Computing history overview
The history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago but we shall mention some important events that influence the development of computers of our days.
A history of the computer: electronics
Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, completes the first general purpose progammable calculator in 1941. He pioneers the use of binary math and boolean logic in electronic calculation.
ENIAC, or Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzor and Computer, is developed by the Ballistics Research Laboratory in Maryland to assist in the preparation of for artillery. It is built at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering and completed in November 1945.
Bell Telephone Laboratories develops the transistor in 1947.
UNIVAC, the Universal Automatic Computer (left), is developed in 1951. It can store 12,000 digits in random access mercury-delay lines.
EDVAC (right), for Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, is completed in 1952.
Texas Instruments and Fairchild semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in 1959.
The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer. By the mid-80s the 360 and its descendents ([dı´sendənt] - потомок) will have generated more than $100 billion in revenue for IBM.
A history of the computer: mini
Texas Instruments and Fairchild semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in 1959.
Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called Sketchpad on a TX-2 mainframe at MIT's Lincoln Labs in 1962. It allows him to make engineering drawings with a light pen.
A typical minicomputer costs about $20,000.
1965: An IC that cost $1000 in 1959 now costs less than $10. Gordon Moore predicts ([prı´dıkt] - предсказывать) that the number of components in an IC will double every year. This is known as Moore's Law.
Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor in 1968, an early hypertext system and a collaborative application: three now common computer applications.
Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce found Intel in 1968.
Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center - Xerox PARC - in 1969. Its aim is to explore the "architecture of information."
Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256-bit RAM chip in 1970.
In the late 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and the 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor. Two years later comes the 8008, an 8-bit microprocessor.
A history of the computer: micro
Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data in 1971 to sell their computer traffic-analysis systems.
1972: Gary Kildall writes PL/M, the first high-level programming language for the Intel microprocessor.
Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are building and selling "blue boxes" in Southern California in 1971.
April 1972: Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8-bit microprocessor.
Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark-8, "Your Personal Minicomputer," according to the July, 1974 cover of Radio-Electronics.
Popular Electronics features the MITS Altair 8800 on its cover, January 1975. It is called as the first "personal" computer. Thousands of orders for the 8800 save MITS from bankruptcy.
Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC for the Altair 8800. Microsoft is born.
1977: Apple is selling its Apple II for $1,195, including 16K of RAM but no monitor.
Software Arts develops the first spreadsheet program, Visicalc, by the spring of 1979. It is released in October and is an immediate success.
By 1980 Apple has covered 50% of the personal computer market.
In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to develop BASIC for its personal computer project. The IBM PC is released in August, 1981.
The Apple Macintosh starts in 1984. It features a simple, graphical interface, uses the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU, and has a built-in 9-inch B/W screen.
Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships in November, 1985.
Motorola announces the 68040, a 32-bit 25MHz microprocessor.
Microsoft's sales for 1989 reach $1 billion, the first year to do so.
The computer field continues to experience huge growth. Computer networking, computer mail, and electronic publishing are just a few of the applications that have grown in recent years. Advances in technologies continue to produce cheaper and more powerful computers.
Ex.10 Comment on one of the most important events in the computer history.
Ex.11 Translate.
Разработка первой электронной серийной машины UNIVAC(UniversalAutomaticComputer) была начата примерно в 1947 г.
Первый образец машины (UNIVAC-1) был построен для бюро переписи США (the Census Bureau) и пущен в эксплуатацию (toputintooperation) весной 1951 г.
Работала она с тактовой частотой 2,25 МГц и содержала около 5000 электронных ламп.
Внутреннее запоминающее устройство было выполнено на 100 ртутных линиях задержки.
Ввод/вывод осуществлялся с магнитной ленты (magnetic tape), перфокарт и перфоратора (paper tape punch).
Вскоре после ввода в эксплуатацию машины UNVIAC- 1 её разработчики выдвинули идею автоматического программирования.
Она сводилась к тому, чтобы машина могла подготавливать последовательность команд, которая нужна для решения данной задачи.
Пятидесятые годы - годы значительных достижений и нововведений, как в архитектурном, так и в научно - техническом отношении.
Отличительные особенности в архитектуре современной ЭВМ по сравнению с неймановской (von Neumann) архитектурой впервые появились в ЭВМ первого поколения.
Сильным негативным фактором в работе конструкторов ЭВМ начала 50-х г.г. было отсутствие (absence; lack) быстродействующей памяти.