Five Subatomic Particles in a Nutshell

Ancient Greeks philosopher Leucippus and his pupil Democritus first spoke out the idea that all substances consisted of invisible “atomos,” or atoms, as we know them today. They believed these atomos could be divided into smaller and smaller particles until they reached a point that they could no longer be divided. Although they couldn’t see the particles, Leucippus and Democritus tapped into a fundamental truth about our existence: The universe is made up of atoms and these atoms are responsible for life on Earth.

After considerable research and experiments, we now know that atoms can be divided into subatomic particles – protons, neutrons and electrons. Held together by electromagnetic force, these are the building blocks of all matters. Advances in technology, namely particle accelerators, also known as atom smashers, have enabled scientists to break subatomic particles down to even smaller pieces, some in existence for mere seconds. Subatomic particles have two classifications – elementary and composite. Luckily for us, the names of categories can go a long way in helping us understand their structure. Elementary subatomic particles, like quarks, cannot be divided into simpler particles. Composite subatomic particles, like hadrons, can. All subatomic particles share a fundamental property: They have “intrinsic angular momentum”, or spin. It means they rotate in one direction, just like a planet. Oddly enough, this fundamental property is present even when the particle isn’t moving. It’s this spin that makes all the difference.

Виберіть правильний варіант.

1. Leucippus and Democritus who first suggested the idea of atoms were ___ philosophers.

a) Greek b) Roman c) German

2. The atom consists of three main subatomic particles: ___.

a) neutron, electron, quark b) hadron, neutrino, boson c) proton, neutron, electron

3. The fundamental property of all subatomic particles is the presence of ___.

a) spin b) speed c) spark

Граматика. Повторення часових форм дієслова: груп Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous.

Вправа 3. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Запишіть речення у питальній та заперечній формах. Перекладіть речення.

1. Mr. Black always draws on a drawing board. 2. These young men and women studied at an English technical college in 2002-2004. 3. I will be testing the device when you come. 4. Teachers sometimes hang tables and diagrams before a lecture. 5. The students will go to the institute by tram tomorrow. 6. You are waiting for your girl-friend now. 7. I will have been translating for 2 hours when she drops in tomorrow. 8. My daughter has been learning French for 5 years. 9. The scientist was making a very interesting experiment when we entered the lab. 10. She is talking to a friend of mine at the moment. 11. Researchers of this laboratory have developed new equipment for TV communication via outer space. 12. The scientist had completed his research by the beginning of the conference. 13. They will have finished their translation of the texts before you return. 14. He had been writing a letter for an hour when I came. 15. My father has just returned from a business trip.

Вправа 4. Визначте часову групу. Запишіть речення у Past та Future.

1. The job gives her satisfaction. 2. Students are making an experiment in the laboratory. 3. We have already finished our experiments. 4. He has been working at this problem for two years.

Домашнє завдання

Вправа 5. Визначте часові форми дієслова в реченнях. Перекладіть речення.

1. They have already applied new methods in their research. 2. Our country has developed into a powerful state and has made great progress in all fields of industry, technology and science. 3. By the end of the 19th century scientists had made the first attempts to obtain synthetic materials. 4. The workers will have built this new house by the beginning of the next year. 5. Our shop is producing some new chemical apparatus. 6. The water in the tube is boiling. 7. The laboratory assistant was writing down all the data during our experiment. 8. They were mounting them from 5 to 7 o’clock. 9. They will be increasing it little by little.

Вправа 6. Перекладіть речення. Зверніть увагу на вживання різних часових форм.

– Чим ти займаєшся? – Перекладаю текст.

– Ти часто перекладаєш тексти? – Так.

– Як часто ти робиш переклади? – Я звичайно перекладаю один текст на день.

– Як давно ти робиш переклади з іноземної мови? – Я перекладаю тексти з того часу, як, почав учити англійську.

– Ти сьогодні переклав які - небудь тексти? – Так, я сьогодні переклав один текст і завтра збираюсь перекласти ще один.

– Коли ти завтра будеш робити переклад? – Завтра я буду перекладати текст з другої до третьої години.

Вправа 7. Складіть листа з розповіддю про свою країну, використовуючи активні слова та вирази (7–10 речень).