ãª®¢®¤áâ¢ã©â¥áì áâண¨¬ ¢ªãᮬ ¨ §¤à ¢ë¬ á¬ëá«®¬ | ®-¨ ¯à¨¢¥¤ãâ ª ¨áª®¬®¬ã १ã«ìâ âã.

ƒ« ¢- ï á«®¦-®áâì âà¥â쥣® íâ ¯ ¢ ⮬, çâ® ¥£® -¥ å®ç¥âáï § ª -- 稢 âì (¨ ¢ á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥, ã«ãçè âì ¬®¦-® ¯à ªâ¨ç¥áª¨ «î¡®© - ãç-ë© â¥ªáâ | í⨬ - 㪠®â«¨ç ¥âáï ®â ¡¥««¥âà¨á⨪¨). •¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥, çâ® -¥®¡å®¤¨¬ë¬ í«¥¬¥-⮬ ª ¦¤®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ ï¥âáï ¥£® ª®-¥æ.

Š®-¥æ | ¤¥«ã ¢¥-¥æ. The end crowns all. Finis coronat opus.

#7. •®¬-¨â¥ ® à §«¨ç¨ïå -£«¨©áª®£® ¨ àãá᪮£® ï§ëª®¢

•à ¢¨«ì-¥¥ ᪠§ âì | ú¯®¬-¨â¥ ® - «¨ç¨¨ à §«¨ç¨©û. Š®-¥ç-®, ª ª -£«¨©áª¨©, â ª ¨ àãá᪨© ï§ëª ®¡« ¤ îâ ¯®«-ë¬ - ¡®à®¬ á।á⢠¤«ï ᪮«ì 㣮¤-® â®ç-®© ¯¥à¥¤ ç¨ ¨-ä®à¬ 樨. ‚ᥠ¤¥â «¨ ¨ -î -áë 祫®¢¥ç¥áª¨å ¬ëá«¥©, ®éãé¥-¨© ¨ ¯¥à¥¦¨¢ -¨© ¤¥ª¢ â-® ¢ëà §¨¬ë ¢ ª ¦¤®¬ ¨§ ï§ëª®¢. •â® ¤®ª § -® á ¬®© ¢®§¬®¦-®áâìî ãᯥè-®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ á⮫ì á«®¦-ëå á®ç¨-¥-¨©, ª ª á®-¥âë ˜¥ªá¯¨à ¨«¨ ¯®¢¥á⨠•ã誨- . •¥¯¥à¥¢®¤¨¬ëå - ãç-ëå á®®¡é¥-¨© ¯à®áâ® -¥ áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â.

•¥á¬®âàï - ᪠§ --®¥, ¯®«¥§-® ®á®§- âì, çâ® -£«¨©áª¨© ï§ëª | -¥ àãá᪨© ï§ëª.

Š ᮦ «¥-¨î, ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥-- ï ¡ - «ì- ï ª®-áâ â æ¨ï ç áâ® - 室¨â- áï - ¯¥à¨ä¥à¨¨ ¯ ¬ï⨠¤ ¦¥ ã áà ¢-¨â¥«ì-® ®¯ëâ-®£® í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª . •®í⮬㠥£® ¯®á¥é îâ -¥ ¢á¥£¤ «®ª «¨§ã¥¬ë¥ ¨¬ ¨«- «î§¨¨, á®áâ®ï騥 ¢ ⮬ ¨«¨ ᢮¤ï騥áï ª ⮬ã, çâ® ¨¬¥¥âáï ¢§ ¨¬-® ®¤-®§- ç-®¥ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¥ ¬¥¦¤ã ¬-®£¨¬¨, ¥á«¨ -¥ ¢á¥¬¨, -£«¨©áª¨¬¨ ¨ àãá᪨¬¨ £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª¨¬¨ ®¡à §®¢ -¨ï¬¨, -®à¬ ¬¨, ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï- ¬¨, £« £®«ì-묨 ã¯à ¢«¥-¨ï¬¨ ¨ â. ¤.

Œ¥¦¤ã ⥬ ¢ àãá᪮¬ -¥â £¥àã-¤¨ï ¨ à⨪«¥©, -® ¨å ஫¨ ãᯥè- -® ¨á¯®«-ïîâ ¨-ë¥ á।á⢠. •®-àãá᪨ ¬®¦-® - -¨§ë¢ âì - à¥ç¨ï ú ¡á®«îâ-® ¯àאַû, ú¥¤¢ «¨ ᮢ¥àè¥--® ¢¥à-®û ¨ â. ¯. •®- -£«¨©áª¨

¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨àãî騥 ¤à㣠¤à㣠-ly words ¢ á⨫¥ \absolutely truly" -¥- ¯à¨¥¬«¥¬ë. „®¯ãá⨬ ®¡®à®â ú¤®ª ¦¥¬ A - «®£¨ç-® Bû ¨ ¢¥áì¬ á¯®à- äà § \prove A similarly to B." •®-àãá᪨ £®¢®àïâ: úà § A, â® Bû. •ãª¢ «ì-ë© ¯¥à¥¢®¤ \since A, then B" | -¥¤®¯ãáâ¨¬ë© á®«¥- 樧¬, ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«ïî騩 ®¤-ã ¨§ ⨯¨ç-ëå ®è¨¡®ª - ãç-ëå ¯¥à¥¢®¤®¢. ‚ àãá᪮¬ ï§ëª¥ ¯¥à¥¤ úçâ®û ¨ úª®â®àë©û, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, ¥áâì § ¯ï- â ï. ‚ -£«¨©áª®¬ § ¯ïâ ï ¯¥à¥¤ \that" ¨ \which" áà ¢-¨â¥«ì-® ।ª ¨ ç áâ® -¥á•¥â -¥ä®à¬ «ì-ãî á¬ëá«®¢ãî - £à㧪ã. •¥à¥¢®¤ â¥à¬¨- úíªá¯®-¥-â û ª ª \female exponent" | ¡áâà ªâ-ë© ª®-âà¯à¨¬¥à, ®- ¢àï¤ «¨ § 䨪á¨à®¢ - ¢ ⥪ã饩 ¯à ªâ¨ª¥. Ž¤- ª® ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¥ á«®- ¢ \exponent" ¢¬¥áâ® ¯à ¢¨«ì-®£® \exponential" | ⨯¨ç- ï ®è¨¡ª í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª®¢.

•®«¥¥ ⮣®, -¥ª®â®àë¥ á«®¢ -¥¯¥à¥¢®¤¨¬ë - -£«¨©áª¨© ï§ëª ¨- ç¥ ª ª ¢ëà ¦¥-¨ï¬¨ (¯à¨éãà¨âìáï, ä®àâ®çª , ¢ «¥-ª¨ ¨ â. ¯.). •ª¢¨¢ «¥-âë ¬-®£¨å á«®¢ ¨¬¥îâ -¥ íª¢¨¢ «¥-â-ë¥ áä¥àë ¤¥©á⢨ï: àãá᪮¥ úª ªû | íâ® ¨ \how", ¨ \as", ¨ \like"; outstanding advances | íâ® ¨ ¢ë¤ î騥áï ãᯥå¨, ¨ -¥®¯« ç¥--ë¥ ¢ -áë ¨ â. ¯. Œ®¦-® ᪠- § âì: ú¨§-§ ®â¬¥ç¥--ëå ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìáâ¢û, -® -¥«ì§ï ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ í⮣® ¢ëà ¦¥-¨ï ¢¬¥áâ® ú¨§-§ û ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì \behind" ¨«¨ \from behind" ¨ â. ¯. úŽ¡à â- ï äã-ªæ¨ïû | íâ® \inverse function", -® ú®¡à â-®¥

‚®â ¥é•¥ ª« áá¨ç¥áª¨© ¯à¨¬¥à: ᦠâì à㪨 | to grip arms, -® ¯®- ¦ âì à㪨 | to shake hands. ˆ§ ú®ª®--®©û ⥬ë | ã-¨¢¥àá «ì-®¥ àãá᪮¥ ®ª-®, - á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥ íâ® casement window, ã -£«¨ç - (¨ ¬¥à¨ª -- 楢) ¡ë¢ ¥â ¥é•¥ ¨ sash window. •à ¢¨«ì-®: comprehensible argument ¨ understandable behaviour. •¥à¥áâ -®¢ª ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ëå -¥¢®§¬®¦- - .

Žâ«¨ç¨ï ¢áâà¥ç îâáï ¢ á ¬ëå -¥®¦¨¤ --ëå £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª¨å ª®-- áâàãªæ¨ïå. Š®-¥ç-®, ¯à® ¦•¥á⪨© ¯®à冷ª ç«¥-®¢ ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ¯®- ¬-¨â ª ¦¤ë© í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨© ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª | à á宦¤¥-¨ï¬¨ §¤¥áì ¥£® -¥ 㤨¢¨èì. ‚®â ¡®«¥¥ â®-ª¨© ¯à¨¬¥à. •®-àãá᪨ á«¥¤ãî騥 ¤¢¥ äà §ë ᮢ¥àè¥--® ¯à ¢®¬¥à-ë:

•®«ã稬 ®¯¥à â®à, ¤¥©áâ¢ãî騩 ¨§ X ¢ Y. •®«ã稬 ®¯¥à â®à, ª®â®àë© ¤¥©áâ¢ã¥â ¨§ X ¢ Y.

•à¨ í⮬ ¯¥à¢®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ á⨫¨áâ¨ç¥áª¨ ¤ ¦¥ ¯à¥¤¯®çâ¨â¥«ì-¥¥ ¢â®à®£® (¢ á¢ï§¨ ᮠ᢮¥© ¡®«ì襩 ªà ⪮áâìî). • áᬮâਬ ¢ ਠ-âë ú᪮ண®û ¯¥à¥¢®¤ :

Obtain an operator acting from X into Y.

Obtain an operator that is acting from X into Y.

•¥ ᮢᥬ ®ç¥¢¨¤-®, çâ® ¤®¯ãá⨬® ⮫쪮 ¯®á«¥¤-¥¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥. •¥à- ¢ë© ®¡à §¥æ, å®âï ¨ ⨯¨ç¥- ¢ ¯à ªâ¨ª¥ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®£® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ , ¢®á- ¯à¨-¨¬ ¥âáï (¢® ¢á类¬ á«ãç ¥, ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¢®á¯à¨-ïâ) ª ª ú¯á¥¢¤®- -£«¨©áª®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥û, ª ª £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª ï ®è¨¡ª | ᮫¥æ¨§¬. (• §êïá-¥-¨¥: §¤¥áì ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -® -¥¯à¨¥¬«¥¬®¥ £« £®«ì-®¥ ã¯à ¢«¥- -¨¥: äà § \an operator acting from X into Y" ᮤ¥à¦¨â noun, ¬®¤¨ä¨- æ¨à®¢ --®¥ â ª - §ë¢ ¥¬ë¬ non nite ing-clause, â ª¨¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ ¨áª«îç¥-ë ¨§ ᯨ᪠¤®¯®«-¥-¨© âà -§¨â¨¢-®£® £« £®« obtain ã§ãᮬ | -®à¬ ⨢-ë¬ á«®¢®ã¯®âॡ«¥-¨¥¬ | -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª . •®«¥¥ â®- £®, ®¡®à®â \acting from X into Y" ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¢®á¯à¨-ïâ ¨ ª ª ®â¤¥«ì- -®¥ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ⨯ àãá᪮£® ú¤¥©áâ¢ãï ¨§ X ¢ Yы, з⮠ᮧ¤ •¥в § ¯а¥й•¥--л© ндд¥ªв \dangling participle" | ъ¢¨бпзгоы (¨ ¡¥б- б¬лб«¥--го) ª®-бвагªж¨о. ˆ-в¥а¥б-®, зв® ¢б¥ ва¨ ¯®е®¦¨¥ да §л

An operator acting from X into Y is obtained.

An operator that is acting from X into Y is obtained. An operator is obtained that is acting from X into Y.

ª®à४â-ë.

‘¯¨á®ª à §«¨ç¨© -¥áª®-ç ¥¬!

#8. ‚ ¬ -ã¦-ë å®à®è¨© á«®¢ àì ¨ ®¡à - §¥æ

•¥ â®ç-¥¥ «¨ ᪠§ âì, å®à®è¨© ®¡à §¥æ ¨ á«®¢ àì? € ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì, ®¡à §¥æ ¨«¨ å®à®è¨© á«®¢ àì? Žâ¢¥â - ®¡ í⨠¢®¯à®á ®¡é¨© | ú-¥âû.

Ž¡à §¥æ, â. ¥. ®¤- «î¡¨¬ ï ‚ ¬¨ | å®à®è ï-¤«ï-‚ á | ª-¨£ - -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥ (¨«¨ -¥áª®«ìª® â ª¨å ª-¨£) ¯® ¯à®¡«¥¬ ⨪¥ ¯¥à¥¢®- ¤¨¬®£® ‚ ¬¨ ¬ â¥à¨ « , | íâ®, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, ¤®áâã¯-ë© ‚ ¬ ¨áâ®ç-¨ª. ‚ -•¥¬ ¥áâì -¥®¡å®¤¨¬ ï â¥à¬¨-®«®£¨ï, 䨣ãà¨àãîâ ä ¬¨«¨¨ ¢â®à®¢ § ª®-®¢, ä®à¬ã«, ⥮६, ¯®-ï⨩ ¨ â. ¯., ¬-®£® áâ -¤ àâ-ëå ®¡®à®â®¢.

• §¢ --ë¥ -¥®æ¥-¨¬ë¥ ª ç¥á⢠ç१¢ëç ©-® ¢ ¦-ë ¤«ï ‚ á ¯à¨ ¯¥- ॢ®¤¥. ’ ª®© ®¡à §¥æ -¥¢®§¬®¦-® § ¬¥-¨âì -¨ ®¤-¨¬ ®¡é¨¬ á«®¢ à•¥¬.

᪨© á«®¢ àì, á«®¢ àì ˆ«¨-£ã®àá (V. Illingworth, The Penguin Dictionary of Physics) ¨«¨ ¨§¢¥áâ-ë¥ ¬ ⥬ ⨪ ¬ €-£«®-àãá᪨© á«®¢ àì ¬ ⥬ â¨ç¥áª¨å â¥à¬¨-®¢, á«®¢ àì ‹®ã®â¥à (A. J. Lohwater's RussianEnglish Dictionary of the Mathematical Sciences) ¨ â. ¤. ¯à¨ ¢á¥© ¨å ¯®«¥§-®á⨠-¥ ¯®ªàë¢ îâ ¨ -¥ ¬®£ãâ ¯®ªàëâì ¯®âॡ-®á⥩, ¢®§-¨ª - îé¨å ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ᮮ⢥âáâ¢ãî饩 ¯¥à¨®¤¨ª¨.

•®á«¥¤-¨© ª®-âà®«ì ¯à¨ ¢ë¡®à¥ â¥à¬¨- | ®¡à §¥æ, -¥¤ ¢-ïï ¬®- -®£à ä¨ï, - ¯¨á -- ï å®à®è¨¬ ¢â®à®¬, ¤«ï ª®â®à®£® -£«¨©áª¨© ï§ëª ï¥âáï த-ë¬ ¨«¨, ¯® ªà ©-¥© ¬¥à¥, ®á-®¢-ë¬.

•®¬-¨â¥, çâ® ¢â®àë - ãç-ëå à ¡®â -¥ ¯® «¨-£¢¨á⨪¥ | íâ®, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, -¥ «¨-£¢¨áâë.

‚ ᮬ-¨â¥«ì-ëå á«ãç ïå ‚ë ¯à®¢¥àï¥â¥ ¯à ¢®¯¨á -¨¥ àãá᪮£® á«®¢ ¢ ®à䮣à ä¨ç¥áª®¬ á«®¢ à¥, ¢ á«®¢ ॠŽ¦¥£®¢ ¨ â. ¯. ˆ-®£¤ ¢ । ªæ¨ïå á¯¥æ¨ «¨§¨à®¢ --ëå - ãç-ëå ¦ãà- «®¢ ᬮâàïâ ¢ ã祡- -¨ª £à ¬¬ ⨪¨ ¨ á¯à ¢®ç-¨ª ⨯ ú‘«¨â-®-à §¤¥«ì-®û. „¥«® ¢ ⮬, çâ® ¢â®àë - ãç-ëå áâ ⥩ ¨ ª-¨£ - àãá᪮¬ ï§ëª¥ -¥ ¢á¥£¤ ¯¨èãâ ¯®-àãá᪨ ¡á®«îâ-® ¡¥§ã¯à¥ç-®. ’® ¦¥ á⮨⠮â-¥á⨠¨ ª ¯¨èã騬 ¯®- -£«¨©áª¨.

—१¢ëç ©-® ¢ ¦-® -¥ § ¡ë¢ âì, çâ® ¤«ï ‚ á -£«¨©áª¨© | -¥ த-®© ï§ëª, ¯®í⮬ã âàã¤-®á⥩ ¢ ¯à ¢¨«ì-®¬ á«®¢®ã¯®âॡ«¥-¨¨ ã ‚ á -¥¬ «®. ‡- ç¨â, ‚ ¬ -㦥- å®à®è¨© ®¡é¨© á«®¢ àì. Š ᮦ «¥- -¨î, è¨à®ª® à á¯à®áâà -¥•--ë¥ ¤¢ãï§ëç-ë¥ á«®¢ ਠ•®«ì让 -£«®- àãá᪨© á«®¢ àì, á«®¢ àì Œî««¥à ¨ â. ¯., ¯à¨ ¢á¥å ¨å ¤®á⮨-á⢠å, -¥¤®áâ â®ç-ë ¤«ï ‚ è¨å 楫¥©.

‚ ¬ -㦥- ®¤-®ï§ëç-ë© á«®¢ àì ª« áá \For Advanced Learners" â ª®£® ã஢-ï, ª ª The Concise Oxford Dictionary, •®à-¡¨, Š®««¨-§ ¨«¨ ‹®-£¬ -. ‚ -ã¦-®¬ ‚ ¬ | å®à®è¥¬ | á«®¢ ॠ¤®«¦-ë ¡ëâì 㪠- § -¨ï ® ⨯¥ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®£® (countable, uncountable), ® ⨯ å £« - £®«®¢ (transitive, intransitive), ® ä®à¬ å £« £®«ì-ëå ã¯à ¢«¥-¨© (verb patterns) ¨ â. ¯.

•¥à¥¨§¤ --ë¥ ¢ ®â¥ç¥á⢥--ëå ¨§¤ ⥫ìáâ¢ å ¤¢ãå⮬-¨ª¨ •®à-- ¡¨ ¨ ‘«®¢ àì ᮢ६¥--®£® -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª (‹®-£¬ -) ¢¯®«-¥ ‚ á ãáâà®ïâ. • §ã¬¥¥âáï, ¨å - «®£¨ ¨ ¢¥àᨨ, ®¯ã¡«¨ª®¢ --ë¥ ¢ ‘˜€

¨‚¥«¨ª®¡à¨â -¨¨, ¯à¨¥¬«¥¬ë ¥é•¥ ¢ ¡®«ì襩 ¬¥à¥.

‚å®à®è¥¬ á«®¢ ॠ-¥â ¡¥á¯®«¥§-®© ¤«ï ‚ á ¨-ä®à¬ 樨

| ¢-¨¬ ⥫ì-® ¨§ãç¨â¥ ¢á¥ ¯à ¢¨« ¯®«ì§®¢ -¨ï ‚ 訬 á«®¢ à•¥¬, ã᢮©â¥ §- ç¥-¨ï ¢á¥å ᨬ¢®«®¢ ¨ á«ã¦¥¡-ëå á«®¢.

24 Russian ! English in Writing. # 8

• ª®-¥æ, ¯®¬-¨â¥ | á«®¢ ਠᮧ¤ îâáï âà㤮¬ «î¤¥©, «î¤ï¬ ᢮©á⢥--® ®è¨¡ âìáï.

•à®¤®«¦ ï (¢ ¯®à浪¥ ¨áª«îç¥-¨ï) ¯®è«®¢ âãî ¯à ªâ¨ªã ¨á¯®«ì- §®¢ -¨ï à á宦¨å ä®à¨§¬®¢, - ç âãî ¢ ¯à¥¤ë¤ã饬 ¡§ æ¥, ®â¬¥â¨¬, çâ® ¨ - ᮫-æ¥ ¥áâì ¯ïâ- . ‘ª ¦¥¬, ¢ á«®¢ ॠŒî««¥à -¥¢¥à-® - - ¯¨á -® á«®¢® lemmata, ¢ •®«ì讬 -£«®-àãá᪮¬ á«®¢ ॠ¨¬¥¥âáï -¥- â®ç-®áâì ¢® ¢§ ¨¬®®â-®è¥-¨¨ á«®¢ reversal ¨ reversion. •®¬¨¬® â®- £®, ¢â®àë à §-ëå á«®¢ ३ ¨¬¥îâ ®â-î¤ì -¥ ⮦¤¥á⢥--ë¥ ¢§£«ï¤ë. Œ®à «ì ®¡é¥¨§¢¥áâ- : 㬠å®à®è®, ¤¢ | «ãçè¥!

“з•¥-л¥ бва¥¬пвбп ®¡®¡й вм. ˆ¬ ¡«¨§ª¨ ¯®¨бª¨ бªалвле § ª®-®- ¬¥а-®бв¥©, ¬¥в®¤ ¨-¤гªж¨¨ (¤ ¦¥ -¥¯®«-®©) ¨ а бб㦤¥-¨п ¯® - «®- £¨¨. •¥а¥¢®¤ (¨ ®б®¡¥--® н¯¨§®¤¨з¥бª¨©) | -¥ ¯®¤е®¤пй¨© ¯®«¨£®- ¤«п а¥ «¨§ ж¨¨ ¯®¤®¡-ле бва¥¬«¥-¨©.

Ÿ§ëª ᯥæ¨ä¨ç¥- ªà ©-¨¬ ᢮¥®¡à §¨¥¬ ¨ ç१¢ëç ©-® ¢ë᮪¨¬ ã஢-¥¬ - ª®¯«¥--®© á«®¦-®áâ¨. ‹®£¨ª ¨ à 樮- «ì-®áâì ¢ -¥•¬ ç áâ® -¥ ᮡ«î¤ îâáï.

\The conventions of human behaviour are not all determined by logic and reason and language is a part of human behaviour." (R. Quirk,

The Use of English)

‡ ª®-®¬¥à-®á⨠ï§ëª 祫®¢¥ªã, ¤«ï ª®â®à®£® ®- -¥ ï¥âáï த-ë¬, -¥ ¢á¥£¤ ¯®-ïâ-ë. •à¨¬¥à®¢ - àãè¥-¨© ä®à¬ «ì-® ¢®§¬®¦-ëå ú®¡- é¨å ¯à ¢¨«û ᪮«ì 㣮¤-®.

’ ª, ¬®¦-® ᪠§ âì \The above demonstrates" ¨ -¥¤®¯ãá⨬® \ The below demonstrates." •¥«ì§ï £®¢®à¨âì \ I dislike to state", -® \I like to state" | ®¡ëç- ï -®à¬ .

•® - «®£¨¨ á \there are", \there was" ¢ íª§¨áâ¥-樮- «ì-ëå ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨ïå ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ äà §ë ⨯ \there exist", \there appear." Ž¤- ª® ®¡®à®âë ¢à®¤¥ \There holds the next theorem", á¢ï§ --ë¥ á í¬ä â¨ç¥- ᪮© ¨-¢¥àᨥ©, ®¡ëç-® áç¨â îâ -¥¦¥« ⥫ì-묨.

\Hardly" ®§- ç ¥â ú¥¤¢ û, -¥ úᨫì-®û. •à¥¤«®£ \excepting" ¢¬¥- áâ® \except" ç é¥ ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ ¢ á®ç¥â -¨ïå \always excepting" ¨«¨ \not excepting", - à¥ç¨ï \free" ¨ \freely" -¥ ⮦¤¥á⢥--ë. ˆ â. ¤., ¨ â. ¯.

Ž¯ëâ ¯®ª §ë¢ ¥â, çâ® ¬-®£¨¥ ®è¨¡ª¨ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å ¯¥à¥¢®¤ç¨ª®¢ ¢®§-¨ª îâ ¢ १ã«ìâ ⥠-¥ã¤ ç-ëå ®¡®¡é¥-¨©. •®¬-¨â¥ ®¡ í⮬.

•à®¢¥àì⥠‚ èã £¨¯®â¥§ã ¯® á«®¢ àî!

• ©¤¨â¥ ⮦¤¥á⢥--ãî ª®¯¨î ¢ ®¡à §æ¥!

#9. ‚ ¬ ¡ã¤¥â ¯®«¥§¥- ã祡-¨ª -£«¨©- ᪮© £à ¬¬ ⨪¨

•à¨ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®¬ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ¢¯®«-¥ ¬®¦-® ®¡®©â¨áì å®à®è¨¬ á«®- ¢ à•¥¬ ¨ ®¡à §æ®¬. •¥¨áâॡ¨¬ ï âï£ ª ᮢ¥àè¥-áâ¢ã ᯮᮡ- ¯®¤- ⮫ª-ãâì ‚ á ª ¯®¨áªã â®ç-®£® ä®à¬ «ì-®£® ¯à ¢¨« . ‚ë - ©¤•¥â¥ ¥£® á® ¢à¥¬¥-¥¬ ¢ ¯®¤å®¤ï饬 ã祡-¨ª¥. ‚ᥠàãá᪨¥ ãç•¥-ë¥, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, §- ª®¬¨«¨áì á àãá᪮© £à ¬¬ ⨪®©. Ž-¨ §- îâ, çâ® ¯®¨áª -ã¦-®£® ¯à ¢¨« ¯® á¯à ¢®ç-¨ª ¬ ᮢᥬ -¥ ¯à®áâ. •¥â ®á-®¢ -¨© áç¨â âì, çâ® â® ¦¥ -¥ ®â-®á¨âáï ¨ ª -£«¨©áª®¬ã ï§ëªã.

•¥ ¯¨è¨â¥ -¨ç¥£® -¥§- ª®¬®£® ‚ ¬ ¯® á«®¢ àî ¨«¨ ( «ãçè¥ ¨) ®¡à §æã, -¥ - ©¤ï â®ç-®£® 㪠§ -¨ï ¢ ¢â®à¨â¥â-®¬ ã祡-¨ª¥ £à ¬¬ - ⨪¨, â ª®¬, - ¯à¨¬¥à, ª ª A University Grammar of English ( ¢â®àë: R. Quirk, S. Greenbaum, G. Leech, and J. Starvik; -¨¦¥ Quirk et al.).

‡- ª®¬á⢮ (¨«¨ ¢®§®¡-®¢«¥-¨¥ §- ª®¬á⢠) á ®á-®¢ ¬¨ £à ¬¬ - ⨪¨ -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª ¯®§¢®«¨â ‚ ¬ «ãçè¥ à ᯮ§- ¢ âì ¯®¤¢®¤-ë¥ ª ¬-¨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤ , 㢥«¨ç¨â ‚ èã 㢥à¥--®áâì ¢ ¤®¡à®ª ç¥á⢥--®á⨠१ã«ìâ ⮢ ‚ 襣® âà㤠. ‚ ç áâ-®áâ¨, ¢ ã祡-¨ª¥ ‚ë ᬮ¦¥â¥ ®¡- - à㦨âì â ª®¥ ä®à¬ «ì-®¥ £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª®¥ ®¯à¥¤¥«¥-¨¥:

\Inde nite ONE means `people in general', implying inclusion of the speaker."

Ž¡¤ã¬ ¢ ¥£®, ‚ë ¡®«¥¥ ®á®§- --® ®â-¥á•¥â¥áì ª æ¨â¨à®¢ --®¬ã ¢ëè¥ á®¢¥âã •. • «¬®è ¨§¡¥£ âì ®¡®à®â®¢ ⨯ \one thus has proved...".

•¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ ¢á•¥ ¦¥, çâ® ª-¨£¨ ®âà ¦ îâ ¢§£«ï¤ë ¨å ¢â®à®¢ ¨, §- ç¨â, ¬®£ãâ ᮤ¥à¦ âì (¨ ®¡ëç-® ᮤ¥à¦ â) à §«¨ç-ë¥ ¬-¥-¨ï ®¡ ®¤-®¬ ¯à¥¤¬¥â¥. ‚®â å à ªâ¥à-ë© ¯à¨¬¥à.

\There is a rule | a very simple rule: each other applies to two persons, animals, or things; one another to three or more." (E. Partridge,

Usage and Abusage)

\There is no basis for the superstition that each other should refer to two people or things, and one another to more than two." (Longman Guide to English Usage)

\If there is any di erence, it seems to be that we prefer one another (like one) when we are making very general statements...." (M. Swan,

Practical English Usage)

• §ã¬¥¥âáï, å®à®è¨© ã祡-¨ª £à ¬¬ ⨪¨ ‚ ¬ -¥ ¯®¢à¥¤¨â. …᫨ ¦¥ ‚ ¬ -¥ ¯®¢¥§«® ¨ ã ‚ á -¥â ¯®¤ à㪮© ¤®«¦-®© ª-¨£¨, ‚ë ¬®¦¥â¥ ãâ¥- è âì ᥡï - ¡«î¤¥-¨¥¬ „¦. Žà¢¥«« :

\...correct grammar and syntax ... are of no importance so long as one makes one's meaning clear."

# 10. „®«®© ¡¥áá¬ë᫨æë!

•â®â ¯à¨§ë¢ ¨-â¥à- 樮- «¥-, ¯®â®¬ã ¯®«¥§¥- ¯à¨ à ¡®â¥ ¨ á àãá᪨¬¨, ¨ á -£«¨©áª¨¬¨ ⥪áâ ¬¨. Š ª ¨ ¢á类¥ ®¡é¥¥ á㦤¥-¨¥, - è «®§ã-£ ¢ã«ì£ à¥- ¨«¨, ¢ëà ¦ ïáì ¬ï£ç¥, -㦤 ¥âáï ¢ ãâ®ç-¥-¨ïå. Š®-¥ç-®, ®- -¥ ®â-®á¨âáï ª ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï¬ á«¥¤ãî饣® ⨯ :

úƒ«®ª ï ªã§¤à è⥪® ¡ã¤« -ã« ¡®ªà ¨ ªã¤àïç¨â ¡®ªà•¥-ª û. (‹. ‚. ™¥à¡ )

\Plome the pleakful croatation will be ruggling polanians engleshably in the rit." (R. Quirk)

\Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gire and gimble in the wale...." (L. Carrol)

•¥б¬®вап - ¯а¨¢¥¤•¥--л¥ ¯а¨¬¥ал, п¢-®¥ ®вбгвбв¢¨¥ б¬лб« ¨«¨ ¤¢г- б¬лб«¨ж | ¢¥бª¨¥ ®б-®¢ -¨п ¤«п ¯¥а¥б¬®ва ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨п.

• ¨¡®«¥¥ в¨¯¨з-л¥ ¨««обва ж¨¨, б¢п§ --л¥ б ¡¥бб¬лб«¨ж ¬¨, ®в- -®бпвбп ª ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨п¬, ¨б¯®«м§гой¨¬ ¬-®¦¥бв¢¥--®¥ з¨б«®, ¨ ª ¢¨- бпз¨¬ (¯®- -£«¨©бª¨: dangling ¨«¨ unattached) ª®-бвагªж¨п¬.

“ç•¥-ë¥ ¯à¨¢ëª«¨ ª ¯à ¢¨«ã ®¡®¡é¥-¨ï. ”à §ã ú®¯¥à â®à ¨¬¥¥â ᨬ¢®«û ®-¨ ¯®¤á®§- ⥫ì-® ¢®á¯à¨-¨¬ îâ ª ª ú¤«ï ª ¦¤®£® ®¯¥à - â®à áãé¥áâ¢ã¥â ᢮© ᨬ¢®«û. •à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ú®¯¥à â®àë ¨¬¥îâ ᢮¨ ᨬ¢®«ëû, ¯à¨§¢ --®¥ ¢ëà §¨âì â®â ¦¥ á¬ëá«, - á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥ ᮤ¥à- ¦¨â ¤®¡ ¢®ç-ãî -¥®¤-®§- ç-®áâì (¢ ਠ-â úª ¦¤ë© ®¯¥à â®à ¨¬¥¥â ᢮¨ ᨬ¢®«ëû ®â-î¤ì -¥ ¨áª«îç•¥-). •â®â ¦¥ íä䥪â á®åà -ï¥âáï ¨ ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥. Œ¥¦¤ã ⥬ ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ç áâ® ¢®§-¨ª ¥â ᮡ« §- ¯¥à¥©â¨ ª ¬-®¦¥á⢥--®¬ã ç¨á«ã, ç⮡ë -¥ § ¡®â¨âìáï ®¡ à⨪«ïå. Ž¡é¨© à¥æ¥¯â | úª®£¤ ã ‚ á ¥áâì ¢ë¡®à, ¥¤¨-á⢥--®¥ ç¨á«® ¯à¥¤- ¯®çâ¨â¥«ì-¥¥ ¬-®¦¥á⢥--®£®û.

‚¨áï稥 ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨, ¤ î騥 ¬-®£¨¥ ¡¥áá¬ë᫨æë, ç áâ® ¢áâà¥- ç îâáï ¢ ¯à ªâ¨ª¥ àãá᪮£® ¨ -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª®¢.

• ¡®â ï - ¤ ᢮¥© ¯à®£à ¬¬®©, - ¬ ᨫì-® ¯®¢¥§«®.

‡ ¢¥àè ï ¯à®æ¥áá ¢ëç¨á«¥-¨ï, ¨-â¥£à « (5) ¯à¨-¨¬ ¥â ¢¨¤ (8).

• § x 2 Y , â® ®- -¥ ¯ãáâ.

Ž- ®¯à¥¤¥«¨« A ª ª ¤®«¦-®áâ-®¥ «¨æ®.

After several weeks of strenuous e orts the di culty appears illusory. The operator T de nes a derivation T acting from X to Y.

After integrating the above relation, it occurs to be bounded. On solving these equations the norm of the resolvent is nite. I send this message to you as an occasional advisor.

•à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¥ äà §ë ¤®áâ ¢«ïî⠯ਬ¥àë ¢¨áïç¨å ª®-áâàãªæ¨©. •®- à®ç-®áâì ¨å ®ç¥¢¨¤- | ¯® ®¡ëç-®¬ã ¯®-¨¬ -¨î ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ᮤ¥à- ¦¨â § ª®-ç¥--ãî ¬ëá«ì. ‹¥£ª® ¯à¥¤¯®«®¦¨âì, çâ® â¥à¬¨- ú§ ª®-- ç¥-- ï ¬ëá«ìû ¨áª«îç ¥â ¡¥áá¬ë᫨æã ¨«¨ ¬¡¨¢ «¥-â-®áâì á¬ëá« . ‚¯à®ç¥¬, ª ª ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬, â ª ¨ ¢ àãá᪮¬ ï§ëª¥ ¤¥©áâ¢ã¥â ä®à¬ «ì- -®¥ ¯à ¢¨«®: ¥á«¨ ¢ ¯à¨¤ â®ç-®¬ ®¡®à®â¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥 ï¢-® -¥ ¢ëà ¦¥-®, â® ®-® ú¯® 㬮«ç -¨îû ᮢ¯ ¤ ¥â á ¯®¤«¥¦ 騬 ®á-®¢-®£® ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï.

Ž¯ á-®áâì ¢¨áïç¨å ª®-áâàãªæ¨© ¢ ⮩ «•¥£ª®áâ¨, á ª®â®à®© ®-¨ ¯à®- -¨ª îâ ¢ ⥪áâ. •à¨ç¨- í⮩ ¡®«¥§-¨ ¯à®áâ | ¬ëá«ì ¢â®à (¨ ¯¥- ॢ®¤ç¨ª ) ¤¢¨¦¥âáï ¡ëáâ॥ ¯¥à (ª« ¢¨è ª®¬¯ìîâ¥à ¨«¨ ¯¨èã饩 ¬ è¨-ª¨ ¨ â. ¯.). ˆ§¢¥áâ-® ¨ «¥ª àá⢮ ®â ®¡á㦤 ¥¬®© ¡®«¥§-¨. •¥- 楯⠯à®áâ: ¢-¨¬ ⥫ì-® ¯à®çâ¨â¥ ‚ è ⥪áâ.

…бвм ¥й•¥ ®¤-® ба¥¤бв¢® | ¯а¥¢а в¨в¥ ‚ иг ¢¨бпзго ª®-бвагªж¨о

¢¡á®«îâ-ãî. ‘⮨â - ¯®¬-¨âì, çâ® ¡á®«îâ- ï ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï á®á⮨â

¢¯à¨á®¥¤¨-¥-¨¨ ª ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨î ¤à㣮£® (¢ ஫¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢥--®© äà §ë) á ¯®¬®éìî with ¨«¨ without ¨«¨ ¢®¢á¥ ¡¥§ ¯à¥¤«®£ . ‚ ¯à¨-

ᮥ¤¨-•¥--®¬ ®¡®à®â¥ ¨¬¥¥âáï ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥, ¢ëà ¦¥--®¥ noun ¨«¨ pronoun, ¢â®àë¬ ú¯à¥¤¨ª ⨢-ë¬û í«¥¬¥-⮬ (¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ¨áª«îç¥-¨ï ¨§ ®¡ëç-®£® ¯®à浪 ) á«ã¦¨â bare in nitive (¨-ä¨-¨â¨¢ ¡¥§ ç áâ¨æë to), ¨«¨ ing-ä®à¬ , ¨«¨ ed-participle, ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-®¥ ¨«¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ì- á⢮. • ¯à¨¬¥à:

We integrating the above relation, it occurs to be bounded.

An operator acting continuously, the unit ball transforms into a bounded set.

The expression B substituted for A, the procedure gives an extension of A.

With A valid, B results.

Inequality (3.5) at hand, the rest of the proof is easy. To speak precisely, this is legitimate.

The square is dissected into small parts, no two of the same size. The space X appears, the metric on X.

•à¨ -¥ª®â®à®© áâà --®á⨠¤«ï -®á¨â¥«ï àãá᪮£® ï§ëª ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¥ ®¡à §æë 㬥áâ-ë ¢ «î¡®¬ áâண® ä®à¬ «ì-®¬ -£«¨©áª®¬ ⥪á⥠(¢ ãáâ-

28 Russian ! English in Writing. # 10

-®© à¥ç¨ ª ¡á®«îâ-®© ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ ®¡ëç-® -¥ ¯à¨¡¥£ îâ). Š ª ¢¨¤- -® ¨§ ¯à¨¬¥à®¢, ¡á®«îâ- ï ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï ¬®¦¥â ¢ë§¢ âì § âàã¤-¥-¨ï ¢ ¯®-¨¬ -¨¨, â ª ª ª áà ¢-¨â¥«ì-® ¤ «¥ª ®â ®¡ë¤¥--®© ¯à ªâ¨ª¨. ‚ í⮩ á¢ï§¨ ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì ¥•¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ¤®áâ â®ç-® ।ª® ¨ ®á¬®âà¨â¥«ì-®. ‚¥à-ë© ¯à¨§- ª §«®ã¯®âॡ«¥-¨© | ç áâë¥ \being", à §¡à®á --ë¥ ¯® ¯¥à¥¢®¤ã.

‚ -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥ ¬-®£¨¥ äà §ë, ᮤ¥à¦ 騥 -¥ª®â®àë¥ á«®¢ , ®ª -稢 î騥áï - -ing ¨ -ed ¨ ᮧ¤ î騥 ¢¨¤¨¬®áâì ¢¨áïç¨å ª®-- áâàãªæ¨©, áãé¥áâ¢ãîâ - ¡á®«îâ-® § ª®--ëå ®á-®¢ -¨ïå.

Š в ª¨¬ б«®¢ ¬ ®в-®бпвбп в¥, зв® ¯¥а¥бв «¨ ¡лвм в®«мª® participles ¨ ¤¥©бв¢гов ¢ п§лª¥ в ª¦¥ ¢ а®«¨ prepositions (¯а¥¤«®£®¢) ¨«¨ conjunctions (б®о§®¢): according (to), barring, considering, failing, following, including, owing (to), regarding, assuming, granted (that), provided (that), providing (that), seeing, supposing, etc.

‘«¥¤ãî騥 ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï ¡á®«îâ-® § ª®--ë:

Provided that identity (3.5) holds, T is a Hermitian operator. Assuming the Continuum Hypothesis, the two cardinals are equal.

(‘а. агббª®¥: ъ•¥б¬®вап - ®вбгвбв¢¨¥ ¯®«-®вл ¨-в¥£а « б室¨вбпы.) ‡¤¥бм ¦¥ ¤«п ¯®«-®вл г¬¥бв-® ®в¬¥в¨вм б«¥¤гой¨¥ ¤¢ б㦤¥-¨п (E. Partridge):

provided and providing are less correct (and often less clear) than provided that and providing that in the sense \it being stipulated that."

...it is, however, both permissible and indeed usual to omit that when the sense is \on condition that, in case that, if only."

€- «®£¨з-®, ª®аа¥ªв-л¬¨ п¢«повбп да §л, ¢ ª®в®але ®вбгвбв¢гой¥¥ ¢ ¢¨бпз¥¬ да £¬¥-в¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ й¥¥ | нв® ¢в®а (¨«¨ ¢в®абª®¥ ¬л):

Putting it otherwise, a contradiction results.

Using the lattice structure of A, it is easily seen that B has the nite intersection property.

‚ ᮬ-¨â¥«ì-ëå á«ãç ïå ‚ è ¯à¨-樯 | ú-¥â ¢¨áï稬 ª®-áâàãªæ¨- ï¬!û

„®«®© ¡¥áá¬ë᫨æë!

#11. “¬®«ç -¨¥ | ®â«¨ç-ë© ¯à¨•¥¬ ¯¥à¥- ¢®¤

‘⨫ì - ãç-®£® àãá᪮£® ï§ëª å à ªâ¥à¨§ã¥âáï ¨§¢¥áâ-®© ¬-®£®- á«®¢-®áâìî. •ãª¢ «ì-®¥ á«¥¤®¢ -¨¥ ®à¨£¨- «ã ᮧ¤ ¥•â íä䥪â úᢥàå- ¯¥à¥¢®¤ û. ‚¯®«-¥ -®à¬ «ì- ï äà § ú¯à¨¬¥-ïï ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¥ ¢ëè¥ à¥§ã«ìâ âë, -¥âàã¤-® ¯à®¢¥à¨âì, çâ® ¢¥à- ’¥®à¥¬ 1û ¯à¨ -¥ã¬¥áâ- -®¬ áâ à -¨¨ ¢ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ¨ ¯ã-ªâã 樨 §¢ãç¨â: \On using the results, stated above, for one it is easy to prove, that the theorem, numbered 1, is true." • §ã¬¥¥âáï, â ª®© ᢥà寥ॢ®¤ -¥¤®¯ãá⨬. „®áâ â®ç-® ᪠- § âì ¯à®áâ®: \By above results, Theorem 1 is readily veri ed."

•® - «®£¨ç-®¬ã ¯®¢®¤ã ‘. ƒ®ã«¤ ®â¬¥ç ¥â:

\Every language contains many words and expressions that are originally meaningful but have been used so often that the reader is scarcely aware of their presence. If translated literally (and very often it is hard to translate them in any other way) they are already overtranslated. A good example is the Russian phrase ª ª ¨§¢¥áâ-®, often translated `as is known' or (usually somewhat better) by `as is well known'. But in many cases the author is referring to a mathematical fact which is indeed su ciently well known that to call it so in English becomes absurd and we must use some phrase as `of course' or `naturally' or `obviously' or some other `slight' English word, or perhaps nothing at all."

•à¨-樯 㬮«ç -¨ï ‚ ¬ á«¥¤ã¥â ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì ª® ¢á¥¬ àãá᪨¬ á«®¦-®- ¯®¤ç¨-•¥--ë¬ (¨ á«®¦-®á®ç¨-•¥--ë¬) ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï¬ á ¬-®£®ç¨á«¥--ë- ¬¨ úçâ®û ¨ úª®â®àë©û. ƒ®¢®àï ä®à¬ «ì-®, ¯à¨ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ¢¯®«-¥ ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ®¯ãé¥- (= ¤®¯ã᪠¥â 㬮«ç -¨¥) áâàãªâãà ¯®¤ç¨-¥-¨ï ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨©. ‚ ¯®¤®¡-ëå á«ãç ïå ¨á室-®¥ á«®¦-®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ¯à¥¢à - é ¥âáï ¢ -¥áª®«ìª® ¯à®áâëå.

Œ-®£¨¥ 㬮«ç -¨ï 㬥áâ-ë ¯à¨ § ¬¥-¥ àãááª¨å «¥ªá¨ç¥áª¨å ª®-- áâàãªæ¨©, ¨£à îé¨å ஫¨ à⨪«¥© ¨ ¨-ëå ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«¥© ¢ -£«¨©- ᪮¬ ï§ëª¥. ‚ëà ¦¥-¨ï ⨯ ú㯮¬ï-ã⮥ ¢ëè¥ ãá«®¢¨¥û, ú¢¢¥¤•¥--®¥ - ¬¨ ᮣ« è¥-¨¥û, ú-¥ª®â®à ï ¯à®¨§¢®«ì- ï äã-ªæ¨ïû ¨ â. ¯. ¨á祧 - îâ ¢ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥, ®áâ ¢«ïï ᢮¨¬¨ á«¥¤ ¬¨, ᪠¦¥¬, ¯®¤å®¤ï騥 à⨪«¨.

‚ ᢮•¥¬ ®¡é¥¬ §- ç¥-¨¨ 㬮«ç -¨¥ ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ ¥â ªà ⪮áâì ¨§- «®¦¥-¨ï. Ž¡áâ®ï⥫ì-ë© á¯à ¢®ç-¨ª, âà ªâãî騩 ¢®¯à®áë ¯®¤®¡-®£® த , | ª-¨£ R. H. Fiske, Guide to Concise Writing.