Recovered_PDF_602

áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®£®. ‘¯¥æ¨ «ì-ëå ãâ®ç-¥-¨© § á«ã¦¨¢ ¥â ¯ã-ªâ (4).

‚ä®à¬¥ [Tg], ª ª ®â¬¥ç «®áì, ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬ á«ã¦¨â ing-participle clause.

‚ç áâ-®áâ¨, -¨ª ª¨å possessives §¤¥áì, ¢®®¡é¥ £®¢®àï, -¥ ¤®¯ã᪠¥âáï. ˆá¯®«ì§®¢ -¨¥ possessives à §à¥è¥-® ¢¢¥¤¥-¨¥¬ ᨬ¢®« (') ¢ ª«¥âª¥

á⮫¡æ [Tg] | íâ® ä®à¬ [Tsg]. ’ ª¨¬ ®¡à §®¬, £« £®« ¢ ã¯à ¢«¥- -¨¨ [Tsg] ¨¬¥¥â ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨ï £¥àã-¤¨©. ‚ ਠ-â [Tng] (= [T]+[n]+[g]), £¤¥ [n] ᨬ¢®«¨§¨àã¥â ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥 ¢® ¢¢®¤¨¬®¬ ¢ ª ç¥- á⢥ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨ï ing-participle clause, ®¡®§- ç ¥âáï ¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥¬ ( ) ¢ á®-

(accusative) case ¤«п ¬¥бв®¨¬¥-¨©: me/us/him/her/it/you/them. Š ª ®¡лз-®, ®вбгвбв¢¨¥ + ¯а¨ - «¨з¨¨ ( ) ¨«¨ (') ®§- з ¥в, зв® ¢ а¨ -в [Tsg], бва®£® £®¢®ап, а §а¥и ¥в [Tng]. ‚ ¦- п в®-ª®бвм б®бв®¨в ¢ ⮬, зв® [Tng] ¨-®£¤ а бб¬ ва¨¢ ов ª ª ¨б¯®аз¥--го д®а¬г [Tsg], ¯а¨¬¥- -пп ¤«п [Tng] в¥а¬¨- fused participle construction. • бв®пйго £¥аг-- ¤¨ «м-го ª®-бвагªж¨о (¯а¨ - «¨з¨¨ «мв¥а- в¨¢л) ¯а¨-пв® бз¨в вм ¡®«¥¥ ¯®¤е®¤пй¥© ¤«п д®а¬ «м-ле в¥ªбв®¢, з¥¬ д®а¬г б fused participle. ‚¥а®пв-®, ‚ ¬ б«¥¤г¥в гз¨вл¢ вм нв® ¬-¥-¨¥. ‚ б«гз пе ¨б¯®«м- §®¢ -¨п pronouns ¨«¨ proper nouns ª®-бвагªж¨о fused participle ‚ ¬ г¯®ва¥¡«пвм ¡¥§гб«®¢-® -¥ -г¦-®. ‚¯а®з¥¬, ¯а¨ ¬ «¥©и¨е ᮬ-¥-¨- пе ¤¥©бв¢г©в¥ б ®¡лз-®© а §г¬-®© ®б¬®ва¨в¥«м-®бвмо | ¯¥а¥бва®©в¥ ‚ и¥ ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ¢ ª ª®©-«¨¡® ¡¥бб¯®а-® ª®аа¥ªв-л© ¢ а¨ -в.

Žв¬¥вмв¥, зв® ба¥¤¨ ¯а¥¤«®£®¢, ª®в®ал¥ ®б®¡¥--® «о¡пв ¯а¥¤и¥- бв¢®¢ вм ing-д®а¬ ¬, - 室пвбп without, by, instead of, before, after, on, in, through, from, for fear of, for the sake of, on the verge of, except for, as for. •а®з¨¥ ¯а¥¤«®£¨ ¢¢®¤пв £¥аг-¤¨© а¥¦¥, е®вп ¢ ¯а¨-ж¨¯¥ \the ing-form is used after all prepositions" (M. Swan). •¥ б«¥¤г¥в, ¢ в® ¦¥ ¢а¥¬п, § ¡л¢ вм, зв® £¥аг-¤¨© ¯а¥¤бв ¢«п¥в б®¡®© clause, clause ва¥¡г¥в ¯®¤«¥¦ й¥¥. •® 㬮«з -¨о ®вбгвбв¢гой¥¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ й¥¥ ¥бвм ¯®¤«¥¦ й¥¥ ®б-®¢-®£® £« £®« ¨«¨, - ªа ©-¨© б«гз ©, ¢в®абª®¥ we.

Œ-®£¨¥ £¥аг-¤¨¨ ¤®¯®«-пов бгй¥бв¢¨в¥«м-л¥ ¢ ¯а¥¤«®¦-®© д®а- ¬¥ б of. Š в ª¨¬ бгй¥бв¢¨в¥«м-л¬ ®в-®бпвбп, - ¯а¨¬¥а, action, advantage, aim, complication, case, choice, conception, di culty, fact, idea, importance, intention, instance, job, labor, manner, means, method, mistake, necessity, notion, opportunity, point, possibility, proof, sense, task, use, way, etc.

— áâ® £¥àã-¤¨© ¢¢®¤¨âáï ª ª ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥ ª áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¬ã ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦-®¬ ®¡®à®â¥ á for, in, at, about, to. ‚ íâ¨å á«ãç ïå ®¡®à®â

¯à ªâ¨ç¥áª¨ ®¡ï§ ⥫¥- (- ¯à¨¬¥à, reason for, di culty in, attempt at, fantasy about, objection to). Ž¡ í⮬ á¬. â ª¦¥ # 30.

Œ-®£¨¥ £¥аг-¤¨ «м-л¥ ®¡®а®вл ¯а¥¤¢ а¥-л б®о§ ¬¨ (¨ б«г¦ в adverbials). ‘¯®б®¡-®бвм б®о§ ¢¢®¤¨вм £¥аг-¤¨© «¥ªб¨з¥бª¨ -¥§ ¢¨б¨- ¬ (®в б¬лб« £¥аг-¤¨п). Š б®о§ ¬, бª«®--л¬ ª £¥аг-¤¨о, ®в-®бпвбп while, when, once, if, as though, than, ¨ correlative conjunctions: as ... as, so ... as. Žв¬¥вмв¥ ¢ в® ¦¥ ¢а¥¬п ®¡®а®вл It is worth + gerund ¨ It is worth while + to in nitive clause. ˆе ¢ а¨ -вл It is worth while + gerund ¨ It is worth my while + [t]. ˆ§ в®© ¦¥ б¥а¨¨ ®¡®а®вл It is hard/easy to do A ¨ It is hard/easy doing A.

•à¨¢¥¤•¥¬ -¥áª®«ìª® ¨áªãáá⢥--ëå ¯à¨¬¥à®¢ ¯à¨¬¥-¥-¨ï gerund.

Assuming the Parallelogram Law implies that we are in a Hilbert space setting.

Putting up with inconsistencies suggests miscalculating. Extracting roots is a tool for solving the most striking equations.

On persistently proving that 1 = 1, we are necessitating his conjecturing that A = A and B = B by their being speci ed properly.

•â¨ ®¡à §æë £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª¨ ¢¥à-ë, å®âï á â®çª¨ §à¥-¨ï á⨫ï ï¢-® -¥- ¡¥§ã¯à¥ç-ë. Š®-¥ç-®, ॠ«ì-ë© ¯¥à¥¢®¤ ‚ ¬ -¥ á«¥¤ã¥â § £à®¬®¦¤ âì ing-ä®à¬ ¬¨ | ¯®¢â®àë ¢á¥£¤ -¥¦¥« ⥫ì-ë. Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ - setting | íâ® ®¡ëç-®¥ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-®¥; ᮮ⢥âá⢥--® á«®¢® striking á«ã¦¨â -®à¬ «ì-ë¬ ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¬, necessitating á¢ï§ -® á the Progressive.

ƒ¥àã-¤¨î § ¯à¥é¥-®:

(1)¨¬¥âì ¬-®¦¥á⢥--®¥ ç¨á«®;

(2)®¡à §®¢ë¢ âì possessive (¡ëâì in the genitive case);

(3)á«ã¦¨âì âਡã⨢-® (ª ª ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-®¥ ¢ á«ãç ¥ premodi - cation -¥ª®â®àëå áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-ëå);

(4)¯à¨-¨¬ âì «î¡ë¥ (-¥¯ãáâë¥) ®¯à¥¤¥«¨â¥«¨ ªà®¬¥ possessives;

(5)¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨à®¢ âìáï ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-묨 ¨«¨ á ¯®¬®éìî of, ¨«¨ á ¯®¬®éìî relative which/that ª®-áâàãªæ¨© ¨ â. ¯.

•à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¥ ¯à ¢¨« ¯®¬®£ãâ ‚ ¬ ª®à४â-® ¯à¨¬¥-ïâì gerund | ú¯à¥¢à â¨âì £¥àã-¤¨©-¤«ï-á¥¡ï ¢ £¥àã-¤¨©-¢-ᥡ¥û. •¥à¥ç¥-ì à §à¥è¥- -¨© ᮧ¤ •¥â ¨§¢¥áâ-ãî ᢮¡®¤ã ¨, §- ç¨â, å®âï ¡ë ®âç á⨠à áè¨àï¥â ‚ è¨ ¢®§¬®¦-®á⨠(- ¯à¨¬¥à, ¤®¯ãáâ¨¬ë¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ ⨯ \Being integrated allows for di erentiability" ®¡¥á¯¥ç¨¢ îâ ᯥæ¨ä¨ç¥áªãî, -®

72 Russian ! English in Writing. # 25

ॠ«ì-ãî ¢®§¬®¦-®áâì ¯à¥¢à é¥-¨ï ed-participles ¢ úª ª ¡ëû nouns. ‘¯¨á®ª § ¯à¥é¥-¨© -®á¨â ¡á®«îâ-ë© ®£à -¨ç¨¢ î騩 å à ªâ¥à. • - àãè¥-¨ï áä®à¬ã«¨à®¢ --ëå -®à¬ ¢¥¤ãâ ª ᮫¥æ¨§¬ ¬. ‚®â ®¡ëç-ë¥ ¨§ -¨å: directly solving of equations; the integrating by parts; immediate di erentiatings; by the applying (5.2); truncating that described above; etc. ˆ§¡¥£ ©â¥ ¯®¤®¡-ëå ®è¨¡®ª.

ƒ¥àã-¤¨© | íâ® ¢¥áì¬ ã¤®¡- ï ¨ -¥®¡å®¤¨¬ ï ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï, -¥- ®âꥬ«¥¬ ï ç áâì ‚ 襣® à ¡®ç¥£® ¨-áâà㬥-â à¨ï. ˜¨à®ª®¥ ¨á¯®«ì- §®¢ -¨¥ £¥àã-¤¨ï ¢ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª®¬ ¯¥à¥¢®¤¥ ᮢ¥àè¥--® ®¯à ¢¤ -®. Ž¤- - ª® ¯à¨¬¥-ïï ¥£®, ¯®¬-¨â¥ á«¥¤ãî騩 (¯®¤à ¦ î騩 ®ä¨æ¨ «ì-®© ४« ¬¥ ‚¥-ë) ¤¥¢¨§.

ƒ¥àã-¤¨©... íâ® ¨- ç¥.

#25. ‚ è¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠âॡãîâ ¢-¨¬ - -¨ï

”ã-ªæ¨¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠(adverbials) ¢ -£«¨©áª®¬ ï§ëª¥ ®¡ëç-® ¢ë¯®«-ïîâ adverbs ¨«¨ adverb phrases (- à¥ç¨ï ¨ - à¥ç-ë¥ äà §ë), prepositional phrases (¯à¥¤«®¦-ë¥ äà §ë) ¨ clauses (¯à¨¤ â®ç-ë¥ ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨ï).

•®«ìè¨å ¯à®¡«¥¬ á adverbials ¢ í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å - ãç-ëå ¯¥à¥¢®¤ å, ª ª ¯à ¢¨«®, -¥ ¡ë¢ ¥â; ®¤- ª® ª®¥-ª ª¨¥ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠-㦤 îâáï ¢ ¯à¨á¬®âà¥. ‡ ¯®¬-¨â¥ ®á-®¢-®¥ ®¡é¥¥ ¯à ¢¨«®: -¥ ¯®¬¥é ©â¥ ®¡áâ®- ï⥫ìá⢠¬¥¦¤ã âà -§¨â¨¢-ë¬ £« £®«®¬ ¨ ¥£® ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬. Ž¡ëç-®¥ ¨áª«îç¥-¨¥ | íâ® á«ãç ©, ¢ ª®â®à®¬ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬ á«ã¦¨â 楫®¥ ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨¥. ‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ¨««îáâà 樨 à áᬮâਬ äà §ë:

We prove now without di culties the Spectral Mapping Theorem. We will establish in this section that the image of a spectrum is also

aspectrum.

‚¬ á«¥¤ã¥â, à㪮¢®¤áâ¢ãïáì ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--ë¬ ¢ëè¥ ¯à ¢¨«®¬, ®â¢¥á⨠¯¥à¢ãî ª ª -¥ª®à४â-ãî ¨ ¯¥à¥¤¥« âì ¥¥• ¢ ¤ãå¥

We now prove the Spectral Mapping Theorem without di culties.

•ã¦-® â ª¦¥ ¯®¬-¨âì, çâ® ¢ á¨âã 樨, ¢ ª®â®à®© ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢮ ¨«¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢥-- ï äà § ¢ëà ¦¥-ë áãé¥á⢥--® ¬¥-¥¥ ¬-®£®- á«®¢-®, 祬 ®¡ê¥ªâ ¤¥©áâ¢¨ï £« £®« , ¢¯®«-¥ ¯à ¢®¬¥à-® à ᯮ«®¦¨âì ¨¬¥î饥áï ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢮ ¯¥à¥¤ ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬. ’ ª, äà §ã

We prove without di culties the Spectral Mapping Theorem which will be of use in demonstrating the Gelfand{Na mark Theorem.

¬®¦-® á®åà -¨âì, ¯®¬¥á⨢ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢮ ¢ ¨§®«¨àãî騥 § ¯ïâë¥ (çâ®, ¢¯à®ç¥¬, -¥ ®¡ï§ ⥫ì-®).

‚®â ¥é•¥ ¯®«¥§-ë¥ ã-¨¢¥àá «ì-ë¥ à¥ª®¬¥-¤ 樨. ‚ - ç «¥ ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨ï -¥ áâ ¢ì⥠(- ¤•¥¦-®áâ¨ à ¤¨) ¡®«¥¥ ®¤-®£® ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠. ‚ ª®-æ¥ ¦¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï (£¤¥ ¨¬ ®¡ëç-® ¨ ¬¥áâ®) à ᯮ« £ ©â¥ ‚ - è¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¢ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¨ á ¢®¯à®á ¬¨ úŠ ª? ƒ¤¥? Š®£¤ ?û. •®¤à®¡-¥¥ £®¢®àï, ¤¥©áâ¢ã¥â ¯à ¢¨«®

process ! place ! time,

â. ¥. á- ç « ¨¤ãâ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠®¡à § ¤¥©á⢨ï, § ⥬ ¬¥áâ ¨ «¨èì ¯®â®¬ ¢à¥¬¥-¨. …᫨ ¦¥ ã ‚ á -¥áª®«ìª® ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìáâ¢, á¢ï§ --ëå á ¢à¥¬¥-¥¬, à ᯮ« £ ©â¥ ¨å ¢ ᮮ⢥âá⢨¨ á ¢®¯à®á ¬¨ úŠ ª ¤®«£®? Š ª ç áâ®? Š®£¤ ?û, â. ¥. ¯® á奬¥

duration ! frequency ! when.

‚ ª ç¥á⢥ ãâ¥è¥-¨ï ®â¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® ¢ ãáâ-®© à¥ç¨ -¥â®ç-®á⨠¢ ¯®à浪¥ à ááâ -®¢ª¨ - à¥ç¨© ¤®¯ã᪠îâ ¤ ¦¥ ¢ë¤ î騥 ®à â®àë, -¥ ᫨誮¬ â¥àïï ¯à¨ í⮬ ¢ëà §¨â¥«ì-®áâì. • ¯à¨¬¥à, ¢® ¬-®£¨¥ æ¨- â â-¨ª¨ ¢ª«îç¥-® á«¥¤ãî饥 ¨§¢¥áâ-®¥ ¢ë᪠§ë¢ -¨¥ „¦. ”. Š¥--¥¤¨ ® 宫®¤-®© ¢®©-¥:

\If we cannot now end our di erences, at l¥ast we can help make the world safe for diversity."

” ªâ¨ç¥áª¨ ¦¥, ¢ à¥ç¨ 10 ¨î-ï 1963 £®¤ ¢ €¬¥à¨ª -᪮¬ ã-¨¢¥àá¨â¥â¥

‚è¨-£â®- á«®¢® now ¡ë«® ¯à®¨§-¥á¥-® ¯®á«¥ end.

‚¯®¤à®¡-ëå à㪮¢®¤áâ¢ å ‚ë ®¡- àã¦¨â¥ à §¢•¥à-ãâãî ª« áá¨- 䨪 æ¨î adverbials. „«ï í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å -㦤 ‚ ¬ ¤®áâ â®ç-® §- âì á ¬ë¥ §ë. ’¨¯ adjunct ®§- ç ¥â ¢áâ஥--®áâì ¢ áâàãªâãà㠯।«®-

¦¥-¨ï; ⨯ë conjunct ¨ disjunct ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ îâ ¬¥-ìèãî á¢ï§ì. Conjuncts ¯® ஫¨ - ¨¡®«¥¥ ¡«¨§ª¨ ª á®î§ ¬ (conjunctions) | - ¯à¨¬¥à,rst, after all, further. Disjuncts ᪮॥ à §¤¥«ïî⠯।«®¦¥-¨ï (¨¡® ª®¬¬¥-â¨àãîâ ¨å ¢ 楫®¬: seriously, strictly speaking, brie y, of course, etc.). Š« áá adjuncts - ¨¡®«¥¥ ®¡è¨à¥- | ¯®¬¨¬® ®â¬¥ç¥--ëå ®¡áâ®ï- ⥫ìá⢠®¡à § ¤¥©áâ¢¨ï ¬¥áâ ¨ ¢à¥¬¥-¨, â㤠¯®¯ ¤ îâ emphasizers, ampli ers, downtoners, etc.

•®«¥§-® §- âì, çâ® conjuncts ¨ disjuncts ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ïå ®¡ëç-® § -¨¬ îâ - ç «ì-ãî ¯®§¨æ¨î | initial position, â. ¥. à ᯮ« £ îâáï ¯¥à¥¤ ¯®¤«¥¦ 騬. Ž¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¢ ä®à¬¥ adverbial clauses ç é¥ ¢á¥£® ¢áâà¥ç îâáï ¢ nal position, â. ¥. à ᯮ«®¦¥-ë ¯®á«¥ ¤®¯®«-¥- -¨ï. Œ-®£¨¥ - à¥ç¨ï ¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¢áâà¥ç îâáï ¢ middle position | ¯¥à¥¤ á¬ëá«®¢ë¬ £« £®«®¬, -® ¯®á«¥ ¯®¤«¥¦ 饣® ¨ ¯¥à¢®£® ¢á¯®- ¬®£ ⥫ì-®£® £« £®« . •¥ª®â®àë¥ à¥ª®¬¥-¤ 樨 ® ¯à ¢¨«ì-®¬ ¢ë¡®à¥ ¯®§¨æ¨¨ ᮤ¥à¦¨â á«¥¤ãîé ï â ¡«¨æ .

‚ ¯ áᨢ¨§¨à®¢ --ëå (¯®¤¢¥à£-ãâëå Passive Transformation) ¯à¥¤- «®¦¥-¨ïå place adjuncts ç áâ® § -¨¬ îâ middle position. ˆ-â¥à¥á-® ®â¬¥â¨âì, çâ® ¢ middle position ¬®£ãâ ¯®¯ áâì ¨ á«®¢ all, both, each, - ¯à¨¬¥à, we have both proven; they are each separated.

•¥ § ¡ã¤ìâ¥, çâ® ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¨¤ãâ ¯®á«¥ ä®à¬ be, ¥á«¨ íâ®â £« £®« ®á-®¢-®©. €- «®£¨ç-® ®-¨ ¢¥¤ãâ ᥡï á -¥âà -§¨â¨¢-묨 £« - £®« ¬¨.

‚в®а¨з-® ®¡а в¨в¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ - в®, зв® stative verbs -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ¨б¯®«м§говбп б ®¡бв®пв¥«мбв¢ ¬¨ в¨¯ process adjuncts. (”а § \we satisfy equation (5.1) by integrating both sides" | ®и¨¡®з-®¥ ъª ª ¡лы ¯а¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥.)

ˆ-â¥à¥á¥- ¨ ¢ ¦¥- ¢®¯à®á ® \split in nitive." ƒ®¢®àïâ, ç⮠㯮- âॡ«¥- ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï \split in nitive", ¥á«¨ - à¥ç¨¥ ¢áâ ¢«¥-® ¯®á«¥ ç áâ¨æë to ¯¥à¥¤ ¨-ä¨-¨â¨¢®¬ ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨à㥬®£® £« £®« . • ¯à¨¬¥à,

We decided to formally begin selecting.

Žâ-®è¥-¨¥ ª \split in nitive" -¥®¤-®§- ç-®¥; ä ªâ¨ç¥áª¨ ¯à®¨á室¨â ¯®¤¢¨¦ª á㦤¥-¨©:

Never split in nitives! ! Never split in nitives?! ! ! Never (?) split in nitives!

‚®â ®¡à §æë ªà ©-¨å ¯®§¨æ¨©:

\...split in nitives should therefore be avoided in formal writing whenever possible." (Longman Guide to English Usage)

\When I split an in nitive, goddamnit, I split it so it stays split." (R. Chandler)

• á ¬®¬ ¤¥«¥ ‚ë ¤®«¦-ë, à §ã¬¥¥âáï, ¯à¨¤¥à¦¨¢ âìáï ®¡é¥£® ¯®-¨- ¬ -¨ï, çâ® £« ¢-ë© ªà¨â¥à¨© ¢ë¡®à £à ¬¬ â¨ç¥áª®© ä®à¬ë | í⮠略⪮áâì ¨ ïá-®áâì á®®¡é¥-¨ï. ‚ ਠ-âë:

We decided formally to begin selecting. We decided to begin formally selecting.

We decided to begin selecting formally.

¨¬¥îâ -¥ ⮦¤¥á⢥--ë¥ â®«ª®¢ -¨ï. ‡- ç¨â, ¥á«¨ ‚ è ¬ëá«ì â®ç-¥¥ ¢á¥£® ¢ëà ¦¥- ¯à¨¢¥¤•¥--®© ¢ëè¥ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¥© \split in nitive" á \to formally decide", ¨á¯®«ì§ã©â¥ ¥¥• ᬥ«®, ®â¡à®á¨¢ ¤®£¬ â¨ç¥áª¨© § ¯à¥â ú-¨ª®£¤ -¥ ࢨ⥠¨-ä¨-¨â¨¢ëû. •®«¥§-® â ª¦¥ ¨¬¥âì ¢ ¢¨¤ã, çâ® American English ¢ ᢮¥¬ ã§ãᥠ¡®«¥¥ â¥à¯¨¬ ª í⮩ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨, -¥- ¦¥«¨ British English. ‚ ç áâ-®áâ¨, N. Lewis ¢ ᢮•¥¬ The New American Dictionary of Good English ®â¬¥ç ¥â: \It is, in short, pedantic to deliberately go out of your way to avoid the split in nitive." Ÿàª® ¢ëà §¨« ᢮© ¯®¤å®¤ ª ¯à®¡«¥¬¥ E. Partridge:

\Avoid the split in nitive whenever possible, but if it is the clearest and the most natural construction, use it boldly. The angels are on our side."

‘⮨⠯à¨-ïâì íâã ª®-áâ â æ¨î. Žç¥-ì ç áâ® äã-ªæ¨¨ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¢ë¯®«-ïîâ ®¡ëª-®¢¥--ë¥ - à¥ç¨ï (adverbs). Žâ¬¥âì⥠¤«ï ᥡï -¥ª®- â®àë¥ ¯®«¥§-ë¥ ®á®¡¥--®á⨠¨å 㯮âॡ«¥-¨ï.

Adverbs, ª ª ‚ ¬ å®à®è® ¨§¢¥áâ-®, ®¡ëç-® ¢®§-¨ª îâ ¨§ ¯à¨« - £ ⥫ì-ëå ¤®¡ ¢«¥-¨¥¬ -ly. ’ ª®© ¯à®æ¥áá, ¯à¨¬¥-¥•--ë© ª -¥ª®â®àë¬ áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-ë¬, ¤ •¥â ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¥. • í⮬ ¯ãâ¨ á ¯®¬®éìî ¯®- ¢â®à®¢ ¢®§-¨ª îâ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨ - -lily (- ¯à¨¬¥à, scholar | scholarly | scholarlily). • §ã¬¥¥âáï, ¨å á«¥¤ã¥â ¨§¡¥£ âì. …é•¥ ®¤- â®-ª®áâì | adverbs ¬®£ãâ á«ã¦¨âì ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ ¬®¤¨ä¨ª â®à®¢ (modi ers), ¨§¬¥- -ïï §- ç¥-¨¥ ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ëå, áãé¥á⢨⥫ì-ëå ¨ ¢ -¥ª®â®àëå ¤àã- £¨å á«ãç ïå. „«ï £ à -⨨ ¨áª«îç¨â¥ ᮢ¬¥áâ-®¥ (¯®á«¥¤®¢ ⥫ì-®¥) ¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥ ¤¢ãå ly-á«®¢, ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨àãîé¨å ¤à㣠¤à㣠. •®¤®¡-ë¥ á®- ç¥â -¨ï ¤®«¦-ë ®¯à ¢¤ë¢ âìáï ¡á®«îâ-®© -¥¨§¡¥¦-®áâìî, ª ª, ᪠- ¦¥¬, ¢ weakly sequentially compact sets. (‡¤¥áì weakly ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨àã¥â -¥ sequentially, sequentially compact.) Žá®¡® ®â¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® -£«¨©- ᪨¥ adverbs ¯® ¡®«ì襩 ç á⨠-¥ ¬®£ãâ ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨à®¢ âì prepositional phrases and noun phrases. ‡ ª®--ë¥ \irrespectively of" ¨ \independently of" (à áᬠâਢ ¥¬ë¥ ç áâ® ¨ ª ª á®áâ ¢-ë¥ ¯à¥¤«®£¨) á«ã¦ â ।-

ª¨¬¨ ¨áª«îç¥-¨ï¬¨, -¥ ¤ ¢ ï ®á-®¢ -¨© ¤«ï ®¡®¡é¥-¨© ¢ á⨫¥ \parallelly to something" ¨«¨ \analogously to something." ‚¯à®ç¥¬, -¥«ì§ï -¥ § ¬¥â¨âì ¢ ᪮¡ª å, çâ® â ª®© ¢ë¤ î騩 ¢â®à¨â¥â ª ª H. Fowler ¢¯®«-¥ àãâ¨--® ª¢ «¨ä¨æ¨àã¥â \similarly to" ª ª prepositional adverb, íª¢¨¢ «¥-â-ë© like.

•¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥, çâ® also, as well, too -¥«ì§ï ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¢ ®âà¨æ - ⥫ì-ëå ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ïå. (Šáâ â¨, also -¥ á«¥¤ã¥â 㯮âॡ«ïâì ¯® ®â-®- è¥-¨î ª ¯®¤«¥¦ 饬㠨«¨ à §¬¥é âì ¢ ª®-æ¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨ï.) Š ç¨á«ã ¯à¨§- ª®¢ ®âà¨æ ⥫ì-ëå ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨© (¯®¬¨¬® ®ç¥¢¨¤-ëå) ®â-®á¨âáï â ª¦¥ ¯®ï¢«¥-¨¥ ®¤-®£® ¨§ á«®¢ seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, barely, little, few, and only. Žá®¡® ®â¬¥âì⥠enough ¢ ª ç¥á⢥ adverb. •â® á«®¢® ¢á¥£¤ ¨¤•¥â ¯®á«¥ adjectives, adverbs ¨ verbs (¨ ¯¥à¥¤ nouns). ‚ ¬ ¯®«¥§-ë â ª¦¥ ®¡®à®âë ⨯ : ...enough for integrals to be bounded ...;

...enough for maps for factoring through .... ‡ ¯®¬-¨â¥ â ª¦¥, çâ® enough ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥¬ ä®à¬ë £« £®« be ⮫쪮 ¥á«¨ ¯®¤«¥¦ 饥 ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥-® pronoun.

…é•¥ ¯®«¥§- ï ‚ ¬ ¤¥â «ì: certainly ¢ëà ¦ ¥â §- -¨¥, - à¥ç¨¥ surely á¢ï§ -® á 㤨¢«¥-¨¥¬, ¢¥à®© ¨«¨ -¥¤®¢¥à¨¥¬ (¨, §- ç¨â, ¨¬¥¥â ¬¥-ì訥 ®á-®¢ -¨ï ¤«ï ¯®ï¢«¥-¨ï ¢ - ãç-®¬ ⥪áâ¥). Žâ¬¥âìâ¥, çâ® - à¥ç¨¥ else 㯮âॡ«ïîâ ⮫쪮 á -¥®¯à¥¤¥«•¥--묨 (¢®¯à®á¨â¥«ì-ë- ¬¨ ¨«¨ ®âà¨æ ⥫ì-묨) ¬¥á⮨¬¥-¨ï¬¨ ¨ - à¥ç¨ï¬¨. ‚ ä®à¬ «ì-ëå ⥪áâ å â ª¦¥ ¨á¯®«ì§ãîâ ®¡®à®â or else.

Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥, çâ® ¯®á«¥ - à¥ç-ëå ®¡®à®â®¢ ¬¥áâ ¢®§¬®¦- ¨ ç áâ® ¯à¨-ïâ (¨ ¤ ¦¥ ®¡ï§ ⥫ì- ) ¨-¢¥àá¨ï | ᪠§ã¥¬®¥, ¢ëà - ¦¥--®¥ ®¡ëç-® -¥âà -§¨â¨¢-ë¬ £« £®«®¬, ¯à¥¤è¥áâ¢ã¥â ¯®¤«¥¦ é¥- ¬ã. • ¯à¨¬¥à,

In the last section appears the main theorem. Here follows the basic lemma.

There hold the next equalities.

• §ã¬¥¥âáï, í⨠¨-¢¥àᨨ -¥ á«¥¤ã¥â ¯ãâ âì á existential sentences (⨯ there is/are ...). •¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥ ¢á•¥ ¦¥ ४®¬¥-¤ æ¨î -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ¨á¯®«ì- §®¢ âì í¬ä â¨ç¥áªãî ¨-¢¥àá¨î ¨ ¢ëà ¦¥-¨¥ \never say never again"! Ž¡à â¨â¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ â ª¦¥ - ¨-¢¥àá¨î ¯®á«¥ neither, nor ¨ so ⨯

Since A and B are commutative, so is C.

Adoes not imply B, neither does C.

Ais not invertible, nor is A2.

ˆ««îáâà¨à®¢ --®¥ ¯®áâ஥-¨¥ äà § ¢ ¯®¤®¡-ëå á«ãç ïå ï¥âáï ®¡ï- § ⥫ì-ë¬.

•¥ § ¡ë¢ ©â¥, çâ® ¯à¨ ¢®§¬®¦-®á⨠¢ë¡®à ‚ ¬ á«¥¤ã¥â ®áâ -®- ¢¨âìáï - ä®à¬ «ì-ëå ¢ ਠ-â å - ¯¨á -¨©. ’ ª, until ¯à¥¤¯®çâ¨- ⥫ì-¥¥ till (áà. upon ¨ on ¨«¨ although ¨ though).

“ б«®¢ besides ¨-®£¤ ®в¬¥з ов ¯а¨§- ª¨ hasty afterthought, ¬ - «®г¬¥бв-л¥ ¢ бва®£®© - гз-®© «¨в¥а вга¥. •¥©ва «м-л¥ нª¢¨¢ «¥-вл (in addition, moreover, furthermore) ᬮвапвбп «гзи¥.

“çâ¨â¥ ¢ ¦-ë¥ â®-ª®á⨠¢ 㯮âॡ«¥-¨¨ - à¥ç¨© much ¨ very. ‘«®¢® very -¨ª®£¤ -¥ ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨àã¥â £« £®«ë ¢ ®â«¨ç¨¥ ®â much (ª®- â®àë© ª ª ¨ ¢ äã-ªæ¨¨ determiner ®á®¡¥--® «î¡¨â ®âà¨æ ⥫ì-ë¥ £« - £®«ë).

‚ í⮩ á¢ï§¨ very -¥ á«¥¤ã¥â 㯮âॡ«ïâì ¤«ï ¨§¬¥-¥-¨ï participles, ª®£¤ ¯®á«¥¤-¨¥ ï¢-® -¥áãâ á«¥¤ë ᢮¨å äã-ªæ¨© (¢ë§ë¢ îâ § âàã¤- -¥-¨ï ®¡ëç-® ed-participles). ’ ª, -¥¤®¯ãá⨬ äà § \The conjecture is very substantiated (by the foregoing argument)."

•а¨бгвбв¢¨¥ Passive (б ¢ла ¦¥-¨¥¬ п¢-® ¨«¨ ¯®¤а §г¬¥¢ ¥¬л¬ by) | п¢-л© б¢¨¤¥в¥«м £« £®«м-ле дг-ªж¨© ¨ ¯®в®¬г very ¡«®ª¨аг¥в- бп. Ž¡лз-л© ¢ а¨ -в ¨б¯а ¢«¥-¨п | § ¬¥- very - very much.

‚®®¡é¥ ¯®«¥§-® ¯®¬-¨âì, çâ® very ¨ much äã-ªæ¨®- «ì-® ç áâ® ¢§ ¨¬®¤®¯®«-¨â¥«ì-ë. ‘ª ¦¥¬, very -¥«ì§ï 㯮âॡ«ïâì á ¯à¨« £ - ⥫ì-묨, ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥¬ë¬¨ ⮫쪮 ¯à¥¤¨ª ⨢-® (⨯ alike, aloof, etc.), â ª¦¥ á ä®à¬®© comparative (very ¨ more -¥ á®ç¥â îâáï). •â¨ ¤¥ä¥ª- âë ¢ë¯à ¢«ï¥â á«®¢® much | ¥£® ¯à¨-¨¬ îâ comparatives ¨ ¯à¥¤¨ª -

⨢-ë¥ ¯à¨« £ ⥫ì-ë¥.

‚ ¯®£à -¨ç-ëå á«ãç ïå, - ¯à¨¬¥à, ¯¥à¥¤ participles, ¨á¯®«ì§ã¥- ¬ëå âਡã⨢-® (involved derivation | â®-ª¨© ¢ë¢®¤; hair-splitting distinction | â®-ª®¥ à §«¨ç¨¥ ¨ â. ¯.), ¤®¯ãá⨬® ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ âì ¨ very, ¨ much (¨ ¤ ¦¥ very much). ’ ª çâ® ®¡« áâì ¤¥©á⢨ï much, áâண® £®- ¢®àï, çãâì è¨à¥, 祬 ¤®¯®«-¥-¨¥ ª very (¢®â ¥é•¥ ¢ ¦-®¥ ᢨ¤¥â¥«ìá⢮ í⮬ã: superlatives ¬®¦-® ¬®¤¨ä¨æ¨à®¢ âì ª ª very, â ª ¨ much).

„«ï í¯¨§®¤¨ç¥áª¨å -㦤 ⢕¥à¤® ã᢮©â¥

MINICOURSE úVERY{MUCHû ¢ ¯à¨¬¥à å

(1)very attributive; (2) much predicated;

(3) Doubt is very much allowed.

•¥ § ¡л¢ ©в¥, зв® - ап¤г б much ¨б¯®«м§говбп far ¨ by far. • а¥- з¨¥ far ®¡лз-® ¯а¥¤и¥бв¢г¥в comparative adjectives and adverbs (¨ ¡«¨§- ª® ¯® б¬лб«г ª very much); - ¯а¨¬¥а, a far better solution; far too little opportunity, etc. Ž¡®а®в by far (®§- з ой¨© ¯а¨¬¥а-® by a great amount) «¨¡® б«¥¤г¥в § comparative/superlative adjectives/adverbs, «¨- ¡® ¯а¥¤и¥бв¢г¥в ¯®¤®¡-л¬ ба ¢-¨в¥«м-л¬ ¢ла ¦¥-¨п¬, ¯а¥¤¢ а•¥--л¬ ав¨ª«п¬¨ a/an/the. ‚®в ®¡а §жл:

by far the most interesting result;

it transpires faster by far to involve bisecting; this is by far a deeper thought.

• ª®-¥æ, ®¡à â¨â¥ ‚ è¥ ¢-¨¬ -¨¥ - â®, çâ® àï¤ ®¡áâ®ï⥫ìá⢠¢à¥¬¥- -¨ ¨ ¬¥áâ ¬®£ãâ á«ã¦¨âì ¤®¯®«-¥-¨ï¬¨ ª ¯à¥¤«®£ ¬. Ž¡à §æë á奬 â ª®£® ¨á¯®«ì§®¢ -¨ï time adverbs ¯à¥¤áâ ¢«¥-ë ¢ â ¡«¨æ¥ (ᨬ¢®« + ¢ ᥢ¥à®-§ ¯ ¤-®¬ 㣫㠮§- ç ¥â ¯à¨¬¥-¨¬®áâì ª®-áâàãªæ¨© ⨯ since lately, since recently ¨ â. ¯.).

‚ í⮩ ¦¥ á¢ï§¨ ã᢮©â¥ ¢ëà ¦¥-¨ï (¨ ¯à¨-æ¨¯ë ¨å ¯®áâ஥-¨ï):

#26. \There Are" Secrets

‚- ãç-ëå ⥪áâ å ¨ ®á®¡¥--® ¢ ¨å ¬ ⥬ ⨧¨à®¢ --ëå ç áâïå è¨à®ª® à á¯à®áâà -¥-ë å à ªâ¥à-ë¥ ¤«ï ⥮६ áãé¥á⢮¢ -¨ï ¢ë-

à ¦¥-¨ï: ú- ©¤ãâáï ¯®«¨-®¬ë fn, ª®íää¨æ¨¥-âë tn ¨ ª®-áâ -â " â ª¨¥, çâ® ...û, úáãé¥áâ¢ãîâ «¨-¥©-ë¥ ®¯¥à â®àë A ¨ B, 㤮¢«¥â¢®- àïî騥 ãá«®¢¨ï¬ ...û ¨ â. ¯. Š®-¥ç-®, ‚ë ¯¥à¥¢®¤¨â¥ ¨å, ¨á¯®«ì§ãï ®¡®à®âë ⨯ there is/there are, â. ¥. ª®-áâàãªæ¨î existential sentence. ˆ¬¥îâáï ¢ ¦-ë¥ ®á®¡¥--®á⨠í⮩ ª®-áâàãªæ¨¨, ª®â®àë¥ ‚ë ¤®«¦-ë ¢-¨¬ ⥫ì-® ¯à®¤ã¬ âì ¨ ®á®§- âì.

•à¥¦¤¥ ¢á¥£®, existential sentences ¤®¯ã᪠î⠯ਬ¥-¥-¨¥ £« £®«®¢ ⮫쪮 ¨§ íª§¨áâ¥-樮- «ì-®£® àï¤ . ’®ç-¥¥ £®¢®àï, ä®à¬ã £« £®« \be" ¢ -¨å ¬®¦-® § ¬¥-ïâì «¨èì - £« £®«ë áãé¥á⢮¢ -¨ï, ¯®«®¦¥- -¨ï ¨ ¤¢¨¦¥-¨ï (¢ ®á-®¢-®¬ íâ® exist, appear, stand, come, etc.). ‘«¥¤ã- î饥 ¯à¨-樯¨ «ì-®¥ ¯®«®¦¥-¨¥ á®á⮨⠢ ⮬, çâ® á ¬ ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï áãé¥á⢮¢ -¨ï ¯®¤à §ã¬¥¢ ¥â -¥®¯à¥¤¥«•¥--®áâì ú®â«®¦¥--®£® ¯®¤«¥- ¦ 饣®û (â. ¥. ¯à¨-ïâ® áç¨â âì, çâ® â ª®¥ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¥ ãáâ - ¢«¨¢ ¥â -¥ª®â®à®¥ áãé¥á⢮¢ -¨¥, ¨ ¤ ¦¥ ¥á«¨ १ã«ìâ â ¥¤¨-á⢥-, ¯® -®à¬ ¬ -£«¨©áª®£® ã§ãá íâ® -¥ ¤®«¦-® ¯®¤ç¥àª¨¢ âìáï à⨪«¥¬). ‡- ç¨â, ‚ë ¤®«¦-ë ¯¨á âì ¢ á⨫¥ á«¥¤ãî饣® ®¡à §æ :

There is a unique element t serving as the least upper bound of A.

•¥®¯à¥¤¥«•¥--ë© à⨪«ì ¬®¦¥â ¡ëâì § ¬¥-•¥- §¤¥áì - some (çâ®, ª®- -¥ç-®, ¢-®á¨â ¤®¯®«-¨â¥«ì-®¥ ªæ¥-â¨à®¢ -¨¥).

‚®®¡é¥ -¥ á⮨⠧ ¡ë¢ âì, çâ® there is/are-ª®-áâàãªæ¨ï ®âà ¦ ¥â -¥¤®¯ãá⨬®áâì ¤«ï -£«¨©áª®£® ï§ëª ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨© ¢à®¤¥ \A man is in the corner." •. Š¢•¥àª ª¢ «¨ä¨æ¨àã¥â íâ® ª¢ §¨ -£«¨©áª®¥ ¯à¥¤«®- ¦¥-¨¥ ª ª \an improbable sentence." ‚ ᢮¥© ª-¨£¥ The Use of English ®- ®â¬¥ç ¥â ¤ «¥¥, çâ® -®¢®¥ ¢ ¯à¥¤«®¦¥-¨¨ ®¡ëç-® ®¦¨¤ ¥âáï ¢ ¥£® ¯®á«¥£« £®«ì-®© ç á⨠\and of course everything is new at the outset of a new discourse."

ˆ¬¥¥вбп в®-ª®бвм ¢ ®д®а¬«¥-¨¨ б¯¨бª®¢, ¢®§-¨ª ой¨е ¢ ¯а¥¤«®- ¦¥-¨пе бгй¥бв¢®¢ -¨п. ‘®£« б®¢ -¨¥ §¤¥бм з бв® ¢¥¤•¥вбп б ¡«¨¦ ©- и¨¬ ª £« £®«г н«¥¬¥-⮬ б¯¨бª . •®¤®¡- п -®а¬ ¢®¢б¥ ®вбгвбв¢г¥в ¢ агббª®¬ п§лª¥, -® -¥а¥¤ª ¢ -£«¨©бª¨е ª®-бвагªж¨пе (• ¯а¨¬¥а, ¯а¨-пв® ¯¨б вм \neither he nor I am" ¨«¨ \either I or he is." • §г¬¥¥в- бп, - ¨¡®«¥¥ вй в¥«м-л¥ ¢в®ал ¯а¥¤¯®з¨в ов зв®-в® ¢ бв¨«¥ \Neither he is nor I am.")

ˆâ ª, ¢®§¬®¦-ë¥ ä®à¬ë: